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Nowlan JP, Sies AN, Britney SR, Cameron ADS, Siah A, Lumsden JS, Russell S. Genomics of Tenacibaculum Species in British Columbia, Canada. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010101. [PMID: 36678448 PMCID: PMC9864904 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculum is a genus of Gram-negative filamentous bacteria with a cosmopolitan distribution. The research describing Tenacibaculum genomes stems primarily from Norway and Chile due to their impacts on salmon aquaculture. Canadian salmon aquaculture also experiences mortality events related to the presence of Tenacibaculum spp., yet no Canadian Tenacibaculum genomes are publicly available. Ribosomal DNA sequencing of 16S and four species-specific 16S quantitative-PCR assays were used to select isolates cultured from Atlantic salmon with mouthrot in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Ten isolates representing four known and two unknown species of Tenacibaculum were selected for shotgun whole genome sequencing using the Oxford Nanopore's MinION platform. The genome assemblies achieved closed circular chromosomes for seven isolates and long contigs for the remaining three isolates. Average nucleotide identity analysis identified T. ovolyticum, T. maritimum, T. dicentrarchi, two genomovars of T. finnmarkense, and two proposed novel species T. pacificus sp. nov. type strain 18-2881-AT and T. retecalamus sp. nov. type strain 18-3228-7BT. Annotation in most of the isolates predicted putative virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, most-notably toxins (i.e., hemolysins), type-IX secretion systems, and oxytetracycline resistance. Comparative analysis with the T. maritimum type-strain predicted additional toxins and numerous C-terminal secretion proteins, including an M12B family metalloprotease in the T. maritimum isolates from BC. The genomic prediction of virulence-associated genes provides important targets for studies of mouthrot disease, and the annotation of the antimicrobial resistance genes provides targets for surveillance and diagnosis in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Nowlan
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashton N. Sies
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Institute for Microbial Systems and Society, Faculty of Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Scott R. Britney
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrew D. S. Cameron
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Institute for Microbial Systems and Society, Faculty of Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Ahmed Siah
- BC Center for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC V9W 2C2, Canada
| | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Spencer Russell
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
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Mabrok M, Algammal AM, Sivaramasamy E, Hetta HF, Atwah B, Alghamdi S, Fawzy A, Avendaño-Herrera R, Rodkhum C. Tenacibaculosis caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum: Updated knowledge of this marine bacterial fish pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1068000. [PMID: 36683696 PMCID: PMC9853564 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1068000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis occurs due to the marine bacterial pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum. This ulcerative disease causes high mortalities for various marine fish species worldwide. Several external clinical signs can arise, including mouth erosion, epidermal ulcers, fin necrosis, and tail rot. Research in the last 15 years has advanced knowledge on the traits and pathogenesis mechanisms of T. maritimum. Consequently, significant progress has been made in defining the complex host-pathogen relationship. Nevertheless, tenacibaculosis pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Continued research is urgently needed, as demonstrated by recent reports on the re-emerging nature of tenacibaculosis in salmon farms globally. Current sanitary conditions compromise the development of effective alternatives to antibiotics, in addition to hindering potential preventive measures against tenacibaculosis. The present review compiles knowledge of T. maritimum reported after the 2006 review by Avendaño-Herrera and colleagues. Essential aspects are emphasized, including antigenic and genomic characterizations and molecular diagnostic procedures. Further summarized are the epidemiological foundations of the T. maritimum population structure and elucidations as to the virulence mechanisms of pathogenic isolates, as found using biological, microbiological, and genomic techniques. This comprehensive source of reference will undoubtable serve in tenacibaculosis prevention and control within the marine fish farming industry. Lastly, knowledge gaps and valuable research areas are indicated as potential guidance for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mabrok
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abdelazeem M. Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Elayaraja Sivaramasamy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Banan Atwah
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aml Fawzy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Directorate of Veterinary Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile,*Correspondence: Channarong Rodkhum, ; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, ;
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,*Correspondence: Channarong Rodkhum, ; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, ;
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3
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Wang B, Hu J, Feng J, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Jiang B, Li W, Liu C, Huang Y, Su Y. Acute septicemia and immune response of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) to Aeromonas veronii infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:47-55. [PMID: 35367379 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A previous study confirmed that spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), an economically important cultured species in East Asia, is a new host of Aeromonas veronii, which can cause acute death in these fish, but there is little in-depth understanding of this disease. In the present study, the virulence of 10 isolates of A. veronii derived from spotted sea bass was determined. It was found that the 18BJ181 isolate was a virulent strain and led to the fastest death of spotted sea bass. Death was determined to be within in 2-12 h, and resulted in abdominal effusion and varying degrees of hemorrhage in internal organs. Bacterial colonization analysis showed that the bacterial load in the spleen was highest, and was up to 3.1 × 105 cfu g-1. In addition, the bacteria proliferated massively in the blood and reached 2.4 × 107 cfu mL-1 at 12 h after 18BJ181 strain infection, which was also a typical feature of acute septicemia. Histopathology of the spleen revealed edema in interstitial tissue, degeneration, and necrosis in lymphoid tissue, and hemorrhage in the capillary network. Transcriptome analysis of the spleen showed that the expression level of HSP70, CCL19, and IL-1β was extremely significantly up-regulated at 8 h after infection (P < 0.01), and the expression of these genes was normal at 24 h. These results revealed that A. veronii infection could rapidly activate the chemokine signal pathway and stimulate the acute inflammatory response in the host. The bacterial colonization, pathological features, and gene expression patterns in immune pathways will help us to better understand acute septicemia in spotted sea bass caused by A. veronii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baotun Wang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Development and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510300, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jianmei Hu
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Development and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510300, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Development and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Yaqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Development and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Yanxin Sun
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Wei Li
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Yanhua Huang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
| | - Youlu Su
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
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Barreto MM, Ziegler M, Venn A, Tambutté E, Zoccola D, Tambutté S, Allemand D, Antony CP, Voolstra CR, Aranda M. Effects of Ocean Acidification on Resident and Active Microbial Communities of Stylophora pistillata. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:707674. [PMID: 34899619 PMCID: PMC8656159 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.707674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean warming and ocean acidification (OA) are direct consequences of climate change and affect coral reefs worldwide. While the effect of ocean warming manifests itself in increased frequency and severity of coral bleaching, the effects of ocean acidification on corals are less clear. In particular, long-term effects of OA on the bacterial communities associated with corals are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of ocean acidification on the resident and active microbiome of long-term aquaria-maintained Stylophora pistillata colonies by assessing 16S rRNA gene diversity on the DNA (resident community) and RNA level (active community). Coral colony fragments of S. pistillata were kept in aquaria for 2 years at four different pCO2 levels ranging from current pH conditions to increased acidification scenarios (i.e., pH 7.2, 7.4, 7.8, and 8). We identified 154 bacterial families encompassing 2,047 taxa (OTUs) in the resident and 89 bacterial families including 1,659 OTUs in the active communities. Resident communities were dominated by members of Alteromonadaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, and Colwelliaceae, while active communities were dominated by families Cyclobacteriacea and Amoebophilaceae. Besides the overall differences between resident and active community composition, significant differences were seen between the control (pH 8) and the two lower pH treatments (7.2 and 7.4) in the active community, but only between pH 8 and 7.2 in the resident community. Our analyses revealed profound differences between the resident and active microbial communities, and we found that OA exerted stronger effects on the active community. Further, our results suggest that rDNA- and rRNA-based sequencing should be considered complementary tools to investigate the effects of environmental change on microbial assemblage structure and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle Muniz Barreto
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maren Ziegler
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chakkiath Paul Antony
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian R Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Manuel Aranda
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Nowlan JP, Britney SR, Lumsden JS, Russell S. Experimental Induction of Tenacibaculosis in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) Using Tenacibaculum maritimum, T. dicentrarchi, and T. finnmarkense. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111439. [PMID: 34832595 PMCID: PMC8623880 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a limited understanding of the pathogenesis of tenacibaculosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and there are few reproducible exposure models for comparison. Atlantic salmon were exposed via bath to Tenacibaculum maritimum, T. dicentrarchi, or T. finnmarkense, and were then grouped with naïve cohabitants. Mortalities had exaggerated clinical signs of mouthrot, a presentation of tenacibaculosis characterized by epidermal ulceration and yellow plaques, on the mouth and less frequently on other tissues. Histopathology showed tissue spongiosis, erosion, ulceration, and necrosis ranging from mild to marked, locally to regionally extensive with mats of intralesional bacteria on the rostrum, vomer, gill rakers, gill filaments, and body surface. Exposure to T. maritimum resulted in less than a 0.4 probability of survival for both exposed and cohabitants until Day 21. Exposures to T. dicentrarchi resulted in 0 and 0.55 (exposed), and 0.8 and 0.9 (cohabitant) probability of survival to Day 12 post-exposure, while T. finnmarkense had a 0.9 probability of survival to Day 12 for all groups. This experimental infection model will be useful to further investigate the pathogenesis of tenacibaculosis, its treatment, and immunity to Tenacibaculum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Nowlan
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (S.R.B.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Scott R. Britney
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (S.R.B.); (S.R.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Spencer Russell
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (S.R.B.); (S.R.)
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Torres-Corral Y, Girons A, González-Barreiro O, Seoane R, Riaza A, Santos Y. Effect of Bivalent Vaccines against Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida Subspecie achromogenes on Health and Survival of Turbot. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080906. [PMID: 34452031 PMCID: PMC8402583 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of intraperitoneal injection of an oil-based bivalent autogenous vaccine and the commercial vaccine AlphaJect 3000 (Pharmaq AS) to prevent atypical furunculosis and vibriosis in turbot was analyzed. The effect of both vaccines on health parameters and survival of fish after challenge with V. anguillarum and A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes was tested. The autogenous vaccine conferred high levels of protection and long-lasting immunity against both pathogens with a single dose. However, severe side effects were observed in turbot injected with this autovaccine and minor negative effects with the AlphaJect 3000 vaccine and the adjuvant Montanide or Eolane. All vaccinated fish showed remarkable antibody agglutination titers, higher than those of control fish, which were maintained 160 d after vaccination. In conclusion, the autogenous bivalent vaccine induces long-lasting protection against atypical furunculosis and vibriosis in turbot, after administration of a single dose, at the cost of high side effects in fish. Therefore, the development of new vaccines should focus on autovaccines and the use of liquid paraffin adjuvants that increase protection with reduced or no side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Torres-Corral
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Análisis Químico y Biológico (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (Y.T.-C.); (Y.S.)
| | | | | | - Rafael Seoane
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Ana Riaza
- Stolt Sea Farm, Edificio Quercus, 15707 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (O.G.-B.); (A.R.)
| | - Ysabel Santos
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Análisis Químico y Biológico (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (Y.T.-C.); (Y.S.)
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Nowlan JP, Lumsden JS, Russell S. Advancements in Characterizing Tenacibaculum Infections in Canada. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121029. [PMID: 33302445 PMCID: PMC7763822 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculum is a genus of gram negative, marine, filamentous bacteria, associated with the presence of disease (tenacibaculosis) at aquaculture sites worldwide; however, infections induced by this genus are poorly characterized. Documents regarding the genus Tenacibaculum and close relatives were compiled for a literature review, concentrating on ecology, identification, and impacts of potentially pathogenic species, with a focus on Atlantic salmon in Canada. Tenacibaculum species likely have a cosmopolitan distribution, but local distributions around aquaculture sites are unknown. Eight species of Tenacibaculum are currently believed to be related to numerous mortality events of fishes and few mortality events in bivalves. The clinical signs in fishes often include epidermal ulcers, atypical behaviors, and mortality. Clinical signs in bivalves often include gross ulcers and discoloration of tissues. The observed disease may differ based on the host, isolate, transmission route, and local environmental conditions. Species-specific identification techniques are limited; high sequence similarities using conventional genes (16S rDNA) indicate that new genes should be investigated. Annotating full genomes, next-generation sequencing, multilocus sequence analysis/typing (MLSA/MLST), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), and fatty acid methylesters (FAME) profiles could be further explored for identification purposes. However, each aforementioned technique has disadvantages. Since tenacibaculosis has been observed world-wide in fishes and other eukaryotes, and the disease has substantial economic impacts, continued research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Nowlan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, OT N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, OT N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Spencer Russell
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada;
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Alix M, Gasset E, Bardon-Albaret A, Noel J, Pirot N, Perez V, Coves D, Saulnier D, Lignot JH, Cucchi PN. Description of the unusual digestive tract of Platax orbicularis and the potential impact of Tenacibaculum maritimum infection. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9966. [PMID: 33024633 PMCID: PMC7520087 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ephippidae fish are characterized by a discoid shape with a very small visceral cavity. Among them Platax orbicularis has a high economic potential due to its flesh quality and flesh to carcass ratio. Nonetheless, the development of its aquaculture is limited by high mortality rates, especially due to Tenacibaculum maritimum infection, occurring one to three weeks after the transfer of fishes from bio-secure land-based aquaculture system to the lagoon cages for growth. Among the lines of defense against this microbial infection, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is less studied. The knowledge about the morphofunctional anatomy of this organ in P. orbicularis is still scarce. Therefore, the aims of this study are to characterize the GIT in non-infected P. orbicularis juveniles to then investigate the impact of T. maritimum on this multifunctional organ. Methods In the first place, the morpho-anatomy of the GIT in non-infected individuals was characterized using various histological techniques. Then, infected individuals, experimentally challenged by T. maritimum were analysed and compared to the previously established GIT reference. Results The overlapped shape of the GIT of P. orbicularis is probably due to its constrained compaction in a narrow visceral cavity. Firstly, the GIT was divided into 10 sections, from the esophagus to the rectum. For each section, the structure of the walls was characterized, with a focus on mucus secretions and the presence of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump. An identification key allowing the characterization of the GIT sections using in toto histology is given. Secondly, individuals challenged with T. maritimum exhibited differences in mucus type and proportion and, modifications in the mucosal and muscle layers. These changes could induce an imbalance in the trade-off between the GIT functions which may be in favour of protection and immunity to the disadvantage of nutrition capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Alix
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eric Gasset
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Agnes Bardon-Albaret
- Ifremer, UMR Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, UPF, ILM, IRD, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Jean Noel
- BCM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,IRCM, Université de Montpellier, ICM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nelly Pirot
- BCM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,IRCM, Université de Montpellier, ICM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Perez
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Coves
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Saulnier
- Ifremer, UMR Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, UPF, ILM, IRD, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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Sharma AR, Harunari E, Oku N, Matsuura N, Trianto A, Igarashi Y. Two antibacterial and PPARα/γ-agonistic unsaturated keto fatty acids from a coral-associated actinomycete of the genus Micrococcus. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:297-304. [PMID: 32256847 PMCID: PMC7082699 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A pair of geometrically isomeric unsaturated keto fatty acids, (6E,8Z)- and (6E,8E)-5-oxo-6,8-tetradecadienoic acids (1 and 2), were isolated from the culture broth of an actinomycete of the genus Micrococcus, which was associated with a stony coral, Catalaphyllia sp. Their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including NMR and MS, with special assistance of spin system simulation studies for the assignment of an E geometry at C8 in 2. As metabolites of microbes, compounds 1 and 2 are unprecedented in terms of bearing a 2,4-dienone system. Both 1 and 2 showed antibacterial activity against the plant pathogen Rhizobium radiobacter and the fish pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum, with a contrasting preference that 1 is more effective to the former strain while 2 is so to the latter. In addition, compounds 1 and 2 displayed agonistic activity against peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) with an isoform specificity towards PPARα and PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Raj Sharma
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Enjuro Harunari
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Naoya Oku
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Matsuura
- Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Agus Trianto
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Tembalang Campus, St. Prof. Soedarto SH., Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Yasuhiro Igarashi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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Miccoli A, Saraceni PR, Scapigliati G. Vaccines and immune protection of principal Mediterranean marine fish species. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:800-809. [PMID: 31580938 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review describes and summarizes the knowledge on established and experimental vaccines developed against viral and bacterial pathologies affecting the most important farmed marine finfish species present in the Mediterranean area, namely European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax, sea bream Sparus aurata, turbot Psetta maxima and meagre Argyrosomus regius. The diseases that have been recorded in seabass, sea bream and meagre are caused by bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, Photobacterium damselae, Tenacibaculum maritimum as well as by viruses such as Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy/Viral Nervous Necrosis and Lymphocystic disease. The main pathologies of turbot are instead bacteriosis provoked by Tenacibaculum maritimum, Aeromonas sp. and Vibrio anguillarum, and virosis by viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus. Some vaccines have been optimized and are now regularly available for the majority of the above-mentioned pathogens. A measurable immune protection has been conferred principally against Vibrio anguillarum, Photobacterium damselae sub. piscicida and VER/VNN.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miccoli
- Department for Innovative Biology, Agro-industry and Forestry, University of Tuscia. Largo Dell'Università, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - P R Saraceni
- Department for Innovative Biology, Agro-industry and Forestry, University of Tuscia. Largo Dell'Università, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - G Scapigliati
- Department for Innovative Biology, Agro-industry and Forestry, University of Tuscia. Largo Dell'Università, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
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11
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Morphological, microbiological and ultrastructural aspects of sepsis by Aeromonas hydrophila in Piaractus mesopotamicus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222626. [PMID: 31539396 PMCID: PMC6754153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas bacteria can cause an infection characterized by septicemia and is one of the most common pathogens in tropical fish. This disease is responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates, causing considerable losses in aquaculture. Thus, the understanding of its pathophysiology is crucial to develop control strategies of this bacterial infection in farmed fish. This study aimed to characterize early pathological aspects of acute sepsis in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. A total of 160 juvenile pacus were inoculated intraperitoneally with A. hydrophila (1.78 x 109 CFU/mL) and at 0 (control), 1, 3, 6, and 9 hours post-inoculation (hpi), animals were anesthetized and samples were collected for microbiological, light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyzes. The results showed the occurrence of hemodynamic alterations, such as hemorrhage and congestion, which were observed mainly after 6 and 9 hpi. It was possible to re-isolate Aeromonas at all sampling times except in control group. However, just after 9 hpi it was possible to find the bacteria in all fish and tissues. Light microscopy analyses revealed a degenerative process, necrosis and vascular damage mainly at 6 and 9 hpi. According to the ultrastructural examination, areas of cellular death were identified in all examined tissues, especially at 6 and 9 hpi. However, the most severe, related to necrosis, were observed after 6 and 9 hpi. The findings suggested that this bacterium spreads in the first hpi through the fish organs, mainly affecting spleen, liver and kidney, causing irreversible lesions at the molecular level.
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Levipan HA, Irgang R, Tapia-Cammas D, Avendaño-Herrera R. A high-throughput analysis of biofilm formation by the fish pathogen Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:617-621. [PMID: 30664803 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A Levipan
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Siña del Mar, Chile
| | - Diana Tapia-Cammas
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Siña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Siña del Mar, Chile
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Mabrok M, Machado M, Serra CR, Afonso A, Valente LMP, Costas B. Tenacibaculosis induction in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) and studies of Tenacibaculum maritimum survival against host mucus and plasma. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1445-1455. [PMID: 27134184 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tenacibaculum maritimum, the aetiological agent for marine tenacibaculosis, is one of the most significant pathogens that threaten Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup), aquaculture. Because no immersion challenge with T. maritimum has been reported previously for this flatfish species, this study aimed to optimize bacterial yields as well as to establish a challenge model for tenacibaculosis induction. Several approaches were performed to optimize bacterial culture conditions, including treatment with non-ionic surfactants, detergents, cellulase hydrolysis and strong shaking. A prolonged bath challenge was performed for 24 h under two different temperatures, 16 and 23 °C. Moreover, mucus and plasma bactericidal activities against T. maritimum were also assessed. Culturing bacteria with strong shaking and continuous shaking provided suitable culture conditions to obtain higher bacterial yields without aggregation and fluctuation, contrary to most other treatments that showed a huge amount of bacterial aggregates. A prolonged bath method for 24 h, without skin or gill scarification, was considered suitable for disease induction with high mortality rates. Moreover, data regarding mucus and plasma bactericidal activities suggested that there is a lack of host innate immune response against T. maritimum or that this particular pathogen presents evading strategies against Senegalese sole.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mabrok
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacão Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR-CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - M Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacão Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR-CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - C R Serra
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacão Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR-CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Afonso
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacão Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR-CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L M P Valente
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacão Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR-CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - B Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacão Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR-CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Ng JCY, Chan Y, Tun HM, Leung FCC, Shin PKS, Chiu JMY. Pyrosequencing of the bacteria associated with Platygyra carnosus corals with skeletal growth anomalies reveals differences in bacterial community composition in apparently healthy and diseased tissues. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1142. [PMID: 26539174 PMCID: PMC4611154 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corals are rapidly declining globally due to coral diseases. Skeletal growth anomalies (SGA) or "coral tumors" are a group of coral diseases that affect coral reefs worldwide, including Hong Kong waters in the Indo-Pacific region. To better understand how bacterial communities may vary in corals with SGA, for the first time, we examined the bacterial composition associated with the apparently healthy and the diseased tissues of SGA-affected Platgyra carnosus using 16S ribosomal rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Taxonomic analysis revealed Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria as the main phyla in both the apparently healthy and the diseased tissues. A significant difference in the bacterial community composition was observed between the two conditions at the OTU level. Diseased tissues were associated with higher abundances of Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes, and a lower abundance of Spirochaetes. Several OTUs belonging to Rhodobacteraceae, Rhizobiales, Gammaproteobacteria, and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroidetes (CFB) were strongly associated with the diseased tissues. These groups of bacteria may contain potential pathogens involved with the development of SGA or opportunistic secondary or tertiary colonizers that proliferated upon the health-compromised coral host. We suggest that these bacterial groups to be further studied based on inoculation experiments and testing of Koch's postulates in efforts to understand the etiology and progression of SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C Y Ng
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuki Chan
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong, Hong Kong ; Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, Hong Kong ; School of Applied Sciences, Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hein M Tun
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, Hong Kong ; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Frederick C C Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul K S Shin
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, Hong Kong ; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jill M Y Chiu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong, Hong Kong ; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Ronza P, Losada AP, Villamarín A, Bermúdez R, Quiroga MI. Immunolocalization of tumor necrosis factor alpha in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, L.) tissues. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:470-476. [PMID: 25957885 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a cytokine involved in a broad spectrum of cellular and organismal responses. Its main function, as a potent pro-inflammatory mediator, has been demonstrated in numerous teleost species and there are many reports on the modulation of TNFα gene expression under pathological conditions. Nevertheless, there is still scarce knowledge about the tissue distribution and type of cells that express this cytokine in fish species, which would help to further investigate its biological activities. These studies are hampered by the lack of molecular markers for teleost that hinder the development of morphological techniques, like immunohistochemistry. The aim of this work was to develop an immunohistochemical technique for the detection of TNFα in paraffin-embedded organs from healthy turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), an economically-important marine fish species. A commercial anti-human TNFα antibody, whose specificity was confirmed by western blot analysis, was used. Immunoreactive cells were observed in higher numbers in the lymphohematopoietic organs, kidney, spleen and thymus, although TNFα-positive cells were also present in the digestive tract, liver, heart, gills and skin. Similarly to non-fish species, monocytes/macrophages appeared to be the main producers of this cytokine; nevertheless, the presence of immunoreactive rodlet cells in different tissues was also reported. The nature and distribution of the labeled cells appeared to be related with a strategic localization for defense response to antigenic challenge. The relative abundance of TNFα-positive cells in the lymphohematopoietic organs also suggests that this cytokine may have a broader role in the normal physiology of those organs. The immunohistochemical technique allowed the in-situ characterization of TNFα expression, representing a valid tool to investigate the immune response of turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ronza
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Ana Paula Losada
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Villamarín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Roberto Bermúdez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Quiroga
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
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16
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Muñoz-Atienza E, Araújo C, Magadán S, Hernández PE, Herranz C, Santos Y, Cintas LM. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of lactic acid bacteria of aquatic origin as probiotics for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) farming. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:570-580. [PMID: 25451001 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) is an important commercial marine flatfish. Its production may be affected by bacterial diseases that cause severe economical losses, mainly tenacibaculosis and vibriosis, provoked by Tenacibaculum maritimum and Vibrio splendidus, respectively. An alternative or complementary strategy to chemotherapy and vaccination for the control of these diseases is the use of probiotics. In this work, we report the in vitro and in vivo potential of eight lactic acid bacteria (LAB), previously isolated from fish, seafood and fish products intended for human consumption, as turbot probiotics. Seven out of the eight LAB exerted direct antimicrobial activity against, at least, four strains of T. maritimum and V. splendidus. All LAB survived in seawater at 18 °C for 7 days, and withstood exposure to pH 3.0 and 10% (v/v) turbot bile; however, they differed in cell surface hydrophobicity (8.2-21.7%) and in their ability to adhere to turbot skin (1.2-21.7%) and intestinal (0.7-2.1%) mucus. Most of the tested strains inhibited the binding of turbot pathogens to the mucus. Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris SMM69 and Weissella cibaria P71 were selected based on their strong antimicrobial activity against T. maritimum and V. splendidus, good probiotic properties, and different adhesion ability to skin mucus and capacity to inhibit the adhesion of turbot pathogens to mucus. These two LAB strains were harmless when administered by bath to turbot larvae and juveniles; moreover, real-time PCR on the transcription levels of the immunity-related genes encoding IL-1β, TNF-α, lysozyme, C3, MHC-Iα and MHC-IIα in five organs (head-kidney, spleen, liver, intestine and skin) revealed the ability of these LAB to stimulate their expression in turbot juveniles, especially the non-specific immunity associated genes in mucosal tissues. Based on our results, Lc. cremoris SMM69 and W. cibaria P71 may be considered as suitable probiotic candidates for turbot farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Muñoz-Atienza
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Araújo
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain; Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Susana Magadán
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pablo E Hernández
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Herranz
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ysabel Santos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luis M Cintas
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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