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Kim NH, Choi BY, Kim ES, Kim SJ, Hong JY, Heo SH, Jeong JY, Kim K, Yoo HJ, Sul WJ, Lee SW. Systemic antibiotics cause deterioration of emphysema associated with exaggerated inflammation and autophagy. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2260-2268. [PMID: 37779147 PMCID: PMC10618248 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the microbial environment and the host is important for immune homeostasis. Recent research suggests that microbiota dysbiosis can be involved in respiratory diseases. Emphysema is a chronic inflammatory disease, but it is unclear whether dysbiosis caused by antibiotics can affect disease progression. Here, we tried to elucidate the effect of systemic antibiotics on smoking-exposed emphysema models. In this study, the antibiotic mixture caused more alveolar destruction and airspace expansion in the smoking group than in the smoking only or control groups. This emphysema aggravation as a result of antibiotic exposure was associated with increased levels of inflammatory cells, IL-6, IFNγ and protein concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Proteomics analysis indicated that autophagy could be involved in antibiotic-associated emphysema aggravation, and increased protein levels of LC3B, atg3, and atg7 were identified by Western blotting. In microbiome and metabolome analyses, the composition of the gut microbiota was different with smoking and antibiotic exposure, and the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetate and propionate, were reduced by antibiotic exposure. SCFA administration restored emphysema development with reduced inflammatory cells, IL-6, and IFNγ and decreased LC3B, atg3, and atg7 levels. In conclusion, antibiotics can aggravate emphysema, and inflammation and autophagy may be associated with this aggravation. This study provides important insight into the systemic impact of microbial dysbiosis and the therapeutic potential of utilizing the gut microbiota in emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Hyun Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Yun Choi
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sil Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center and Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Department of Digital Medicine, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yeon Hong
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Department of Digital Medicine, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Heo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Jeong
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center and Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunggon Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Department of Digital Medicine, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center and Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jun Sul
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei Won Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kang I, Kim Y, Lee HK. Double-edged sword: γδ T cells in mucosal homeostasis and disease. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1895-1904. [PMID: 37696894 PMCID: PMC10545763 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosa is a tissue that covers numerous body surfaces, including the respiratory tract, digestive tract, eye, and urogenital tract. Mucosa is in direct contact with pathogens, and γδ T cells perform various roles in the tissue. γδ T cells efficiently defend the mucosa from various pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In addition, γδ T cells are necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis because they select specific organisms in the microbiota and perform immunoregulatory functions. Furthermore, γδ T cells directly facilitate pregnancy by producing growth factors. However, γδ T cells can also play detrimental roles in mucosal health by amplifying inflammation, thereby worsening allergic responses. Moreover, these cells can act as major players in autoimmune diseases. Despite their robust roles in the mucosa, the application of γδ T cells in clinical practice is lacking because of factors such as gaps between mice and human cells, insufficient knowledge of the target of γδ T cells, and the small population of γδ T cells. However, γδ T cells may be attractive targets for clinical use due to their effector functions and low risk of inducing graft-versus-host disease. Therefore, robust research on γδ T cells is required to understand the crucial features of these cells and apply these knowledges to clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Belo TCA, Santos NCDM, Souto BS, Rosa CP, Santos ADS, Oliveira KC, Corsetti PP, de Almeida LA. Ivermectin-induced bacterial gut dysbiosis does not increase susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection but exacerbates liver damage. Microbes Infect 2022; 25:105080. [PMID: 36503045 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excessive use of medications, including the antiparasitic drug ivermectin, can lead to bacterial gut dysbiosis, an imbalance in the intestinal microbiome, which in turn may increase or decrease susceptibility to infectious processes. To better understand the effects of continuous ivermectin usage on the gut bacterial community, C57BL/6 isogenic mice were treated by gavage with ivermectin or saline. Ivermectin-induced bacterial gut dysbiosis is characterized by a decrease in Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Tenericutes and an increase in species of the phylum Verrucomicrobia. A pro-inflammatory immunostimulatory caecal content, as well as disruption of caecal tissue organization and liver tissue damage, was observed in mice with gut dysbiosis. However, ivermectin-induced gut dysbiosis did not lead to acute susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection: infected mice with and without gut dysbiosis showed similar rates of recovery of viable bacteria in organs, histopathology and differential cytokine expression in the lung. Therefore, an extension of liver damage was observed in ivermectin-treated and P. aeruginosa-infected mice, which was exacerbated by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Caetano Andrade Belo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Natália Cristina de Melo Santos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Bianca Silva Souto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Caio Pupin Rosa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Ana de Souza Santos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Karen Cristina Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Paiva Corsetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Augusto de Almeida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil.
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Wen L, Shi L, Kong XL, Li KY, Li H, Jiang DX, Zhang F, Zhou ZG. Gut Microbiota Protected Against pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia via Restoring Treg/Th17 Balance and Metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:856633. [PMID: 35782123 PMCID: PMC9243233 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.856633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds and Purpose The theory of “entero-pulmonary axis” proves that pneumonia leads to gut microbiota disturbance and Treg/Th17 immune imbalance. This study is aimed to explore the potential mechanism of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, in order to provide new insights into the treatment of pneumonia. Methods Pseudomonas aeruginosa and C57/BL6 mice were used to construct the acute pneumonia mouse model, and FMT was treated. Histopathological changes in lung and spleen were observed by HE staining. The expression of CD25, Foxp3 and IL-17 was observed by immunofluorescence. The proportion of Treg and Th17 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum IL-6, LPS, and IFN-γ levels were detected by ELISA. The expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-2, Foxp3, IL-17, IL-10, and TGFβ1 in lung tissue homogenate was detected by qRT-PCR. 16S rRNA sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics were used to analyze gut microbiota and metabolism. Results Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused the decrease of body weight, food and water intake, lung tissue, and spleen injury in mice with pneumonia. Meanwhile, it caused lung tissue and serum inflammation, and Treg/Th17 cell imbalance in mice with pneumonia. Pseudomonas aeruginosa reduced the diversity and number of gut microbiota in pneumonia mice, resulting in metabolic disorders, superpathway of quinolone and alkylquinolone biosynthesis. It also led to the decrease of 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone biosynthesis, and the enrichment of Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. FMT with or without antibiotic intervention restored gut microbiota abundance and diversity, suppressed inflammation and tissue damage, and promoted an immunological balance of Treg/Th17 cells in mice with pneumonia. In addition, FMT inhibited the aerobactin biosynthesis, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate degradation, superpathway of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and L-arabinose degradation IV function of microbiota, and improved amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. Conclusions FMT restored the Treg/Th17 cells’ balance and improved inflammation and lung injury in mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia by regulating gut microbiota disturbance and metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Shi
- The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang-Long Kong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Ke-Yu Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Di-Xuan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Guo Zhou,
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Effects of CNS Injury-Induced Immunosuppression on Pulmonary Immunity. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060576. [PMID: 34207063 PMCID: PMC8235795 DOI: 10.3390/life11060576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other forms of central nervous system (CNS) injury have an increased risk of nosocomial infections due to CNS injury-induced immunosuppression (CIDS). Immediately after CNS-injury, the response in the brain is pro-inflammatory; however, subsequently, local and systemic immunity is suppressed due to the compensatory release of immunomodulatory neurotransmitters. CIDS makes patients susceptible to contracting infections, among which pneumonia is very common and often lethal. Ventilator-acquired pneumonia has a mortality of 20–50% and poses a significant risk to vulnerable patients such as stroke survivors. The mechanisms involved in CIDS are not well understood. In this review, we consolidate the evidence for cellular processes underlying the pathogenesis of CIDS, the emerging treatments, and speculate further on the immune elements at play.
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Häfner S. It came from inner space: Article highlight based on "Proteins produced by Streptococcus species in the lower respiratory tract can modify antiviral responses against influenza virus in respiratory epithelial cells" by Keisuke Nishioka et al. Microbes Infect 2021; 23:104778. [PMID: 33418098 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Häfner
- University of Copenhagen, BRIC Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, Lund Group, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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T Cell Immunity to Bacterial Pathogens: Mechanisms of Immune Control and Bacterial Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176144. [PMID: 32858901 PMCID: PMC7504484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body frequently encounters harmful bacterial pathogens and employs immune defense mechanisms designed to counteract such pathogenic assault. In the adaptive immune system, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted αβ T cells, along with unconventional αβ or γδ T cells, respond to bacterial antigens to orchestrate persisting protective immune responses and generate immunological memory. Research in the past ten years accelerated our knowledge of how T cells recognize bacterial antigens and how many bacterial species have evolved mechanisms to evade host antimicrobial immune responses. Such escape mechanisms act to corrupt the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity, potentially tipping the balance of host immune responses toward pathological rather than protective. This review examines the latest developments in our knowledge of how T cell immunity responds to bacterial pathogens and evaluates some of the mechanisms that pathogenic bacteria use to evade such T cell immunosurveillance, to promote virulence and survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Häfner
- University of Copenhagen, BRIC Biotech, Research & Innovation Centre, Lund Group, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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