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Esquivel-Mackenzie SP, Oltehua-Lopez O, Cuervo-López FDM, Texier AC. Physiological adaptation and population dynamics of a nitrifying sludge exposed to ampicillin. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:1035-1047. [PMID: 38010565 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics in wastewater treatment plants can alter the physiological activity and the structure of microbial communities through toxic and inhibitory effects. Physiological adaptation, kinetic, and population dynamics behavior of a nitrifying sludge was evaluated in a sequential batch reactor (SBR) fed with 14.4 mg/L of ampicillin (AMP). The addition of AMP did not affect ammonium consumption (100 mg NH4+-N/L) but provoked nitrite accumulation (0.90 mg NO2--N formed/mg NH4+-N consumed) and an inhibition of up to 67% on the nitrite oxidizing process. After 30 cycles under AMP feeding, the sludge recovered its nitrite oxidizing activity with a high nitrate yield (YNO3-) of 0.87 ± 0.10 mg NO3--N formed/mg NH4+-N consumed, carrying out again a stable and complete nitrifying process. Increases in specific rate of nitrate production (qNO3-) showed the physiological adaptation of the nitrite oxidizing bacteria to AMP inhibition. Ampicillin was totally removed since the first cycle of addition. Exposure to AMP had effects on the abundance of bacterial populations, promoting adaptation of the nitrifying sludge to the presence of the antibiotic and its consumption. Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira always remained within the dominant genera, keeping the ammonium oxidizing process stable while an increase in Nitrospira abundance was observed, recovering the stability of the nitrite oxidizing process. Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, and Thauera might be some of the heterotrophic bacteria involved in AMP consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pavel Esquivel-Mackenzie
- Department of Biotechnology-CBS, Metropolitan Autonomous University Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, 09310, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar Oltehua-Lopez
- Department of Biotechnology-CBS, Metropolitan Autonomous University Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, 09310, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Flor de María Cuervo-López
- Department of Biotechnology-CBS, Metropolitan Autonomous University Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, 09310, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anne-Claire Texier
- Department of Biotechnology-CBS, Metropolitan Autonomous University Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, 09310, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Hokynar K, Kurkela S, Nieminen T, Saxen H, Vesterinen EJ, Mannonen L, Pietikäinen R, Puolakkainen M. Parachlamydia acanthamoebae Detected during a Pneumonia Outbreak in Southeastern Finland, in 2017⁻2018. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E141. [PMID: 31108956 PMCID: PMC6560421 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common disease responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. However, the definite etiology of CAP often remains unresolved, suggesting that unknown agents of pneumonia remain to be identified. The recently discovered members of the order Chlamydiales, Chlamydia-related bacteria (CRB), are considered as possible emerging agents of CAP. Parachlamydia acanthamoebae is the most studied candidate. It survives and replicates inside free-living amoeba, which it might potentially use as a vehicle to infect animals and humans. A Mycoplasma pneumoniae outbreak was observed in Kymenlaakso region in Southeastern Finland during August 2017-January 2018. We determined the occurrence of Chlamydiales bacteria and their natural host, free-living amoeba in respiratory specimens collected during this outbreak with molecular methods. Altogether, 22/278 (7.9%) of the samples contained Chlamydiales DNA. By sequence analysis, majority of the CRBs detected were members of the Parachlamydiaceae family. Amoebal DNA was not detected within the sample material. Our study further proposes that Parachlamydiaceae could be a potential agent causing atypical CAP in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Hokynar
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Satu Kurkela
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tea Nieminen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Harri Saxen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Eero J Vesterinen
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Laura Mannonen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Risto Pietikäinen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, FI-48210 Kotka, Finland.
| | - Mirja Puolakkainen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Bommana S, Polkinghorne A. Mini Review: Antimicrobial Control of Chlamydial Infections in Animals: Current Practices and Issues. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:113. [PMID: 30778341 PMCID: PMC6369208 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia are a genus of successful obligate intracellular pathogens spread across humans, wildlife, and domesticated animals. The most common species reported in livestock in this genus are Chlamydia abortus, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia suis, and Chlamydia pecorum. Chlamydial infections trigger a series of inflammatory disease-related sequelae including arthritis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and abortion. Other bacteria in the phylum Chlamydiae have also been reported in livestock and wildlife but their impact on animal health is less clear. Control of chlamydial infections relies on the use of macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Tetracycline resistance (TETR) reported for porcine C. suis strains in association with the use of tetracycline feed is a potentially significant concern given experimental evidence highlighting that the genetic elements inferring TETR may be horizontally transferred to other chlamydial species. As documented in human Chlamydia trachomatis infections, relapse of infections, bacterial shedding post-antibiotic treatment, and disease progression despite chlamydial clearance in animals have also been reported. The identification of novel chlamydiae as well as new animal hosts for previously described chlamydial pathogens should place a renewed emphasis on basic in vivo studies to demonstrate the efficacy of existing and new antimicrobial treatment regimes. Building on recent reviews of antimicrobials limited to C. trachomatis and C. suis, this review will explore the use of antimicrobials, the evidence and factors that influence the treatment failure of chlamydial infections in animals and the future directions in the control of these important veterinary pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankhya Bommana
- The Animal Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- The Animal Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
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Chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia-like bacteria: new enemies of human pregnancies. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 30:289-296. [PMID: 28306562 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides an update on the roles of Chlamydia trachomatis and the related Waddlia chondrophila and Parachlamydia acanthamoebae in miscarriage, stillbirths and preterm labour in humans. A broad audience, including microbiologist, infectiologists, obstetricians and gynaecologists, should be aware of the potential threat of these Chlamydiales for human reproduction. RECENT FINDINGS Despite increasing laboratory techniques and possibilities to perform diagnostic tests, the cause of miscarriage is only identified in 50% of the cases. Intracellular bacteria, such as C. trachomatis and Chlamydia-related bacteria, are difficult to detect in routine clinical samples and could represent possible agents of miscarriages. C. trachomatis is considered the world largest sexual transmitted bacterial agent and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome in human. In the last decade Chlamydia-like organisms, such as W. chondrophila and P. acanthamoebae, have also been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in human and/or animals. SUMMARY We review here the current evidences for a pathogenic role in humans, the diagnostic approaches and possible treatment options of C. trachomatis, W. chondrophila and P. acanthamoebae.
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Simkania negevensis, an Example of the Diversity of the Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern among Chlamydiales. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00638-17. [PMID: 28559259 PMCID: PMC5527614 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00638-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In past years, several Chlamydia-related bacteria have been discovered, including Simkania negevensis, the founding member of the Simkaniaceae family. We evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of this emerging intracellular bacterium and highlighted significant differences, compared with related Chlamydiales members. S. negevensis was susceptible to macrolides, clindamycin, cyclines, rifampin, and quinolones. Importantly, unlike other Chlamydiales members, treatment with β-lactams and vancomycin did not induce the formation of aberrant bodies, leading to a completely resistant phenotype.
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Vouga M, Baud D, Greub G. Simkania negevensis, an insight into the biology and clinical importance of a novel member of the Chlamydiales order. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:62-80. [PMID: 27786615 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2016.1165650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simkania negevensis is a Chlamydia-related bacterium discovered in 1993 and represents the founding member of the Simkaniaceae family within the Chlamydiales order. As other Chlamydiales, it is an obligate intracellular bacterium characterized by a biphasic developmental cycle. Its similarities with the pathogenic Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae make it an interesting bacterium. So far, little is known about its biology, but S. negevensis harbors various microbiological characteristics of interest, including a strong association of the Simkania-containing vacuole with the ER and the presence of an intron in the 23S rRNA encoding gene. Evidence of human exposition has been reported worldwide. However, there is a lack of robust clinical studies evaluating its implication in human diseases; current data suggest an association with pneumonia and bronchiolitis making S. negevensis a potential emerging pathogen. Owing to its fastidious growth requirements, the clinical relevance of S. negevensis is probably underestimated. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on S. negevensis and explore future research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Vouga
- a Institute of Microbiology , Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University and University Hospital of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland.,b Department "Femme-Mère-Enfant" , Materno-Fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, University Hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - David Baud
- a Institute of Microbiology , Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University and University Hospital of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland.,b Department "Femme-Mère-Enfant" , Materno-Fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, University Hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- a Institute of Microbiology , Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University and University Hospital of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland.,c Infectious Diseases Unit , University hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Chlamydial Antibiotic Resistance and Treatment Failure in Veterinary and Human Medicine. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 3:10-18. [PMID: 27218014 PMCID: PMC4845085 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-016-0028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Chlamydiaceae are widespread pathogens of both humans and animals. Chlamydia trachomatis infection causes blinding trachoma and reproductive complications in humans. Chlamydia pneumoniae causes human respiratory tract infections and atypical pneumonia. Chlamydia suis infection is associated with conjunctivitis, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight in domestic swine. Chlamydial infections in humans and domesticated animals are generally controlled by antibiotic treatment—particularly macrolides (usually azithromycin) and tetracyclines (tetracycline and doxycycline). Tetracycline-containing feed has also been used to limit infections and promote growth in livestock populations, although its use has decreased because of growing concerns about antimicrobial resistance development. Because Sandoz and Rockey published an elegant review of chlamydial anti-microbial resistance in 2010, we will review the following: (i) antibiotic resistance in C. suis, (ii) recent evidence for acquired resistance in human chlamydial infections, and (iii) recent non-genetic mechanisms of antibiotic resistance that may contribute to treatment failure.
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