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Glover RC, Schwardt NH, Leano SKE, Sanchez ME, Thomason MK, Olive AJ, Reniere ML. A genome-wide screen in macrophages identifies PTEN as required for myeloid restriction of Listeria monocytogenes infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011058. [PMID: 37216395 PMCID: PMC10237667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is an intracellular foodborne pathogen which causes the severe disease listeriosis in immunocompromised individuals. Macrophages play a dual role during Lm infection by both promoting dissemination of Lm from the gastrointestinal tract and limiting bacterial growth upon immune activation. Despite the relevance of macrophages to Lm infection, the mechanisms underlying phagocytosis of Lm by macrophages are not well understood. To identify host factors important for Lm infection of macrophages, we performed an unbiased CRISPR/Cas9 screen which revealed pathways that are specific to phagocytosis of Lm and those that are required for internalization of bacteria generally. Specifically, we discovered the tumor suppressor PTEN promotes macrophage phagocytosis of Lm and L. ivanovii, but not other Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, we found that PTEN enhances phagocytosis of Lm via its lipid phosphatase activity by promoting adherence to macrophages. Using conditional knockout mice lacking Pten in myeloid cells, we show that PTEN-dependent phagocytosis is important for host protection during oral Lm infection. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive identification of macrophage factors involved in regulating Lm uptake and characterizes the function of one factor, PTEN, during Lm infection in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, these results demonstrate a role for opsonin-independent phagocytosis in Lm pathogenesis and suggest that macrophages play a primarily protective role during foodborne listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle C. Glover
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicole H. Schwardt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shania-Kate E. Leano
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Madison E. Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maureen K. Thomason
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Olive
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Reniere
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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2
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Harter E, Lassnig C, Wagner EM, Zaiser A, Wagner M, Rychli K. The Novel Internalins InlP1 and InlP4 and the Internalin-Like Protein InlP3 Enhance the Pathogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1644. [PMID: 31396177 PMCID: PMC6664051 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of the human foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes relies on virulence factors such as internalins. In 2009/2010 two L. monocytogenes strains were responsible for a serious listeriosis outbreak in Austria, Germany, and the Czech Republic. One of these clones, QOC1, which caused 14 cases including five fatalities, encodes the novel internalins inlP1, inlPq and inlP4, and the novel internalin-like protein inlP3 in the genomic region of hypervariable genetic hotspot 9 in addition to the standard set of virulence genes. The in silico prevalence study revealed that these genes rarely occur in L. monocytogenes, mainly in minor clonal complexes. To obtain first insights of the role of these genes in the pathogenicity of L. monocytogenes, we studied the gene expression under conditions mimicking the ingestion in the host. Expression of inlP1, inlP3, inlPq and inlP4 was increased under gastric stress and in intracellular bacteria grown in intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, colonization of the liver and the spleen was slightly, but significantly reduced 72 h post infection in an oral mouse infection model when inlP1 or inlP4 was deleted. Moreover, the impact of InlP1 and InlP3 in virulence was shown in vitro in human intestinal epithelial cells. In this study we conclusively demonstrate a potential contribution of uncommon novel internalins and an internalin-like protein to the pathogenicity of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Harter
- Department for Farm Animals and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Lassnig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics and Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Maria Wagner
- Department for Farm Animals and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation – FFoQSI GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Andreas Zaiser
- Department for Farm Animals and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department for Farm Animals and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation – FFoQSI GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Kathrin Rychli
- Department for Farm Animals and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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3
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García-Gil A, Lopez-Bailon LU, Ortiz-Navarrete V. Beyond the antibody: B cells as a target for bacterial infection. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:905-913. [PMID: 30657607 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0618-225r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that B cells play an important role during infections beyond antibody production. B cells produce cytokines and are APCs for T cells. Recently, it has become clear that several pathogenic bacterial genera, such as Salmonella, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Moraxella, and Helicobacter, have evolved mechanisms such as micropinocytosis induction, inflammasome down-regulation, inhibitory molecule expression, apoptosis induction, and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion to manipulate B cell functions influencing immune responses. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of B cells as targets of bacterial infection and the mechanisms by which B cells become a niche for bacterial survival and replication away from extracellular immune responses such as complement and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham García-Gil
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Uriel Lopez-Bailon
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vianney Ortiz-Navarrete
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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Pitts MG, D'Orazio SEF. A Comparison of Oral and Intravenous Mouse Models of Listeriosis. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7010013. [PMID: 29361677 PMCID: PMC5874739 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is one of several enteric microbes that is acquired orally, invades the gastric mucosa, and then disseminates to peripheral tissues to cause systemic disease in humans. Intravenous (i.v.) inoculation of mice with L. monocytogenes has been the most widely-used small animal model of listeriosis over the past few decades. The infection is highly reproducible and has been invaluable in deciphering mechanisms of adaptive immunity in vivo, particularly CD8+ T cell responses to intracellular pathogens. However, the i.v. model completely bypasses the gut phase of the infection. Recent advances in generating both humanized mice and murinized bacteria, as well as the development of a foodborne route of transmission has reignited interest in studying oral models of listeriosis. In this review, we analyze previously published reports to highlight both the similarities and differences in tissue colonization and host response to infection using either oral or i.v. inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Pitts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street-MS417, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Sarah E F D'Orazio
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street-MS417, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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5
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Pattabiraman G, Palasiewicz K, Visvabharathy L, Freitag NE, Ucker DS. Apoptotic cells enhance pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes. Microb Pathog 2017; 105:218-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jones GS, D'Orazio SEF. Monocytes Are the Predominant Cell Type Associated with Listeria monocytogenes in the Gut, but They Do Not Serve as an Intracellular Growth Niche. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2796-2804. [PMID: 28213502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
After foodborne transmission of the facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, most of the bacterial burden in the gut is extracellular. However, we previously demonstrated that intracellular replication in an as yet unidentified cell type was essential for dissemination and systemic spread of L. monocytogenes In this article, we show that the vast majority of cell-associated L. monocytogenes in the gut were adhered to Ly6Chi monocytes, a cell type that inefficiently internalized L. monocytogenes With bone marrow-derived in vitro cultures, high multiplicity of infection or the use of opsonized bacteria enhanced uptake of L. monocytogenes in CD64- monocytes, but very few bacteria reached the cell cytosol. Surprisingly, monocytes that had upregulated CD64 expression in transition toward becoming macrophages fully supported intracellular growth of L. monocytogenes In contrast, inflammatory monocytes that had increased CD64 expression in the bone marrow of BALB/c/By/J mice prior to L. monocytogenes exposure in the gut did not support L. monocytogenes growth. Thus, contrary to the perception that L. monocytogenes can infect virtually all cell types, neither naive nor inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes served as a productive intracellular growth niche for L. monocytogenes. These results have broad implications for innate immune recognition of L. monocytogenes in the gut and highlight the need for additional studies on the interaction of extracellular, adherent L. monocytogenes with the unique subsets of myeloid-derived inflammatory cells that infiltrate sites of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S Jones
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Sarah E F D'Orazio
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
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7
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Cruz-Adalia A, Veiga E. Close Encounters of Lymphoid Cells and Bacteria. Front Immunol 2016; 7:405. [PMID: 27774092 PMCID: PMC5053978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During infections, the first reaction of the host against microbial pathogens is carried out by innate immune cells, which recognize conserved structures on pathogens, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Afterward, some of these innate cells can phagocytose and destroy the pathogens, secreting cytokines that would modulate the immune response to the challenge. This rapid response is normally followed by the adaptive immunity, more specific and essential for a complete pathogen clearance in many cases. Some innate immune cells, usually named antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells, are able to process internalized invaders and present their antigens to lymphocytes, triggering the adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, the traditional boundary of separated roles between innate and adaptive immunity has been blurred by several studies, showing that very specialized populations of lymphocytes (cells of the adaptive immunity) behave similarly to cells of the innate immunity. These “innate-like” lymphocytes include γδ T cells, invariant NKT cells, B-1 cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, marginal zone B cells, and innate response activator cells, and together with the newly described innate lymphoid cells are able to rapidly respond to bacterial infections. Strikingly, our recent data suggest that conventional CD4+ T cells, the paradigm of cells of the adaptive immunity, also present innate-like behavior, capturing bacteria in a process called transinfection. Transinfected CD4+ T cells digest internalized bacteria like professional phagocytes and secrete large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, protecting for further bacterial challenges. In the present review, we will focus on the data showing such innate-like behavior of lymphocytes following bacteria encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Cruz-Adalia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Esteban Veiga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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8
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Cruz-Adalia A, Ramírez-Santiago G, Torres-Torresano M, Garcia-Ferreras R, Veiga Chacón E. T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells. J Vis Exp 2016:e52976. [PMID: 26863406 DOI: 10.3791/52976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have shown, contrary to what is described, that CD4(+) T cells, the paradigm of adaptive immune cells, capture bacteria from infected dendritic cells (DCs) by a process called transinfection. Here, we describe the analysis of the transinfection process, which occurs during the course of antigen presentation. This process was unveiled by using CD4(+) T cells from transgenic OTII mice, which bear a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for a peptide of ovoalbumin (OVAp), which therefore can form stable immune complexes with infected dendritic cells loaded with this specific OVAp. The dynamics of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing bacteria during DC-T cell transmission can be monitored by live-cell imaging and the quantification of bacterial transinfection can be performed by flow cytometry. In addition, transinfection can be quantified by a more sensitive method based in the use of gentamicin, a non-permeable aminoglycoside antibiotic killing extracellular bacteria but not intracellular ones. This classical method has been used previously in microbiology to study the efficiency of bacterial infections. We hereby explain the protocol of the complete process, from the isolation of the primary cells to the quantification of transinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Cruz-Adalia
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spanish National Biotechnology Centre (CNB-CSIC);
| | - Guillermo Ramírez-Santiago
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spanish National Biotechnology Centre (CNB-CSIC); Hospital de Santa Cristina, Healthcare Research Institute Princesa Hospital (IIS-Princesa)
| | - Mónica Torres-Torresano
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spanish National Biotechnology Centre (CNB-CSIC); Hospital de Santa Cristina, Healthcare Research Institute Princesa Hospital (IIS-Princesa)
| | - Raquel Garcia-Ferreras
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spanish National Biotechnology Centre (CNB-CSIC); Hospital de Santa Cristina, Healthcare Research Institute Princesa Hospital (IIS-Princesa)
| | - Esteban Veiga Chacón
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spanish National Biotechnology Centre (CNB-CSIC);
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9
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Borhis G, Richard Y. Subversion of the B-cell compartment during parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:15. [PMID: 25884828 PMCID: PMC4374497 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on HIV infection have identified new human B-cell subsets with a potentially important impact on anti-viral immunity. Current work highlights the occurrence of similar B-cell alterations in other viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, suggesting that common strategies have been developed by pathogens to counteract protective immunity. For this review, we have selected key examples of human infections for which B-cell alterations have been described, to highlight the similarities and differences in the immune responses to a variety of pathogens. We believe that further comparisons between these models will lead to critical progress in the understanding of B-cell mechanisms and will open new target avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenoline Borhis
- INSERM u1016, Cochin Institute, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, 27 rue du Faubourg St-Jacques, Roussy Bldg., Paris, 75014, France. .,CNRS, Paris, UMR8104, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.
| | - Yolande Richard
- INSERM u1016, Cochin Institute, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, 27 rue du Faubourg St-Jacques, Roussy Bldg., Paris, 75014, France. .,CNRS, Paris, UMR8104, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.
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10
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Abstract
B cells have long been regarded as simple antibody production units, but are now becoming known as key players in both adaptive and innate immune responses. However, several bacteria, viruses and parasites have evolved the ability to manipulate B cell functions to modulate immune responses. Pathogens can affect B cells indirectly, by attacking innate immune cells and altering the cytokine environment, and can also target B cells directly, impairing B cell-mediated immune responses. In this Review, we provide a summary of recent advances in elucidating direct B cell-pathogen interactions and highlight how targeting this specific cell population benefits different pathogens.
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11
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Cruz-Adalia A, Ramirez-Santiago G, Calabia-Linares C, Torres-Torresano M, Feo L, Galán-Díez M, Fernández-Ruiz E, Pereiro E, Guttmann P, Chiappi M, Schneider G, Carrascosa JL, Chichón FJ, Martínez Del Hoyo G, Sánchez-Madrid F, Veiga E. T cells kill bacteria captured by transinfection from dendritic cells and confer protection in mice. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 15:611-22. [PMID: 24832455 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) phagocytose, process, and present bacterial antigens to T lymphocytes to trigger adaptive immunity. In vivo, bacteria can also be found inside T lymphocytes. However, T cells are refractory to direct bacterial infection, leaving the mechanisms by which bacteria invade T cells unclear. We show that T cells take up bacteria from infected DCs by the process of transinfection, which requires direct contact between the two cells and is enhanced by antigen recognition. Prior to transfer, bacteria localize to the immunological synapse, an intimate DC/T cell contact structure that activates T cells. Strikingly, T cells efficiently eliminate the transinfecting bacteria within the first hours after infection. Transinfected T cells produced high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and were able to protect mice from bacterial challenge following adoptive transfer. Thus, T lymphocytes can capture and kill bacteria in a manner reminiscent of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Cruz-Adalia
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Darwin, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital de Santa Cristina, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ramirez-Santiago
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Darwin, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital de Santa Cristina, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Calabia-Linares
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital de Santa Cristina, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Torres-Torresano
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Darwin, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital de Santa Cristina, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Feo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital de Santa Cristina, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Galán-Díez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Microbiology and Immunology Department, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elena Fernández-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Pereiro
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, MISTRAL Beamline-Experiments Division, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Guttmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute Soft Matters and Functional Materials, Electron Storage Ring BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michele Chiappi
- Department Macromolecular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerd Schneider
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute Soft Matters and Functional Materials, Electron Storage Ring BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - José López Carrascosa
- Department Macromolecular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Chichón
- Department Macromolecular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Martínez Del Hoyo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esteban Veiga
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Darwin, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital de Santa Cristina, 28009 Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Singh K, Nordström T, Mörgelin M, Brant M, Cardell LO, Riesbeck K. Haemophilus influenzae resides in tonsils and uses immunoglobulin D binding as an evasion strategy. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1418-28. [PMID: 24218509 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) causes respiratory tract infections and is also considered to be a commensal, particularly in preschool children. Tonsils from patients (n = 617) undergoing tonsillectomy due to chronic infection or hypertrophy were examined. We found that 51% of tonsils were positive for Hi, and in 95% of cases analyzed in detail (n = 39) Hi resided intracellularly in the core tonsillar tissue. Patients harbored several intracellular unique strains and the majority were nontypeable Hi (NTHi). Interestingly, the isolated NTHi bound soluble immunoglobulin (Ig) D at the constant heavy chain domain 1 as revealed by recombinant IgD/IgG chimeras. NTHi also interacted with B lymphocytes via the IgD B-cell receptor, resulting in internalization of bacteria, T-cell-independent activation via Toll-like receptor 9, and differentiation into non-NTHi-specific IgM-producing cells. Taken together, IgD-binding NTHi leads to an unspecific immune response and may support the bacteria to circumvent the host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Singh
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Malmö
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13
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Rosales-Reyes R, Pérez-López A, Sánchez-Gómez C, Hernández-Mote RR, Castro-Eguiluz D, Ortiz-Navarrete V, Alpuche-Aranda CM. Salmonella infects B cells by macropinocytosis and formation of spacious phagosomes but does not induce pyroptosis in favor of its survival. Microb Pathog 2012; 52:367-74. [PMID: 22475626 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that Salmonella infects B cells and survives within endosomal-lysosomal compartments. However, the mechanisms used by Salmonella to enter B cells remain unknown. In this study, we have shown that Salmonella induces its own entry by the induction of localized ruffling, macropinocytosis, and spacious phagosome formation. These events were associated with the rearrangement of actin and microtubule networks. The Salmonella pathogenesis island 1 (SPI-1) was necessary to invade B cells. In contrast to macrophages, B cells were highly resistant to cell death induced by Salmonella. These data demonstrate the ability of Salmonella to infect these non-professional phagocytic cells, where the bacterium can find an ideal intracellular niche to support persistence and the possible dissemination of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rosales-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Infectología, Microbiología e Inmunología Clínicas, Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
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14
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Fillatreau S. Novel regulatory functions for Toll-like receptor-activated B cells during intracellular bacterial infection. Immunol Rev 2011; 240:52-71. [PMID: 21349086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infections by intracellular bacterial pathogens remain a major cause of human diseases worldwide. Despite intensive efforts, the development of effective vaccines or immunotherapies against these diseases has largely remained unsuccessful, asking for the exploration of new aspects of the host response to these pathogens. Genetic studies have demonstrated beyond doubt that cell-mediated mechanisms of host defense involving innate immunity and T cells are of crucial importance for the control of these diseases. By contrast, the role of B cells during intracellular bacterial infection has so far received little attention besides their role as antibody-producing cells. However, the general knowledge of B-cell immunology and in particular of their antibody-independent functions has greatly increased during the last years. Recently, it was found in a model of Salmonella typhimurium infection that Toll-like receptor triggering on B cells resulted through interleukin-10 secretion in a marked suppression of innate defense mechanisms ultimately leading to uncontrolled growth of the bacteria and earlier death from the disease during both primary and secondary infections. This article reviews the protective and deleterious roles of B cells during intracellular bacterial infections and discusses how manipulating their antibody-independent functions may be a powerful means to therapeutically improve host resistance against these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fillatreau
- Deutsches Rheuma-ForschungsZentrum, Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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Naper C, Shegarfi H, Inngjerdingen M, Rolstad B. The role of natural killer cells in the defense against Listeria monocytogenes lessons from a rat model. J Innate Immun 2011; 3:289-97. [PMID: 21430356 DOI: 10.1159/000324143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ly49 receptors in rodents, like killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors in humans, regulate natural killer (NK) cell activity. Although inhibitory Ly49 receptors clearly recognize classical major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, the role for the activating Ly49 receptors has been less well understood. Here, we discuss recent data from a rat model for listeriosis. Rats depleted of NK cells, or more specifically the Ly49 receptor-bearing cells, showed increased bacterial loads in their spleen. Athymic nude rats with no functional T cells but increased numbers of Ly49-expressing NK cells were more resistant to infection, indicating a central role of NK cells in early immune defense against Listeria in this species. Listeria infection of macrophages or enteric epithelial cells led to upregulation of MHC-I, including nonclassical (Ib) molecules not regularly recognized by T cells. We have shown that activating Ly49 receptors are more efficiently stimulated when binding to upregulated class Ib antigens on infected cells. From this we postulate that activating Ly49 receptors may have a sentinel function in the early immune response against Listeria in detecting diseased cells 'flagged' by increased MHC-Ib expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Naper
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Shegarfi H, Dai KZ, Inngjerdingen M, Ryan JC, Vaage JT, Rolstad B, Naper C. The activating rat Ly49s5 receptor responds to increased levels of MHC class Ib molecules on Listeria monocytogenes-infected enteric epithelial cells. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3535-43. [PMID: 21108473 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated whether rat Ly49 receptors can monitor Listeria-infected intestinal epithelial cells through altered expression of MHC class I molecules. The rat colon carcinoma epithelial cell line CC531 infected with Listeria expressed higher levels of both classical and nonclassical MHC-I molecules. Reporter cells expressing the activating Ly49s5 receptor displayed increased stimulatory responses when incubated with Listeria-infected CC531 cells in vitro, which could be blocked with mAb 8G10 specific for nonclassical MHC-I molecules of the RT1(u) haplotype, but not with mAb OX18 reacting with classical MHC-I molecules in this haplotype. Similar responses were observed against IFN-γ-treated cells that also upregulated their expression of MHC-I molecules. Thus, the Ly49s5 receptor can respond to increased levels of nonclassical MHC-I molecules induced on target cells by either bacterial infection or cytokine stimulation. We furthermore found that splenic NK and NKT cells produced IFN-γ in response to Listeria-infected CC531 cells, and that this was not limited to Ly49-expressing cells, since similar levels of IFN-γ production were observed in Ly49(+) and Ly49(-) NK cell subsets. Therefore, NK cells may recognize Listeria-infected cells through both MHC-I-dependent and -independent innate immune receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Shegarfi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Reinicke AT, Omilusik KD, Basha G, Jefferies WA. Dendritic cell cross-priming is essential for immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7210. [PMID: 19806187 PMCID: PMC2751817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation is now recognized as a major mechanism for initiating CD8 T cell responses to virus and tumor antigens in vivo. It provides an elegant mechanism that allows relatively few Dendritic cells (DCs) to initiate primary immune responses while avoiding the consumptive nature of pathogenic infection. CD8 T cells play a major role in anti-bacterial immune responses; however, the contribution of cross-presentation for priming CD8 T cell responses to bacteria, in vivo, is not well established. Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) is the causative agent of Listeriosis, an opportunistic food-borne bacterial infection that poses a significant public health risk. Here, we employ a transgenic mouse model in which cross-presentation is uniquely inactivated, to investigate cross-priming during primary Listeria infection. We show that cross-priming deficient mice are severely compromised in their ability to generate antigen-specific T cells to stimulate MHC I-restricted CTL responses following Listeria infection. The defect in generation of Listeria-elicited CD8 T cell responses is also apparent in vitro. However, in this setting, the endogenous route of processing Listeria-derived antigens is predominant. This reveals a new experimental dichotomy whereby functional sampling of Listeria-derived antigens in vivo but not in vitro is dependent on cross-presentation of exogenously derived antigen. Thus, under normal physiological circumstances, cross-presentation is demonstrated to play an essential role in priming CD8 T cell responses to bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T. Reinicke
- The Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Departments of Medical Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, and Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyla D. Omilusik
- The Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Departments of Medical Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, and Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Genc Basha
- The Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Departments of Medical Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, and Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wilfred A. Jefferies
- The Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Departments of Medical Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, and Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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