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Mulyasari, Subaryono, Utomo BSB, Yosmaniar, Taufik I, Yamin M, Kusmini II, Marwati T. Protein Hydrolysate from Waste of Catfish Fillet Processing for Snakehead Fish Feed Formulation. SCIENTIFICA 2023; 2023:2815122. [PMID: 38188988 PMCID: PMC10769670 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2815122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The negative impact of fish processing industry waste needs to be minimized, by processing it into valuable products, one of which is fish feed. The objectives of this research were to determine the optimum dose of crude extract of B. cereus RGL.1.1 enzyme in hydrolyzing protein from the waste of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) fillet processing and to evaluate the effectiveness of using protein hydrolysate in snakehead fish (Channa striata) feed. There were four doses of enzyme treatment for protein hydrolysis designed in a completely randomized design, namely, 0, 4, 6, and 8% (v/w) with three repetitions. Furthermore, to assess the quality of protein hydrolysate, an analysis of soluble protein level, hydrolysis degree, amino acid content, fatty acid content, and digestibility was carried out. The percentage of protein hydrolysate applied in the feed formula was 0, 15, 30, and 45% (v/w), which was designed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Absolute weight growth, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, feed efficiency, and snakehead fish survival were measured to evaluate the effects of the feed formula. Results showed that the crude extract of B. cereus RGL.1.1 enzymes at a concentration of 6% (v/w) enhanced the availability of soluble proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, and feed digestibility. Protein hydrolysate application in snakehead fish feed formula up to 45% (v/w) can improve the growth performance (8.03%), protein efficiency ratio (25.66%), and feed efficiency (23.41%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulyasari
- Research Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency, North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara 83352, Indonesia
| | - Subaryono
- Research Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency, North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara 83352, Indonesia
| | - Bagus Sediadi Bandol Utomo
- Research Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency, North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara 83352, Indonesia
| | - Yosmaniar
- Research Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency, North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara 83352, Indonesia
| | - Imam Taufik
- Research Center for Fisheries, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia
| | - Muhamad Yamin
- Research Center for Fisheries, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia
| | - Irin Iriana Kusmini
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia
| | - Tri Marwati
- Research Center for Food Technology and Process, National Research and Innovation Agency, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
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Wu X, Chen WJ, Lin Z, Huang Y, El Sebai TNM, Alansary N, El-Hefny DE, Mishra S, Bhatt P, Lü H, Chen S. Rapid Biodegradation of the Organophosphorus Insecticide Acephate by a Novel Strain Burkholderia sp. A11 and Its Impact on the Structure of the Indigenous Microbial Community. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5261-5274. [PMID: 36962004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The acephate-degrading microbes that are currently available are not optimal. In this study, Burkholderia sp. A11, an efficient degrader of acephate, presented an acephate-removal efficiency of 83.36% within 56 h (100 mg·L-1). The A11 strain has a broad substrate tolerance and presents a good removal effect in the concentration range 10-1600 mg·L-1. Six metabolites from the degradation of acephate were identified, among which the main products were methamidophos, acetamide, acetic acid, methanethiol, and dimethyl disulfide. The main degradation pathways involved include amide bond breaking and phosphate bond hydrolysis. Moreover, strain A11 successfully colonized and substantially accelerated acephate degradation in different soils, degrading over 90% of acephate (50-200 mg·kg-1) within 120 h. 16S rDNA sequencing results further confirmed that the strain A11 gradually occupied a dominant position in the soil microbial communities, causing slight changes in the diversity and composition of the indigenous soil microbial community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen-Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziqiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaohua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Talaat N-M El Sebai
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural and Biology Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nasser Alansary
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Plant Protection Department, Division of Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia E El-Hefny
- Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central of Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, 12618 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- Environmental Technologies Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Huixiong Lü
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Sundaresan A, Le Ngoc M, Wew MU, Ramkumar V, Raninga P, Sum R, Cheong I. A design of experiments screen reveals that Clostridium novyi-NT spore germinant sensing is stereoflexible for valine and its analogs. Commun Biol 2023; 6:118. [PMID: 36709236 PMCID: PMC9884283 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Clostridium novyi-NT is an anti-cancer bacterial therapeutic which germinates within hypoxic tumors to kill cancer cells, the actual germination triggers for C. novyi-NT are still unknown. In this study, we screen candidate germinants using combinatorial experimental designs and discover by serendipity that D-valine is a potent germinant, inducing 50% spore germination at 4.2 mM concentration. Further investigation revealed that five D-valine analogs are also germinants and four of these analogs are enantiomeric pairs. This stereoflexible effect of L- and D-amino acids shows that spore germination is a complex process where enantiomeric interactions can be confounders. This study also identifies L-cysteine as a germinant, and hypoxanthine and inosine as co-germinants. Several other amino acids promote (L-valine, L-histidine, L-threonine and L-alanine) or inhibit (L-arginine, L-glycine, L-lysine, L-tryptophan) germination in an interaction-dependent manner. D-alanine inhibits all germination, even in complex growth media. This work lays the foundation for improving the germination efficacy of C. novyi-NT spores in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajitha Sundaresan
- grid.226688.00000 0004 0620 9198Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mai Le Ngoc
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431NUS High School of Mathematics and Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marvell Ung Wew
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431NUS High School of Mathematics and Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Varsha Ramkumar
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431NUS High School of Mathematics and Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prahlad Raninga
- grid.226688.00000 0004 0620 9198Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rongji Sum
- grid.226688.00000 0004 0620 9198Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian Cheong
- grid.226688.00000 0004 0620 9198Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Chen J, Zhang J, Zhan L, Chen H, Zhang Z, Huang C, Yue M. Prevalence and antimicrobial-resistant characterization of Bacillus cereus isolated from ready-to-eat rice products in Eastern China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:964823. [PMID: 35928146 PMCID: PMC9344136 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.964823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a major food-borne bacterial pathogen in the world, which can cause diarrhea and emetic syndrome. This study aimed to reveal the quantitative prevalence of B. cereus in ready-to-eat (RTE) rice products in Eastern China and to gain essential information on the characteristics of B. cereus isolates. A total of 91 out of the 1071 samples were positive for B. cereus. The contamination level of B. cereus in 0.5 % of RTE rice product samples outnumbered 103 CFU/g. The number of B. cereus attained 105−106 CFU/g in one sample. The distribution patterns of virulence genes in B. cereus isolates were identified. 84.6% of the B. cereus isolates had at least one enterotoxin or emetic toxin gene. The predominant pattern was XXV. 9.9% of isolates belonged to it and possessed one enterotoxin gene entFM. The occurrence rate of hblACD and nheABC was 36.3% and 47.3%, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed a high resistance rate toward penicillin, and 23.1% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. B. cereus isolates were genotyped by using ERIC-PCR. 89 genotypes were determined. The Hunter Gaston Discriminatory Index (HGDI) attained 0.9995. Relationships analysis revealed that Group A B. cereus isolates tended to carry hblA, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, and show resistance to penicillin/trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. This study was useful for updating the knowledge of the contamination status of B. cereus in RTE rice products in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancai Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhan
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honghu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng Huang,
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Min Yue,
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Patel P, Gosai H, Panseriya H, Dave B. Development of Process and Data Centric Inference System for Enhanced Production of L-Asparaginase from Halotolerant Bacillus licheniformis PPD37. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 194:1659-1681. [PMID: 34845588 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims at bioengineering of medium components using data and process centric approaches for enhanced production of L-asparaginase, an important biological molecule, by halotolerant Bacillus licheniformis PPD37 strain. To achieve this, first significant medium components were screened followed by optimisation of a combination of media components and culture conditions such as L-asparagine, MgSO4, NaCl, pH, and temperature. Optimisation study was carried out using statistical models such as response surface methodology (RSM) - process centric and artificial neural network (ANN) - data centric approaches. The production improved from 2.86 U/mL to 17.089 U/mL, an increase of approximately 6-times of the unoptimised L-asparaginase production. On comparing RSM and ANN models for optimised L-asparaginase production based on R2 value, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute deviation (MAD) values, the ANN model emerged as the superior one. As this is the first report to the authors best knowledge on development of inference system using RSM and ANN models for enhanced L-asparaginase production using a halotolerant bacteria, this study could lead to more in-depth and large-scale L-asparaginase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Patel
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science, Indrashil University, Dist. Mehsana, Rajpur-Kadi, Gujarat, India, 382740
| | - Haren Gosai
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science, Indrashil University, Dist. Mehsana, Rajpur-Kadi, Gujarat, India, 382740.
| | - Haresh Panseriya
- Gujarat Ecology Society, Synergy house, Subhanpura, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, 390003
| | - Bharti Dave
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science, Indrashil University, Dist. Mehsana, Rajpur-Kadi, Gujarat, India, 382740
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Sundaramahalingam MA, Amrutha C, Sivashanmugam P, Rajeshbanu J. An encapsulated report on enzyme-assisted transesterification with an allusion to lipase. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:481. [PMID: 34790505 PMCID: PMC8557240 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel is a renewable, sulfur-free, toxic-free, and low carbon fuel which possesses enhanced lubricity. Transesterification is the easiest method employed for the production of biodiesel, in which the oil is transformed into biodiesel. Biocatalyst-mediated transesterification is more advantageous than chemical process because of its non-toxic nature, the requirement of mild reaction conditions, absence of saponification, easy product recovery, and production of high-quality biodiesel. Lipases are found to be the primary enzymes in enzyme-mediated transesterification process. Currently, researchers are using lipases as biocatalyst for transesterification. Lipases are extracted from various sources such as plants, microbes, and animals. Biocatalyst-based biodiesel production is not yet commercialized due to high-cost of purified enzymes and higher reaction time for the production process. However, research works are growing in the area of various cost-effective techniques for immobilizing lipase to improve its reusability. And further reduction in the production cost of lipases can be achieved by genetic engineering techniques. The reduction in reaction time can be achieved through ultrasonic-assisted biocatalytic transesterification. Biodiesel production by enzymatic transesterification is affected by many factors. Various methods have been developed to control these factors and improve biodiesel production. This report summarizes the various sources of lipase, various production strategies for lipase and the lipase-mediated transesterification. It is fully focused on the lipase enzyme and its role in biodiesel production. It also covers the detailed explanation of various influencing factors, which affect the lipase-mediated transesterification along with the limitations and scope of lipase in biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Sundaramahalingam
- Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015 India
| | - C. Amrutha
- Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015 India
| | - P. Sivashanmugam
- Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015 India
| | - J. Rajeshbanu
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu 610 005 India
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Yu CW, Luo T, Cao Y, Wei CH, Deng ZY. The influence of microbial contamination on rice bran rancidity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Preliminary evaluation of irradiated medium and the optimization of conditions for a catalase produced by Bacillus firmus GL3. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ahmad MN, Hilmi NHN, Normaya E, Yarmo MA, Bulat KHK. Optimization of a protease extraction using a statistical approach for the production of an alternative meat tenderizer from Manihot esculenta roots. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 57:2852-2862. [PMID: 32612298 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Meat tenderness is the most important criterion in food quality because it strongly influences the consumer's satisfaction. Tenderness generally depends on connective tissue and sarcomere length of muscle. One of the effective methods for meat tenderizing is protease treatment. In this study, Manihot esculenta root was chosen as a protease source due to its skin blistering effect, suggesting the presence of strong proteolytic activity. The extraction of the crude protease was optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM) with four independent variables, which were pH (X1), CaCl2 (X2), Triton X-100 (X3) and 2-mercaptoethanol (X4). Based on the RSM model, all the independent variables were significant and the optimum extraction conditions were pH 9, 3.24 mM CaCl2, 4.12% Triton X-100 and 6.32 mM 2-mercaptoethanol. Tukey's test results showed that the difference between the expected and experimental protease activity value was 0.05%. A reduction of meat firmness was observed when samples treated with enzyme were compared with a control by using a texture analyser. Electrophoretic patterns also showed extensive proteolysis and a reduction of intensity and number of the protein bands in the treated sample. SEM clearly revealed the degradation of muscle fibres and connective tissue of meat treated with crude protease. Graphic abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Norazmi Ahmad
- Experimental and Theoretical Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Kulliyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - Nik Husna Nik Hilmi
- Experimental and Theoretical Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Kulliyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - Erna Normaya
- Experimental and Theoretical Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Kulliyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ambar Yarmo
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ku Halim Ku Bulat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Malaysia Terengganu, Mengabang Telipot, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Darul Iman Malaysia
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Statistical optimization of cultural medium composition of thermoalkalophilic lipase produced by a chemically induced mutant strain of Bacillus atrophaeus FSHM2. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:268. [PMID: 31218179 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremophilic microbial derived lipases have been widely applied in different biotechnological processes due to their resistance to harsh conditions such as high salt concentration, elevated temperature, and extreme acidic or alkaline pH. The present study was designed to overproduce the halophilic, thermoalkalophilic lipase of Bacillus atrophaeus FSHM2 through chemically induced random mutagenesis and optimization of cultural medium components assisted by statistical experimental design. At first, improvement of lipase production ability of B. atrophaeus FSHM2 was performed through exposure of the wild bacterial strain to ethidium bromide for 5-90 min to obtain a suitable mutant of lipase producer (designated as EB-5, 4301.1 U/l). Afterwards, Plackett-Burman experimental design augmented to D-optimal design was employed to optimize medium components (olive oil, maltose, glucose, sucrose, tryptone, urea, (NH4)2SO4, NaCl, CaCl2, and ZnSO4) for lipase production by the EB-5 mutant. A maximum lipase production of 14,824.3 U/l was predicted in the optimum medium containing 5% of olive oil, 0.5% of glucose, 0.5% of sucrose, 2% of maltose, 2.5 g/l of yeast extract, 1.75 g/l of urea, 1.75 g/l of (NH4)2SO4, 2.5 g/l of tryptone, 2 g/l of NaCl, 1 g/l of CaCl2, and 1 g/l of ZnSO4. A mean value of 14,773 ± 576.9 U/l of lipase was acquired from real experiments.
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Li T, Ren L, Wang D, Song M, Li Q, Li J. Optimization of extraction conditions and determination of purine content in marine fish during boiling. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6690. [PMID: 31119066 PMCID: PMC6507899 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gout is the second most common metabolic disease affecting human health. The disease of gout is closely related to the level of uric acid, which is the end-product of human purine metabolism. Moreover, food is the main way of external ingestion of purine. Method A simple and time-saving method was developed to extract purines like adenine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and xanthine from marine fish by single factor design combined with Box-Behnken. The contents of these purines in the edible parts and internal organs of marine fish, as well as Scophthalmus maximus, were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography to investigate the relationship between the boiling process and purine content. Result The mixed-acid method was chosen for the extraction of purine bases and the extraction conditions were as follows: mixture acid 90.00% TFA/80.00% FA (v/v, 1:1); hydrolysis temperature 90.00 °C; time 10.00 min; liquid-to-solid ratio 30:1. The total purine content of the edible parts (eyes, dorsal muscles, abdominal muscles, and skin) was the highest in Scophthalmus maximus, followed by sphyraena, Sardinella, Trichiurus lepturus, Scomberomorus niphonius, Pleuronectiformes, Sea catfish, Anguillidae, and Rajiformes. Moreover, boiling significantly reduced the purine content in the marine fish because of the transfer of the purines to the cooking liquid during boiling. Scophthalmus maximus, Sphyraena, and Sardinella were regard as high-purine marine fish, which we should eat less. We also confirmed that boiling significantly transferred purine bases from fish to cooking liquid. Thus, boiling could reduce the purine content of fish, thereby reducing the risk of hyperuricemia and gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China
| | - Likun Ren
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Dangfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Minjie Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Qiuying Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jianrong Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
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Ameri A, Shakibaie M, Soleimani-Kermani M, Faramarzi MA, Doostmohammadi M, Forootanfar H. Overproduction of thermoalkalophilic lipase secreted by Bacillus atrophaeus FSHM2 using UV-induced mutagenesis and statistical optimization of medium components. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:184-191. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1566148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Ameri
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shakibaie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mozhde Soleimani-Kermani
- The Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Doostmohammadi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Forootanfar
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Statistical optimization of lipase production from Sphingobacterium sp. strain S2 and evaluation of enzymatic depolymerization of Poly(lactic acid) at mesophilic temperature. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Alizadeh Behbahani B, Shahidi F. Melissa officinalis Essential Oil: Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant Potential, Total Phenolic Content and Antimicrobial Activity. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/nfsr.6.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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15
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Yu D, Wang X, Fan X, Ren H, Hu S, Wang L, Shi Y, Liu N, Qiao N. Refined soybean oil wastewater treatment and its utilization for lipid production by the oleaginous yeast Trichosporon fermentans. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:299. [PMID: 30410574 PMCID: PMC6211406 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The release of refined soybean oil wastewater (RSOW) with a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oil content burdens the environment. The conversion of RSOW into lipids by oleaginous yeasts may be a good way to turn this waste into usable products. RESULTS The oleaginous yeast Trichosporon fermentans was used for treating the RSOW without sterilization, dilution, or nutrient supplementation. It was found that the COD and oil content of the RSOW were removed effectively; microbial oil was abundantly produced in 48 h; and the phospholipids in the RSOW tended to contribute to a higher biomass and microbial lipid content. With Plackett-Burman design and response surface design experiments, the optimal wastewater treatment conditions were determined: temperature 28.3 °C, amount of inoculum 5.9% (v/v), and initial pH 6.1. The optimized conditions were used in a 5-L bioreactor to treat the RSOW. The maximum COD degradation of 94.7% was obtained within 40 h, and the removal of the oil content was 89.9%. The biomass was 7.9 g/L, the lipid concentration was 3.4 g/L, and the lipid content was 43% (w/w). The microbial oil obtained, with a main component of unsaturated fatty acids, was similar to vegetable oils and was suggested as a potential raw material for biodiesel production. CONCLUSION Trichosporon fermentans can be effectively used for RSOW treatment, and lipid production and can complete pretreatment and biochemical treatment simultaneously, allowing the utilization of RSOW, which both solves an environmental problem and positively impacts the use of resources. These results provide valuable information for developing and designing more efficient waste-into-lipid bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Yu
- Sci-Tech Center for Clean Conversion and High-valued Utilization of Biomass, Jilin Province, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Sci-Tech Center for Clean Conversion and High-valued Utilization of Biomass, Jilin Province, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
| | - Xue Fan
- Sci-Tech Center for Clean Conversion and High-valued Utilization of Biomass, Jilin Province, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
| | - Huimin Ren
- Sci-Tech Center for Clean Conversion and High-valued Utilization of Biomass, Jilin Province, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
| | - Shuang Hu
- Sci-Tech Center for Clean Conversion and High-valued Utilization of Biomass, Jilin Province, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
| | - Lei Wang
- Sci-Tech Center for Clean Conversion and High-valued Utilization of Biomass, Jilin Province, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
| | - Yunfen Shi
- Sci-Tech Center for Clean Conversion and High-valued Utilization of Biomass, Jilin Province, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Nan Qiao
- Sci-Tech Center for Clean Conversion and High-valued Utilization of Biomass, Jilin Province, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012 China
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16
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Hassan SWM, Abd El Latif HH, Ali SM. Production of Cold-Active Lipase by Free and Immobilized Marine Bacillus cereus HSS: Application in Wastewater Treatment. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2377. [PMID: 30405541 PMCID: PMC6205956 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases are enzymes that have the potential to hydrolyze triacylglycerol to free fatty acids and glycerol and have various applications. The aim of the present study was to isolate and screen marine bacteria for lipase production, optimize the production, and treat wastewater. A total of 20 marine bacterial isolates were obtained from the Mediterranean Sea and were screened for lipase production. All isolates were found to have lipolytic ability. The differences between the isolates were studied using RAPD-PCR. The most promising lipase producer (isolate 3) that exhibited the highest lipolytic hydrolysis (20 mm) was identified as Bacillus cereus HSS using 16S rDNA analysis and had the accession number MF581790. Optimization of lipase production was carried out using the Plackett-Burman experimental design with cotton seed oil as the inducer under shaking conditions at 10°C. The most significant factors that affected lipase production were FeSO4, KCl, and oil concentrations. By using the optimized culture conditions, the lipase activity increased by 1.8-fold compared with basal conditions. Immobilization by adsorption of cells on sponge and recycling raised lipase activity by 2.8-fold compared with free cells. The repeated reuse of the immobilized B. cereus HSS maintained reasonable lipase activity. A trial for the economic treatment of oily wastewater was carried out. Removal efficiencies of biological oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and oil and grease were 87.63, 90, and 94.7%, respectively, which is promising for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Safaa M. Ali
- City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
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17
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Ismail A, El-Henawy S, Younis S, Betiha M, El-Gendy N, Azab M, Sedky N. Statistical enhancement of lipase extracellular production byBacillus stratosphericusPSP8 in a batch submerged fermentation process. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1076-1093. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Ismail
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI); Nasr City Cairo Egypt
| | - S.B. El-Henawy
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI); Nasr City Cairo Egypt
| | - S.A. Younis
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI); Nasr City Cairo Egypt
| | - M.A. Betiha
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI); Nasr City Cairo Egypt
| | - N.Sh. El-Gendy
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI); Nasr City Cairo Egypt
| | - M.S. Azab
- Botany and Microbiology Department; Faculty of Science (Boys); Al-Azhar University; Nasr City Cairo Egypt
| | - N.M. Sedky
- Botany and Microbiology Department; Faculty of Science (Girls); Al-Azhar University; Nasr City Cairo Egypt
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18
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Smaoui S, Ennouri K, Chakchouk-Mtibaa A, Sellem I, Bouchaala K, Karray-Rebai I, Ben Ayed R, Mathieu F, Mellouli L. Modeling-based optimization approaches for the development of Anti- Agrobacterium tumefaciens activity using Streptomyces sp TN71. Microb Pathog 2018; 119:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Gong W, Huang Y, Ji A, Peng W, Liu C, Zeng Y, Yang R, Yan L, Wang X, Sheng J. Optimisation of saponin extraction conditions with Camellia sinensis var. assamica seed and its application for a natural detergent. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:2312-2319. [PMID: 28990656 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camellia sinensis var. assamica seed cake (a by-product of tea-seed oil) is an abundant resource with poor utilisation. C. sinensis var. assamica seed saponin (CSS) is one kind of non-ionic surfactant. In this study, the CSS extraction conditions were optimised by response surface methodology (RSM) and then the CSS detergent was developed. Additionally, the safety and decontamination ability of the developed detergent were evaluated. RESULTS The optimised extraction conditions were including the extracting temperature of 40.04 °C, extraction time of 4.97 h, ethanol concentration of 64.11% and liquid-solid ratio of 14.57:1 mL g-1 . The formula of the CSS detergent was as follows: 20% crude CSS, 0.3% oxidised tea polyphenols (OTPs), 0.2% nisin, 0.3% sodium dehydroacetate, 0.7% sodium alginate and 0.5% sodium polyacrylate. The LD50 of the CSS detergent exceeds 14 g kg-1 in mice, indicating the detergent was non-toxic. Both of the emulsifying and the pesticide residues removal abilities of the CSS detergent were significantly stronger than the commercial detergent. CONCLUSION A natural tea seed saponin detergent with good safety and decontamination ability was successfully developed. This can make better use of the tea seed cake, thereby creating added value in the tea seed oil industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Pu'er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu-er, China
| | - Yewei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Aibing Ji
- Pu'er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu-er, China
| | | | - Cong Liu
- Pu'er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu-er, China
| | - Yin Zeng
- Pu'er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu-er, China
| | | | - Liang Yan
- Pu'er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu-er, China
- College of Tea (Pu-er), West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Pu-er, China
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Pu'er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu-er, China
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20
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Zhao A, Chen F, Ning C, Wu H, Song H, Wu Y, Chen R, Zhou K, Xu X, Lu Y, Gao J. Use of real-time cellular analysis and Plackett-Burman design to develop the serum-free media for PC-3 prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185470. [PMID: 28945791 PMCID: PMC5612757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a rapid strategy to screen a serum-free medium for culturing the anchorage-dependent PC-3 prostate cancer cells, which was going to be prepared in large scale to generate GM-CSF/TNFα-surface-modified whole cell prostate cancer vaccine. Automated real-time cellular analysis as a rapid and non-invasive technology was used to monitor the growth of PC-3 cells in 16-well plates. At the same time, Plackett-Burman design was employed to identify the most influential formulation by integrating relevant information statistically. The effects of the 16 selected factors were evaluated during exponential cell growth and three medium constituents (EGF, FGF and linoleic acid) were identified to have significant effects on the cell growth. Subsequently, the response surface methodology with central composite design was applied to determine the interactions among the three factors so that these factors were optimized to improve cell growth. Finally, the prediction of the best combination was made under the maximal response to optimize cell growth by Design-Expert software 7.0. A total of 20 experiments were conducted to construct a quadratic model and a second-order polynomial equation. With the optimized combination validated by the stability test of serial passaging PC-3 cells, the serum-free medium had similar cell density and cell viability to the original serum medium. In summary, this high-throughput scheme minimized the screening time and may thus provide a new platform to efficiently develop the serum-free media for adherent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fahai Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunhong Ning
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiming Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanfang Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Hospital 212 of the Nuclear Industry, Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Kaihua Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinxiang Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Diversity and Probiotic Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Horreh, a Traditional Iranian Fermented Food. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2017; 10:258-268. [PMID: 28527125 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Haniya M, Naaz A, Sakhawat A, Amir S, Zahid H, Syed SA. Optimized production of lipase from Bacillus subtilis PCSIRNL-39. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/ajb2017.15924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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23
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Azimi S, Es'haghi Z, Bardajee GR. Dendrimer-reinforced sol-gel based hollow fiber solid-phase microextraction for citalopram determination using response surface methodology. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2246-2252. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salameh Azimi
- Department of Chemistry; Payame Noor University (PNU); Tehran Iran
| | - Zarrin Es'haghi
- Department of Chemistry; Payame Noor University (PNU); Tehran Iran
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