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Jiang S, He J, Zhang L, Zhao Q, Zhao S. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220739. [PMID: 37791056 PMCID: PMC10543702 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the role of bacterial lipoprotein (BLP) in autophagy and apoptosis. Western blot was used to examine autophagy biomarkers in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) after infection with Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and BLP stimulation. In BMDMs, enhanced protein expression of LC3-II was observed after S. typhimurium or S. aureus infection (P < 0.05) and BLP stimulation (P < 0.05). Autophagy inhibition by chloroquine resulted in increased levels of LC3-Ⅱ and p62 protein (P < 0.05). Persistently upregulated expressions of Atg3 and Atg7 were observed following BLP stimulation (P < 0.05), and knockdown of Atg3 or Atg7 significantly attenuated BLP-enhanced protein expression of LC3-Ⅱ in BMDMs. Furthermore, we found that the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine prevented BLP- and infection-induced macrophage apoptosis. BLP is not only required for autophagy and apoptosis activation in macrophages but also for regulating the balance between autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jiang
- Institute of Hematological Research, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 71000, China
| | - Jinyao He
- Clinical Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710068, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Institute of Hematological Research, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 71000, China
| | - Qiaojiajie Zhao
- Institute of Hematological Research, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 71000, China
| | - Shuqi Zhao
- Institute of Hematological Research, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 71000, China
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2
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Liu X, Ao D, Jiang S, Xia N, Xu Y, Shao Q, Luo J, Wang H, Zheng W, Chen N, Meurens F, Zhu J. African Swine Fever Virus A528R Inhibits TLR8 Mediated NF-κB Activity by Targeting p65 Activation and Nuclear Translocation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102046. [PMID: 34696476 PMCID: PMC8539517 DOI: 10.3390/v13102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is mainly an acute hemorrhagic disease which is highly contagious and lethal to domestic pigs and wild boars. The global pig industry has suffered significant economic losses due to the lack of an effective vaccine and treatment. The African swine fever virus (ASFV) has a large genome of 170–190 kb, encoding more than 150 proteins. During infection, ASFV evades host innate immunity via multiple viral proteins. A528R is a very important member of the polygene family of ASFV, which was shown to inhibit IFN-β production by targeting NF-κB, but its mechanism is not clear. This study has shown that A528R can suppress the TLR8-NF-κB signaling pathway, including the inhibition of downstream promoter activity, NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and the antiviral and antibacterial activity. Further, we found the cellular co-localization and interaction between A528R and p65, and ANK repeat domains of A528R and RHD of p65 are involved in their interaction and the inhibition of p65 activity. Therefore, we conclude that A528R inhibits TLR8-NF-κB signaling by targeting p65 activation and nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Liu
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.L.); (D.A.); (S.J.); (N.X.); (Y.X.); (Q.S.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Da Ao
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.L.); (D.A.); (S.J.); (N.X.); (Y.X.); (Q.S.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Sen Jiang
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.L.); (D.A.); (S.J.); (N.X.); (Y.X.); (Q.S.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nengwen Xia
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.L.); (D.A.); (S.J.); (N.X.); (Y.X.); (Q.S.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yulin Xu
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.L.); (D.A.); (S.J.); (N.X.); (Y.X.); (Q.S.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qi Shao
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.L.); (D.A.); (S.J.); (N.X.); (Y.X.); (Q.S.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jia Luo
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.L.); (D.A.); (S.J.); (N.X.); (Y.X.); (Q.S.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.L.); (D.A.); (S.J.); (N.X.); (Y.X.); (Q.S.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.L.); (D.A.); (S.J.); (N.X.); (Y.X.); (Q.S.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.L.); (D.A.); (S.J.); (N.X.); (Y.X.); (Q.S.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - François Meurens
- BIOEPAR, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France;
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.L.); (D.A.); (S.J.); (N.X.); (Y.X.); (Q.S.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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3
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Alphonse MP, Rubens JH, Ortines RV, Orlando NA, Patel AM, Dikeman D, Wang Y, Vuong I, Joyce DP, Zhang J, Mumtaz M, Liu H, Liu Q, Youn C, Patrick GJ, Ravipati A, Miller RJ, Archer NK, Miller LS. Pan-caspase inhibition as a potential host-directed immunotherapy against MRSA and other bacterial skin infections. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/601/eabe9887. [PMID: 34233954 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe9887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes most skin infections in humans, and the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains is a serious public health threat. There is an urgent clinical need for nonantibiotic immunotherapies to treat MRSA infections and prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance. Here, we investigated the pan-caspase inhibitor quinoline-valine-aspartic acid-difluorophenoxymethyl ketone (Q-VD-OPH) for efficacy against MRSA skin infection in mice. A single systemic dose of Q-VD-OPH decreased skin lesion sizes and reduced bacterial burden compared with vehicle-treated or untreated mice. Although Q-VD-OPH inhibited inflammasome-dependent apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase activation and recruitment domain (ASC) speck formation and caspase-1-mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production, Q-VD-OPH maintained efficacy in mice deficient in IL-1β, ASC, caspase-1, caspase-11, or gasdermin D. Thus, Q-VD-OPH efficacy was independent of inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. Rather, Q-VD-OPH reduced apoptosis of monocytes and neutrophils. Moreover, Q-VD-OPH enhanced necroptosis of macrophages with concomitant increases in serum TNF and TNF-producing neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and neutrophils in the infected skin. Consistent with this, Q-VD-OPH lacked efficacy in mice deficient in TNF (with associated reduced neutrophil influx and necroptosis), in mice deficient in TNF/IL-1R and anti-TNF antibody-treated WT mice. In vitro studies revealed that combined caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 inhibition reduced apoptosis, and combined caspase-1, caspase-8, and caspase-11 inhibition increased TNF, suggesting a mechanism for Q-VD-OPH efficacy in vivo. Last, Q-VD-OPH also had a therapeutic effect against Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa skin infections in mice. Collectively, pan-caspase inhibition represents a potential host-directed immunotherapy against MRSA and other bacterial skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jessica H Rubens
- Divison of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
| | - Roger V Ortines
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Nicholas A Orlando
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Aman M Patel
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Dustin Dikeman
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Ivan Vuong
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Daniel P Joyce
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jeffrey Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Mohammed Mumtaz
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Christine Youn
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Garrett J Patrick
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Advaitaa Ravipati
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Robert J Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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4
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Sacco SC, Velázquez NS, Renna MS, Beccaria C, Baravalle C, Pereyra EAL, Monecke S, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE. Capacity of two Staphylococcus aureus strains with different adaptation genotypes to persist and induce damage in bovine mammary epithelial cells and to activate macrophages. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104017. [PMID: 32006636 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the ability to adhere/internalize, persist, and induce damage in mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) of two Staphylococcus aureus strains with different adaptation genotypes (low and high) to the bovine mammary gland (MG). Also, the phagocytic and bactericidal capacity induced after the interaction between macrophages, isolated from mammary secretion, of both S. aureus strains was evaluated. Two isolates (designated 806 and 5011) from bovine intramammary infection (IMI) harboring genes involved in adherence and biofilm production, belonging to different capsular polysaccharide (CP) type, accessory gene regulator (agr) group, pulsotype (PT) and sequence type/clonal complex (ST/CC). Strains 806 and 5011 were associated with low (nonpersistent-NP) and high (persistent-P) adaptation to the MG, respectively. Strain 5011 (P), agr group I, cap8 positive and strong biofilm producer showed higher capacity to adhere/internalize in MAC-T compared with strain 806 (NP), characterized as agr group II, cap5 positive and weak biofilm producer. Strain 5011(P) could be recovered from MAC-T lysates up to 72 h pi; while strain 806 (NP) could be recovered only at 4 h pi. Strain 5011 (P) showed greater capacity to induce apoptosis compared with strain 806 (NP) at 4, 24 and 48 h pi. Macrophages infected with strain 5011 (P) showed a greater phagocytic capacity and higher percentage of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production than strain 806 (NP). No viable bacteria were isolated from macrophages lysates stimulated with any of the S. aureus strains at 2, 4, 8 and 24 h pi. The knowledge of the molecular profile of the S. aureus strains causing bovine mastitis in a herd could become a tool to expose the most prevalent virulence gene patterns and advance in the elucidation of the pathogenesis of chronic mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía C Sacco
- Laboratorio de Biología Cellular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Natalia S Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biología Cellular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María S Renna
- Laboratorio de Biología Cellular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Camila Beccaria
- Laboratorio de Biología Cellular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Celina Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Cellular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Elizabet A L Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Biología Cellular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Luis F Calvinho
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), C.C. 22 (2300) Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Bibiana E Dallard
- Laboratorio de Biología Cellular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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5
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Proliferation-apoptosis balance inStaphylococcus aureuschronically infected bovine mammary glands during involution. J DAIRY RES 2017; 84:181-189. [DOI: 10.1017/s002202991700005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whetherStaphylococcus aureuschronic intramammary infection (IMI) influences expression of proteins related to regulation of proliferation and apoptosis processes and proliferation/apoptosis index during active involution in bovine mammary gland. Twenty-one Holstein non-pregnant cows in late lactation either uninfected or with chronic naturally acquiredS. aureusIMI were included in this study. Cows were slaughtered at 7, 14 and 21 d after cessation of milking and samples for immunohistochemical analysis were taken. Protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and active caspase-3 in mammary tissue was significantly affected by chronicS. aureusIMI, all showing increased immunoexpression inS. aureus-infected quarters at all involution stages. The percentage of apoptotic cells was increased by IMI in both mammary parenchyma and stroma, and the percentage of parenchymal and stromal cell proliferation was also increased. The proliferation/apoptosis ratio was significantly increased by IMI only in stromal cells. This imbalance to favour proliferation inS. aureus-infected mammary quarters could be one of the underlying causes that induce aberrant involution with permanence of nonsecretory tissue and increase of stromal components.
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Lee WW, Kim WS, Ahn G, Kim KN, Heo SJ, Cho M, Fernando IPS, Kang N, Jeon YJ. Separation of glycine-rich proteins from sea hare eggs and their anti-cancer activity against U937 leukemia cell line. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:329-42. [PMID: 27366143 PMCID: PMC4928013 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the anti-cancer effects of Sea hare eggs (SE) in U937 cells and its major active components. The aqueous extract of SE (ASE), which contained the highest protein content, dose-dependently inhibited the cancer cell's growth (IC50 value, 10.42 ± 0.5 µg/mL). Additionally, ASE markedly caused DNA damage by inducing apoptotic body formation, DNA fragmentation, and accumulation of sub-G1 DNA contents. ASE induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and 9 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) by regulating the expression of Bcl-2/Bax. Moreover, among its molecular weight fractions, the > 30 kDa fraction showed the highest cell-growth-inhibitory effects, which was inhibited by heat treatment. Furthermore, the > 30 kDa fraction had markedly higher glycine content than the ASE. The presence of two protein bands at around 16 and 32 kDa was identified. In addition, two fractions, F1 and F2, were obtained using anion-exchange chromatography, with the F1 having an improved cell-growth-inhibitory effect than the > 30 kDa fraction. Taken together, these results suggest that the ASE contains glycine-rich proteins, including the active 16 and 32 kDa proteins, which account for its anti-cancer effects by inducing apoptosis via regulation of the mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Woo Lee
- School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suck Kim
- College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan, 46958, Republic of Korea
| | - Ginnae Ahn
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Kil-Nam Kim
- Jeju center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju 690-140, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Heo
- Global Bioresources Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjae Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - I P Shanura Fernando
- School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Nalae Kang
- School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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7
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Jubrail J, Morris P, Bewley MA, Stoneham S, Johnston SA, Foster SJ, Peden AA, Read RC, Marriott HM, Dockrell DH. Inability to sustain intraphagolysosomal killing of Staphylococcus aureus predisposes to bacterial persistence in macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2015; 18:80-96. [PMID: 26248337 PMCID: PMC4778410 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are critical effectors of the early innate response to bacteria in tissues. Phagocytosis and killing of bacteria are interrelated functions essential for bacterial clearance but the rate-limiting step when macrophages are challenged with large numbers of the major medical pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is unknown. We show that macrophages have a finite capacity for intracellular killing and fail to match sustained phagocytosis with sustained microbial killing when exposed to large inocula of S. aureus (Newman, SH1000 and USA300 strains). S. aureus ingestion by macrophages is associated with a rapid decline in bacterial viability immediately after phagocytosis. However, not all bacteria are killed in the phagolysosome, and we demonstrate reduced acidification of the phagolysosome, associated with failure of phagolysosomal maturation and reduced activation of cathepsin D. This results in accumulation of viable intracellular bacteria in macrophages. We show macrophages fail to engage apoptosis-associated bacterial killing. Ultittop mately macrophages with viable bacteria undergo cell lysis, and viable bacteria are released and can be internalized by other macrophages. We show that cycles of lysis and reuptake maintain a pool of viable intracellular bacteria over time when killing is overwhelmed and demonstrate intracellular persistence in alveolar macrophages in the lungs in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Jubrail
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul Morris
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Martin A Bewley
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon Stoneham
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon A Johnston
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon J Foster
- The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew A Peden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Robert C Read
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Medical School, Southampton, UK
| | - Helen M Marriott
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David H Dockrell
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Academic Directorate of Communicable Diseases, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
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8
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Wang T, Song X, Zhang Z, Guo M, Jiang H, Wang W, Cao Y, Zhu L, Zhang N. Stevioside inhibits inflammation and apoptosis by regulating TLR2 and TLR2-related proteins in S. aureus-infected mouse mammary epithelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:192-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Zhang J, Jiang R, Wang W, Takayama H, Tanaka Y. Apoptosis are induced in J774 macrophages upon phagocytosis and killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cell Immunol 2013; 286:11-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Melvin JA, Murphy CF, Dubois LG, Thompson JW, Moseley MA, McCafferty DG. Staphylococcus aureus sortase A contributes to the Trojan horse mechanism of immune defense evasion with its intrinsic resistance to Cys184 oxidation. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7591-9. [PMID: 21812416 DOI: 10.1021/bi200844h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen that causes serious infections which have become increasingly difficult to treat due to antimicrobial resistance and natural virulence strategies. Bacterial sortase enzymes are important virulence factors and good targets for future antibiotic development. It has recently been shown that sortase enzymes are integral to bacterial survival of phagocytosis, an underappreciated, but vital, step in S. aureus pathogenesis. Of note, the reaction mechanism of sortases relies on a solvent-accessible cysteine for transpeptidation. Because of the common strategy of oxidative damage employed by professional phagocytes to kill pathogens, it is possible that this cysteine may be oxidized inside the phagosome, thereby inhibiting the enzyme. This study addresses this apparent paradox by assessing the ability of physiological reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite, to inhibit sortase A (SrtA) from S. aureus. Surprisingly, we found that SrtA is highly resistant to oxidative inhibition, both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of resistance to oxidative damage is likely mediated by maintaining a high reduction potential of the catalytic cysteine residue, Cys184. This is due to the unusual active site utilized by S. aureus SrtA, which employs a reverse protonation mechanism for transpeptidation, resulting in a high pK(a) as well as reduction potential for Cys184. The results of this study suggest that S. aureus SrtA is able to withstand the extreme conditions encountered in the phagosome and maintain function, contributing to survival of phagocytotic killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Melvin
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Infection of polarized airway epithelial cells by normal and small-colony variant strains of Staphylococcus aureus is increased in cells with abnormal cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator function and is influenced by NF-κB. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3541-51. [PMID: 21708986 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00078-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection of nonphagocytic host cells by Staphylococcus aureus and more particularly by small-colony variants (SCVs) may contribute to the persistence of this pathogen in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The development of chronic infections is also thought to be facilitated by the proinflammatory status of CF airways induced by an activation of NF-κB. The aim of this study was to compare the infection of non-CF and CF-like airway epithelial cells by S. aureus strains (normal and SCVs) and to determine the impact of the interaction between cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and NF-κB on the infection level of these cells by S. aureus. We developed an S. aureus infection model using polarized airway epithelial cells grown at the air-liquid interface and expressing short hairpin RNAs directed against CFTR to mimic the CF condition. A pair of genetically related CF coisolates with the normal and SCV phenotypes was characterized and used. Infection of both cell lines (non-CF and CF-like) was more productive with the SCV strain than with its normal counterpart. However, both normal and SCV strains infected more CF-like than non-CF cells. Accordingly, inhibition of CFTR function by CFTRinh-172 increased the S. aureus infection level. Experimental activation of NF-κB also increased the level of infection of polarized pulmonary epithelial cells by S. aureus, an event that could be associated with that observed when CFTR function is inhibited or impaired. This study supports the hypothesis that the proinflammatory status of CF tissues facilitates the infection of pulmonary epithelial cells by S. aureus.
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Wang JH, Peng Y, Yang LL, Wang YB, Wu BG, Zhang Y, He P. Escherichia coli induces apoptosis in human monocytic U937 cells through the Fas/FasL signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 358:95-104. [PMID: 21691772 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a genetically regulated cellular suicide mechanism that plays an essential role in development and in defense of multicellular organism. Escherichia coli (E. coli) can induce monocyte apoptosis; however, the mechanism is not clear. This study determines if Fas/FasL regulates E. coli-induced human monocyte line U937 cell apoptosis. We found that infection of U937 cells with E. coli induced rapid cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner displaying the characteristic features of apoptosis. Moreover, opsonized E. coli induced U937 apoptosis with a higher apoptotic rate (53.29 ± 5.83%) than non-opsonized E. coli (19.37 ± 2.56%). Studying the underlying mechanisms we found that the E. coli-induced apoptosis was associated with a more prominent induction expression of Fas/FasL in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, E. coli treatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of DR5, TRAIL, and FADD, but exerted no statistically significant effects on the levels of DR4. The activity of caspase-8 enzyme increased in infection groups, positively correlated with apoptosis rate. Taken together, these results clearly indicate that receptor-mediated phagocytosis of E. coli induces apoptosis. Moreover, our findings suggest a possible regulatory role of Fas/FasL in the pathway of E. coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-He Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.
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