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Aromatic Side Chain at Position 412 of SERINC5 Exerts Restriction Activity toward HIV-1 and Other Retroviruses. J Virol 2021; 95:e0063421. [PMID: 34190600 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00634-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The host transmembrane protein SERINC5 is incorporated into viral particles and restricts infection by certain retroviruses. However, what motif of SERINC5 mediates this process remains elusive. By conducting mutagenesis analyses, we found that the substitution of phenylalanine with alanine at position 412 (F412A) resulted in a >75-fold reduction in SERINC5's restriction function. The F412A substitution also resulted in the loss of SERINC5's function to sensitize HIV-1 neutralization by antibodies recognizing the envelope's membrane proximal region. A series of biochemical analyses revealed that F412A showed steady-state protein expression, localization at the cellular membrane, and incorporation into secreted virus particles to a greater extent than in the wild type. Furthermore, introduction of several amino acid mutations at this position revealed that the aromatic side chains, including phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, were required to maintain SERINC5 functions to impair the virus-cell fusion process and virion infectivity. Moreover, the wild-type SERINC5 restricted infection of lentiviruses pseudotyped with envelopes of murine leukemia viruses, simian immunodeficiency virus, and HIV-2, and F412A abrogated this function. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of the aromatic side chain at SERINC5 position 412 to maintain its restriction function against diverse retrovirus envelopes. IMPORTANCE The host protein SERINC5 is incorporated into progeny virions of certain retroviruses and restricts the infectivity of these viruses or sensitizes the envelope glycoprotein to a class of neutralizing antibodies. However, how and which part of SERINC5 engages with the diverse array of retroviral envelopes and exerts its antiretroviral functions remain elusive. During mutagenesis analyses, we eventually found that the single substitution of phenylalanine with alanine, but not with tyrosine or tryptophan, at position 412 (F412A) resulted in the loss of SERINC5's functions toward diverse retroviruses, whereas F412A showed steady-state protein expression, localization at the cellular membrane, and incorporation into progeny virions to a greater extent than the wild type. Results suggest that the aromatic side chain at position 412 of SERINC5 plays a critical role in mediating antiviral functions toward various retroviruses, thus providing additional important information regarding host and retrovirus interaction.
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Miyakawa K, Matsunaga S, Yokoyama M, Nomaguchi M, Kimura Y, Nishi M, Kimura H, Sato H, Hirano H, Tamura T, Akari H, Miura T, Adachi A, Sawasaki T, Yamamoto N, Ryo A. PIM kinases facilitate lentiviral evasion from SAMHD1 restriction via Vpx phosphorylation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1844. [PMID: 31015445 PMCID: PMC6479052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09867-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviruses have evolved to acquire an auxiliary protein Vpx to counteract the intrinsic host restriction factor SAMHD1. Although Vpx is phosphorylated, it remains unclear whether such phosphorylation indeed regulates its activity toward SAMHD1. Here we identify the PIM family of serine/threonine protein kinases as the factors responsible for the phosphorylation of Vpx and the promotion of Vpx-mediated SAMHD1 counteraction. Integrated proteomics and subsequent functional analysis reveal that PIM family kinases, PIM1 and PIM3, phosphorylate HIV-2 Vpx at Ser13 and stabilize the interaction of Vpx with SAMHD1 thereby promoting ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of SAMHD1. Inhibition of the PIM kinases promotes the antiviral activity of SAMHD1, ultimately reducing viral replication. Our results highlight a new mode of virus–host cell interaction in which host PIM kinases facilitate promotion of viral infectivity by counteracting the host antiviral system, and suggest a novel therapeutic strategy involving restoration of SAMHD1-mediated antiviral response. The accessory lentiviral protein X (Vpx) of the SIVsmm/mac and HIV-2 lineage targets the host-restriction factor SAMHD1 for proteasomal degradation. Here, the authors show that host PIM kinase-mediated phosphorylation of Vpx stabilizes its interaction with SAMHD1, suggesting PIM as potential antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsunaga
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masaru Yokoyama
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi Murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kimura
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nishi
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Gunma, 370-0006, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi Murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hirano
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akari
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Model, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Yamamoto
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan. .,Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
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Koga R, Yamamoto M, Ciftci HI, Otsuka M, Fujita M. Introduction of H2C2-type zinc-binding residues into HIV-2 Vpr increases its expression level. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:146-153. [PMID: 29321964 PMCID: PMC5757179 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 has two structurally similar proteins, Vpx and Vpr. Vpx degrades the host anti-viral protein SAMHD1 and is expressed at high levels, while Vpr is responsible for cell cycle arrest and is expressed at much lower levels. We constructed a Vpr mutant with a high level of expression by replacing the amino acids HHCR/HHCH with a putative H2C2-type zinc-binding site that is carried by Vpx. Our finding suggests that during the evolution of Vpr and Vpx, zinc-binding likely became a mechanism for regulating their expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Koga
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Japan
| | - Minami Yamamoto
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Japan
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ciftci
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Research Institute for Drug Discovery School of Pharmacy Kumamoto University Japan
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Yamamoto M, Koga R, Fujino H, Shimagaki K, Ciftci HI, Kamo M, Tateishi H, Otsuka M, Fujita M. Zinc-binding site of human immunodeficiency virus 2 Vpx prevents instability and dysfunction of the protein. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:275-283. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minami Yamamoto
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Haruna Fujino
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimagaki
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ciftci
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kamo
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Research Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Sakai Y, Miyake A, Doi N, Sasada H, Miyazaki Y, Adachi A, Nomaguchi M. Expression Profiles of Vpx/Vpr Proteins Are Co-related with the Primate Lentiviral Lineage. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1211. [PMID: 27536295 PMCID: PMC4971069 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and some simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) lineages carry a unique accessory protein called Vpx. Vpx is essential or critical for viral replication in natural target cells such as macrophages and T lymphocytes. We have previously shown that a poly-proline motif (PPM) located at the C-terminal region of Vpx is required for its efficient expression in two strains of HIV-2 and SIVmac, and that the Vpx expression levels of the two clones are significantly different. Notably, the PPM sequence is conserved and confined to Vpx and Vpr proteins derived from certain lineages of HIV-2/SIVs. In this study, Vpx/Vpr proteins from diverse primate lentiviral lineages were experimentally and phylogenetically analyzed to obtain the general expression picture in cells. While both the level and PPM-dependency of Vpx/Vpr expression in transfected cells varied among viral strains, each viral group, based on Vpx/Vpr amino acid sequences, was found to exhibit a characteristic expression profile. Moreover, phylogenetic tree analyses on Gag and Vpx/Vpr proteins gave essentially the same results. Taken together, our study described here suggests that each primate lentiviral lineage may have developed a unique expression pattern of Vpx/Vpr proteins for adaptation to its hostile cellular and species environments in the process of viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sakai
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ariko Miyake
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Naoya Doi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hikari Sasada
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Miyazaki
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima, Japan
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MARCH8 inhibits HIV-1 infection by reducing virion incorporation of envelope glycoproteins. Nat Med 2015; 21:1502-7. [PMID: 26523972 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-associated RING-CH 8 (MARCH8) is one of 11 members of the recently discovered MARCH family of RING (really interesting new gene)-finger E3 ubiquitin ligases. MARCH8 downregulates several host transmembrane proteins, including major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II, CD86, interleukin (IL)-1 receptor accessory protein, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor 1 and the transferrin receptor. However, its physiological roles remain largely unknown. Here we identify MARCH8 as a novel antiviral factor. The ectopic expression of MARCH8 in virus-producing cells does not affect levels of lentivirus production, but it does markedly reduce viral infectivity. MARCH8 blocks the incorporation of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein into virus particles by downregulating it from the cell surface, probably through their interaction, resulting in a substantial reduction in the efficiency of viral entry. The inhibitory effect of MARCH8 on vesicular stomatitis virus G-glycoprotein is even more remarkable, suggesting a broad-spectrum inhibition of enveloped viruses by MARCH8. Notably, the endogenous expression of MARCH8 is high in monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells, and MARCH8 knockdown or knockout in macrophages significantly increases the infectivity of virions produced by these cells. Our findings thus indicate that MARCH8 is highly expressed in terminally differentiated myeloid cells, and that it is a potent antiviral protein that targets viral envelope glycoproteins and reduces their incorporation into virions.
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