Evaluation of the expression level of 12/15 lipoxygenase and the related inflammatory factors (CCL5, CCL3) in respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice model

The Role of the Nrf2 Pathway in Airway Tissue Damage Due to Viral Respiratory Infections

Respiratory viruses constitute a significant cause of illness and death worldwide. Respiratory virus-associated injuries include oxidative stress, ferroptosis, inflammation, pyroptosis, apoptosis, fibrosis, autoimmunity, and vascular injury. Several studies have demonstrated the involvement of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the pathophysiology of viral infection and associated complications. It has thus emerged as a pivotal player in cellular defense mechanisms against such damage. Here, we discuss the impact of Nrf2 activation on airway injuries induced by respiratory viruses, including viruses, coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, and respiratory syncytial viruses. The inhibition or deregulation of Nrf2 pathway activation induces airway tissue damage in the presence of viral respiratory infections. In contrast, Nrf2 pathway activation demonstrates protection against tissue and organ injuries. Clinical trials involving Nrf2 agonists are needed to define the effect of Nrf2 therapeutics on airway tissues and organs damaged by viral respiratory infections.

Ferroptosis, from the virus point of view: opportunities and challenges

Ferroptosis is a new type of cell death, which is mainly dependent on the formation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides mediated by iron. It is distinct from other forms of regulation of cell death in morphology, immunology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Various cell death mechanisms have been observed in many viral infections, and virus-induced cell death has long been considered as a double-edged sword that can inhibit or aggravate viral infections. However, understanding of the role of ferroptosis in various viral infections is limited. Special attention will be paid to the mechanisms of ferroptosis in mediating viral infection and antiviral treatment associated with ferroptosis. In this paper, we outlined the mechanism of ferroptosis. Additionally, this paper also review research on ferroptosis from the perspective of the virus, discussed the research status of ferroptosis in virus infection and classified and summarized research on the interaction between viral infections and ferroptosis.

Investigation of the miRNA levels changes to acceptable daily intake dose pesticide mixture exposure on rat mesentery and pancreas

Consumers are constantly exposed to a variety of chemical mixtures as part of their everyday activities and lifestyle. Food, water and commercial products are only some examples of the possible ways people get exposed to these mixtures. However, following federal and local guidelines for risk assessment related to chemical exposure, risk analysis focuses on a single substance exposure scenario and not on a mixture, as in real life. Realizing the pronounced gap of this methodology, the real-life risk simulation scenario approach tries to address this problem by investigating the possible effect of long-term exposure to chemical mixtures closely resembling the actual circumstances of modern life. As part of this effort, this study aimed to identify the cumulative effects of pesticides belonging to different classes and commonly used commercial products on long-term exposure with realistic doses. Sprague Dawley rats were given a pesticide mix of active ingredients and formulation chemicals in a daily acceptable dose (ADI) and 10xADI for 90 days. Following thorough everyday documentation of possible side-effects, after 90 days all animals were sacrificed and their organs were examined. Exposure to pesticides particularly affects the miRNA levels at that point will provide us with more information about whether they can be potential biomarkers.

The Role of the NRF2 Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Viral Respiratory Infections

In humans, acute and chronic respiratory infections caused by viruses are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Respiratory viruses infect airway epithelial cells and induce oxidative stress, yet the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Oxidative stress activates the transcription factor NRF2, which plays a key role in alleviating redox-induced cellular injury. The transcriptional activation of NRF2 has been reported to affect both viral replication and associated inflammation pathways. There is complex bidirectional crosstalk between virus replication and the NRF2 pathway because virus replication directly or indirectly regulates NRF2 expression, and NRF2 activation can reversely hamper viral replication and viral spread across cells and tissues. In this review, we discuss the complex role of the NRF2 pathway in the regulation of the pathogenesis of the main respiratory viruses, including coronaviruses, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinoviruses. We also summarize the scientific evidence regarding the effects of the known NRF2 agonists that can be utilized to alter the NRF2 pathway.

15-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase expression profile and their related modulators in COVID-19 infection

BACKGROUND

The role of the lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes in maintaining cellular homeostasis and regulating immune responses promoted us in this study to analyze the pattern of changes in 15-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase isoforms and their related cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

METHODS

15-LOX-1, 15-LOX-2, COX-1 and COX-2 gene expression levels were determined using qRT-PCR in nasopharynx specimens from patients with severe [N = 40] and non-severe [N = 40] confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and healthy controls. Circulating levels of lL-6, lL-10, PGE2, and IFN-γ were measured in patients and healthy controls using ELISA assay. The associations between the measured variables and the patient's clinic-pathological characteristics were assessed for all groups.

RESULTS

The expression level of 15-LOX-1 was elevated significantly in male patients with severe infection; although female patients showed a different expression profile. 15-LOX-2 expression level was considerably increased in male patients with severe infection; while changes in its expression remained inconclusive in female patients. The relationship between 15-LOX expression and the male gender was prominent. Both COX isoforms expression showed elevation in male and female patients that were correlated with disease severity. The simultaneous increase in lL-6, PGE2 and IFN-γ levels also decrease in lL-10 in patients with severe infection indicating the possible regulatory network related to the COX and 15-LOX enzymes in the output of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study determined the pattern of possible changes in key enzymes of prostaglandin and eicosanoids synthesis pathway and their mediators, which can be helpful in mapping the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity and pharmaceutical approaches.

Chemokine/Interleukin Imbalance Aggravates the Pathology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

(1) Background: Almost 100% of children are initially infected by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by the age of 2 years, with 30% to 40% of children developing lower respiratory tract infections, of which 1% to 3% become severe. The severity of RSV-induced disease correlates with the influx of leukocytes, which leads to damage of the airways. We hence performed an immunological study based on the assumption that a chemokine/interleukin imbalance affects respiratory disorders caused by bronchiolitis and severe pneumonia. (2) Methods: The subjects were 19 infants without any underlying diseases, who developed respiratory symptoms owing to RSV infection. The subjects were stratified by their symptom severity, and chemokine and interleukin levels in their serum and tracheal aspirate fluid (TAF) were measured. (3) Results: The data of TAF, which were only obtained from subjects with severe symptoms, indicated that levels of inflammatory interleukins were much lower than the levels of chemokines. Three out of 6 subjects with severe symptoms showed below detectable levels of IL-6. TNF-α and IFN-γ levels were also lower than those of chemokines. The main increased CCL chemokines were CCL21 and CCL25, and the main increased CXCL chemokines were CXCL5, 8, 10, 12, and CX3CL1 in the lower respiratory region. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that serum CX3CL1 and IL-6 levels were most strongly associated with symptom severity. This is the first report to date demonstrating that serum CX3CL1 level is associated with the severity of RSV infection. (4) Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that specific chemokines and the imbalance of cytokines are suspected to be associated with aggravated symptoms of RSV infection.

The link between ferroptosis and airway inflammatory diseases: A novel target for treatment

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent mode of cell death characterized by intracellular lipid peroxide accumulation and a redox reaction imbalance. Compared with other modes of cell death, ferroptosis has specific biological and morphological features. The iron-dependent lipid peroxidation accumulation is manifested explicitly in the abnormal metabolism of intracellular lipid oxides catalyzed by excessive iron ions with the production of many reactive oxygen species and over-oxidization of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Recent studies have shown that various diseases, which include intestinal diseases and cancer, are associated with ferroptosis, but few studies are related to airway inflammatory diseases. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the primary damage mechanisms of ferroptosis and summarizes the relationship between ferroptosis and airway inflammatory diseases. In addition to common acute and chronic airway inflammatory diseases, we also focus on the progress of research on COVID-19 in relation to ferroptosis. New therapeutic approaches and current issues to be addressed in the treatment of inflammatory airway diseases using ferroptosis are further proposed.

Ferroptosis in viral infection: the unexplored possibility

Virus-induced cell death has long been thought of as a double-edged sword in the inhibition or exacerbation of viral infections. The vital role of iron, an essential element for various enzymes in the maintenance of cellular physiology and efficient viral replication, places it at the crossroads and makes it a micronutrient of competition between the viruses and the host. Viruses can interrupt iron uptake and the antioxidant response system, while others can utilize iron transporter proteins as receptors. Interestingly, the unavailability of iron facilitates certain viral infections and causes cell death characterized by lipid peroxide accumulation and malfunction of the antioxidant system. In this review, we discuss how iron uptake, regulation and metabolism, including the redistribution of iron in the host defense system during viral infection, can induce ferroptosis. Fenton reactions, a central characteristic of ferroptosis, are caused by the increased iron content in the cell. Therefore, viral infections that increase cellular iron content or intestinal iron absorption are likely to cause ferroptosis. In addition, we discuss the hijacking of the iron regulatoy pathway and the antioxidant response, both of which are typical in viral infections. Understanding the potential signaling mechanisms of ferroptosis in viral infections will aid in the development of new therapeutic agents.

Functional and pathological role of 15-Lipoxygenase and its metabolites in pregnancy and pregnancy-associated complications

Maternal lipid metabolism status during pregnancy may have pivotal effects on a healthy pregnancy, the progression of labor, and childbirth. Based on evidence, changes in maternal lipid profile and metabolism is related to various alterations in fetal metabolic status, fat mass, birth weight and can result in serious maternal and fetal complications. 15-lipoxygenase accounts as a key enzyme in metabolizing polyunsaturated fatty acids that generate various inflammatory lipid metabolites. The possible involvement of 15- lipoxygenase and its metabolites in the inflammatory process, cell proliferation and death, and immune response has been postulated. The indicative role of the 15- lipoxygenase enzymatic pathway in the implantation process, stages of pregnancy, embryogenesis, organogenesis, progression of labor, pregnancy period, and pregnancy-associated complications is remarkable. Accordingly, this study will review the research conducted on the role of 15- lipoxygenase in different reproductive tissues, and its pathological role in pregnancy-related diseases to provide more insight regarding the emerging role of 15-lipoxygenase in normal pregnancy.

Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin-loaded niosomes on respiratory syncytial virus infection in a mice model

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in paediatrics. While antivirals are apparent candidates to treat RSV-induced diseases, they have not yet met expectations and have remained in infancy. There is growing evidence to suggest that modulating the exacerbated inflammation during RSV infection can improve disease outcome. Curcumin-loaded niosomes have anti-inflammatory effects against RSV-induced respiratory disease by reducing immune cells' infiltration and inflammatory cytokines' production. This study evaluated the effects of curcumin-loaded niosomes on RSV-induced immunopathology in a mice model. Curcumin-loaded niosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method and characterized in vitro. Female Balb/c mice were infected by RSV-A2 and treated daily with curcumin-loaded niosomes. The potential anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin-loaded niosomes were evaluated on day 5 after infection. Using curcumin-loaded niosomes decreased immune cell influx and the inflammatory mediators (MIP-1α, TNF-α and IFN-γ) production in the lung, resulting in alleviated lung pathology following RSV infection. These findings indicate that curcumin-loaded niosomes have anti-inflammatory potential and could be a promising candidate to alleviate RSV-associated immunopathology.

Potential Molecular Mechanisms and Remdesivir Treatment for Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 Infection/COVID 19 Through RNA Sequencing and Bioinformatics Analysis

Introduction:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections (COVID 19) is a progressive viral infection that has been investigated extensively. However, genetic features and molecular pathogenesis underlying remdesivir treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unclear. Here, we used bioinformatics to investigate the candidate genes associated in the molecular pathogenesis of remdesivir-treated SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.

Methods:

Expression profiling by high-throughput sequencing dataset (GSE149273) was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in remdesivir-treated SARS-CoV-2 infection samples and nontreated SARS-CoV-2 infection samples with an adjusted P value of <.05 and a |log fold change| > 1.3 were first identified by limma in R software package. Next, pathway and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of these DEGs was performed. Then, the hub genes were identified by the NetworkAnalyzer plugin and the other bioinformatics approaches including protein-protein interaction network analysis, module analysis, target gene—miRNA regulatory network, and target gene—TF regulatory network. Finally, a receiver-operating characteristic analysis was performed for diagnostic values associated with hub genes.

Results:

A total of 909 DEGs were identified, including 453 upregulated genes and 457 downregulated genes. As for the pathway and GO enrichment analysis, the upregulated genes were mainly linked with influenza A and defense response, whereas downregulated genes were mainly linked with drug metabolism—cytochrome P450 and reproductive process. In addition, 10 hub genes (VCAM1, IKBKE, STAT1, IL7R, ISG15, E2F1, ZBTB16, TFAP4, ATP6V1B1, and APBB1) were identified. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that hub genes (CIITA, HSPA6, MYD88, SOCS3, TNFRSF10A, ADH1A, CACNA2D2, DUSP9, FMO5, and PDE1A) had good diagnostic values.

Conclusion:

This study provided insights into the molecular mechanism of remdesivir-treated SARS-CoV-2 infection that might be useful in further investigations.

Cytokines Induced by Edwardsiella tarda: Profile and Role in Antibacterial Immunity

Edwardsiella tarda is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen with a broad range of hosts, including fish and mammals. In the present study, we used an advanced antibody array technology to identify the expression pattern of cytokines induced by E. tarda in a mouse infection model. In total, 31 and 24 differentially expressed cytokines (DECs) were identified in the plasma at 6 h and 24 h post-infection (hpi), respectively. The DECs were markedly enriched in the Gene Ontology (GO) terms associated with cell migration and response to chemokine and in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways associated with immunity, diseases, and infection. Ten key DECs, including IL6 and TNF-α, were found to form extensive protein-protein interaction networks. IL6 was demonstrated to inhibit E. tarda infection and be required for E. tarda-induced inflammatory response. TNF-α also exerted an inhibitory effect on E. tarda infection, and knockdown of fish (Japanese flounder) TNF-α promoted E. tarda invasion in host cells. Together, the results of this study revealed a comprehensive profile of cytokines induced by E. tarda, thus adding new insights into the role of cytokine-associated immunity against bacterial infection and also providing the potential plasma biomarkers of E. tarda infection for future studies.

The Role of miR-155 in Nutrition: Modulating Cancer-Associated Inflammation

Nutrition plays an important role in overall human health. Although there is no direct evidence supporting the direct involvement of nutrition in curing disease, for some diseases, good nutrition contributes to disease prevention and our overall well-being, including energy level, optimum internal function, and strength of the immune system. Lately, other major, but more silent players are reported to participate in the body’s response to ingested nutrients, as they are involved in different physiological and pathological processes. Furthermore, the genetic profile of an individual is highly critical in regulating these processes and their interactions. In particular, miR-155, a non-coding microRNA, is reported to be highly correlated with such nutritional processes. In fact, miR-155 is involved in the orchestration of various biological processes such as cellular signaling, immune regulation, metabolism, nutritional responses, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Thus, this review aims to highlight those critical aspects of the influence of dietary components on gene expression, primarily on miR-155 and its role in modulating cancer-associated processes.

Identification of potential mRNA panels for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) diagnosis and treatment using microarray dataset and bioinformatics methods

The goal of the present investigation is to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between SARS-CoV-2 infected and normal control samples to investigate the molecular mechanisms of infection with SARS-CoV-2. The microarray data of the dataset E-MTAB-8871 were retrieved from the ArrayExpress database. Pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment study, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, modules, target gene–miRNA regulatory network, and target gene–TF regulatory network have been performed. Subsequently, the key genes were validated using an analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, a total of 324 DEGs (76 up- and 248 down-regulated genes) were identified and enriched in a number of associated SARS-CoV-2 infection pathways and GO terms. Hub and target genes such as TP53, HRAS, MAPK11, RELA, IKZF3, IFNAR2, SKI, TNFRSF13C, JAK1, TRAF6, KLRF2, CD1A were identified from PPI network, target gene–miRNA regulatory network, and target gene–TF regulatory network. Study of the ROC showed that ten genes (CCL5, IFNAR2, JAK2, MX1, STAT1, BID, CD55, CD80, HAL-B, and HLA-DMA) were substantially involved in SARS-CoV-2 patients. The present investigation identified key genes and pathways that deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and could be used for SARS-CoV-2 infection as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers.

Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.

Cyclooxygenase enzyme and PGE2 expression in patients with functional and non-functional pituitary adenomas

BACKGROUND

Pituitary adenomas as multifactorial intracranial neoplasms impose a massive burden of morbidity on patients and characterizing the molecular mechanism underlying their pathogenesis has received considerable attention. Despite the appealing role of cyclooxygenase enzymes and their bioactive lipid products in cancer pathogenesis, their relevance to pituitary adenoma pathogenesis is debated and yet to be determined. Thus, the current study perused this relevance.

METHODS

The expression level of the isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) was evaluated in hormone-secreting and in-active pituitary adenoma tumors and normal pituitary tissues through Real-Time PCR. The level of PGE2, as the main product of enzymes, was assessed using enzyme immunoassay kits in patients and healthy subjects.

RESULTS

The results of the current study demonstrated that COX-1 and COX-2 expression levels were increased in pituitary tumors including non-functional pituitary adenoma (NFPA), acromegaly, Cushing's disease and prolactinoma compared with normal pituitary tissues. A significant expression level of COX-2 was observed in NFPA compared with the other pituitary tumors. Furthermore, the COX-2 expression level was significantly increased in macroadenoma and invasive tumors. The level of PGE2 was consistent with COX enzymes enhanced in pituitary adenoma tumors compared with healthy pituitary tissue. A significant elevation in the PGE2 level was detected in NFPA compared with hormone-secreting pituitary tumors. Additionally, the PGE2 level was increased in macroadenoma compared with microadenoma and in invasive compared with non-invasive pituitary tumors. The diagnostic values of cyclooxygenase isoforms and PGE2 were considerable between patients and healthy groups; however, COX-2 revealed more value in distinguishing endocrinologically active and non-active pituitary tumors.

CONCLUSIONS

Data from the current study provides expression patterns of COX-1, COX-2 and PGE2 in prevalent pituitary tumors and their association with patients' clinical features which may open up new molecular targets for early diagnosis/follow up of pituitary tumor growth.

Respiratory syncytial virus infection: why does disease severity vary among individuals?

Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infancy. While many infants are infected with RSV, the nature and severity of the disease vary among individuals. RSV causes bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma exacerbation. However, most children infected with RSV have only mild upper airways disease and may be asymptomatic.Areas covered: Despite efforts to elucidate mechanisms for the various clinical responses to RSV infection, they remain largely unknown, suggesting that susceptibility and disease are influenced by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This article reviews the available literature on the field of RSV disease severity and discusses important factors associated to susceptibility and different disease outcome.Expert opinion: The severity of RSV-induced illness is a phenomenon that depends on a variety of graded mechanisms of interaction between the host, virus, and environment. This may lead to differences in the intensity of immune response in the lung and different courses of the disease. By characterizing, classifying, and grading the affecting factors in high-risk patients versus those who do not fall ill by RSV, we may find therapies or point to disease-limiting medications.

Chemokine regulation of inflammation during respiratory syncytial virus infection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe lower respiratory tract infections especially in infants, immunocompromised individuals and the elderly and is the most common cause of infant hospitalisation in the developed world. The immune responses against RSV are crucial for viral control and clearance but, if dysregulated, can also result in immunopathology and impaired gas exchange. Lung immunity to RSV and other respiratory viruses begins with the recruitment of immune cells from the bloodstream into the lungs. This inflammatory process is controlled largely by chemokines, which are small proteins that are produced in response to innate immune detection of the virus or the infection process. These chemokines serve as chemoattractants for granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes and other leukocytes. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the field of RSV infection and disease, focusing on how chemokines regulate virus-induced inflammation.

Aneuploidy and oncoviruses

Seven oncogenic viruses are known for tumorigenesis and contribute to 12% of all human cancers. The oncogenic factors, the target tissue, and pathology of cancer vary among these viruses with several mechanisms proposed for the initiation and development of cancer. Aneuploidy in cells is associated with anomalies in chromosome number that can be a hallmark of cancer, a disease defined by expanded proliferative potential. In this review, we summarize the different mechanisms of aneuploidy and furthermore discuss recent findings of the role of viral oncoproteins in inducing cellular aneuploidy that might facilitate tumorigenesis. Improved understanding of viral oncogenesis may help to find new strategies for controlling virus-associated cancers.

Transcriptional Regulation of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Related Genes by Lipopolysaccharide in Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line HeLa

Objective:

Cancer is one of the common diseases in the world, and cervical cancer is the fourth one. In this type of cancer, many risk factors, especially infectious diseases, such as human papilloma virus (HPV) and gram-negative bacteria can have important effects on the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition related genes like Snail,E-cadherin, and ZEB-1, responsible for connecting cell tissues. In this study, we have investigated the effect of Escherichia coli O111:B4 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on HPV positive cell line (HeLa), the expression level of the (Snail, E-cadherin, and ZEB-1), HPV oncogenes (E6, E7) and also microRNA-9, 192.

Materials and Methods:

HeLa cell line was treated with LPS to analyze Snail, E-cadherin, ZEB-1, E6, E7 and also microRNA-9, 192 expression by quantitative real-time PCR in 24, 48 and 72 hours.

Results:

Quantitative real-time PCR revealed a significant reduction in E-cadherin mRNA level at 10ug/L of LPS in three time-points and after 24 hours at 5ug/L of LPS; however, ZEB-1 at 10ug/L of LPS and Snail at 5, 10ug/L of LPS are up-regulated. E7 also illustrated a slight increase, but we did not find any relationship between E7 and LPS treatment. Additionally, there are upward trends in microRNA-9, 192 levels.

Conclusion:

The result of this study, LPS is able to reduce E-cadherin expression, caused by increase in repressor E-cadherin protein expression and some microRNAs, probably. Since bacterial infection can be in cervical site, it is likely to be effective in reducing the E-cadherin expression in the EMT and enhance cancer process, therefore; removing these infections by using the appropriate antibiotics may result in slowing down this process, which requires more research.

Up-regulation of 15-lipoxygenase enzymes and products in functional and non-functional pituitary adenomas

Background

Pituitary adenoma accounts as a complex and multifactorial intracranial neoplasm with wide range of clinical symptoms which its underlying molecular mechanism has yet to be determined. The bioactive lipid mediators received attentions toward their contribution in cancer cell proliferation, progression and death. Amongst, 15-Lipoxygense (15-Lox) enzymes and products display appealing role in cancer pathogenesis which their possible effect in pituitary adenoma tumor genesis is perused in the current study.

Methods

The 15-Lipoxygenses isoforms expression level was evaluated in tumor tissues of prevalent functional and non-functional pituitary adenomas and normal pituitary tissues via Real-Time PCR. The circulating levels of 15(S) HETE and 13(S) HODE as 15-Lox main products were assessed in serum of patients and healthy subjects using enzyme immunoassay kits.

Results

Our results revealed that 15-Lox-1 and 15-Lox-2 expression levels were elevated in tumor tissues of pituitary adenomas comparing to normal pituitary tissues. The elevated levels of both isoforms were accompanied with 15(S) HETE and 13(S) HODE elevation in the serum of patients. The 15-Lox-1 expression and activity was higher in invasive tumors as well as tumors with bigger size indicating the possible pro-tumorigenic role of 15-Lox-1, more than 15-Lox-2 in pituitary adenomas. The diagnostic value of 15-Lipoxygense isoforms and products were considerable between patients and healthy groups.

Conclusion

The possible involvement of 15-Lipoxygense pathway especially 15-Lox-1 in the regulation of pituitary tumor growth and progression may open up new molecular mechanism regarding pituitary adenoma pathogenesis and might shed light on its new therapeutic strategies.

The molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses in military trainees in Iran

Background: Military populations are more prone to respiratory infections worldwide. There is a dearth of research about the role of viral pathogens in the etiology of respiratory infections in military trainees in Iran. Hence, we aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology and clinical symptoms of respiratory viruses among this population.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 400 military trainees with symptoms of respiratory infection, referred to the military medical clinic center in the basic military training camp of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Nucleic acid extraction from the throat or nasopharyngeal swab samples was performed by an automated extraction system. The extracts were then analyzed by the CLART® PneumoVir array system for the detection of respiratory viruses.

Results: All military trainees were male, aged between 18 and 57 years (mean: 21.69 years). Sore throat (75.5%), rhinorrhea (63.2%), cough (59.2%), fever (59.2%), and nasal congestion (50.5%) were amongst the most common symptoms. Overall, viral pathogens were detected in a total count of 124 (31%). The most commonly detected viruses were rhinovirus (7.2%), respiratory syncytial virus A (7.2%) and influenza B virus (6%).

Conclusion: This study was an important first step for understanding the etiological role of viral pathogens in respiratory infection among military trainees population in Iran. Our results indicated that rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus A and influenza B virus are important viral pathogens causing respiratory infection in military trainees, respectively. However, further multi-center studies with larger sample size are strongly recommended to confirm our findings.

Anti-Inflammatory MicroRNAs and Their Potential for Inflammatory Diseases Treatment

Inflammation is a complicated biological and pathophysiological cascade of responses to infections and injuries, and inflammatory mechanisms are closely related to many diseases. The magnitude, the complicated network of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, and the direction of the inflammatory response can impact on the development and progression of various disorders. The currently available treatment strategies often target the symptoms and not the causes of inflammatory disease and may often be ineffective. Since the onset and termination of inflammation are crucial to prevent tissue damage, a range of mechanisms has evolved in nature to regulate the process including negative and positive feedback loops. In this regard, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key gene regulators to control inflammation, and it is speculated that they are fine-tune signaling regulators to allow for proper resolution and prevent uncontrolled progress of inflammatory reactions. In this review, we discuss recent findings related to significant roles of miRNAs in immune regulation, especially the potential utility of these molecules as novel anti-inflammatory agents to treat inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the possibilities of using miRNAs as drugs in the form of miRNA mimics or miRNA antagonists.

Viruses as key modulators of the TGF-β pathway; a double-edged sword involved in cancer

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is a key network in cell signaling that controls vital processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and migration, thus acting as a double-edged sword in normal development and diseases, in particular organ fibrosis, vascular disorders, and cancer. Early in tumorigenesis, the pathway exerts anti-tumor effects through suppressing cell cycle and inducing apoptosis, while during late stages, it functions as a tumor promoter by enhancing tumor invasiveness and metastasis. This signaling pathway can be perturbed by environmental and genetic factors such as microbial interference and mutation, respectively. In this way, the present review describes the modulation of the TGF-β pathway by oncogenic human viral pathogens and other viruses. The main mechanisms by which viruses interferes with TGF-β signaling seems to be through (1) the alteration of either TGF-β protein expression or activation, (2) the modulation of the TGF-β receptors or SMADs factors (by interfering with their levels and functions), (3) the alteration of none-SMAD pathways, and (4) indirect interaction with the pathway by the modulation of transcriptional co-activator/repressor and regulators of the pathway. Given the axial role of this pathway in tumorigenesis, it can be regarded as an attractive target for cancer therapy. Hence, further investigations on this subject may represent molecular targets among either TGF-β signaling molecules or viral factors for the treatment and management of viral infection consequences such as cancer.

Effects of cannabinoid receptor type 2 in respiratory syncytial virus infection in human subjects and mice

An accumulating body of evidence suggests that the endocannabinoid system plays a significant role in pathophysiological processes and impacts disease severity. Here we investigate the possible role of a cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) functional variant in determining disease severity and the potential pharmacological therapeutic effects of CB2 activation in viral respiratory infection. The common missense variant (CAA/CGG; Q63R) of the gene-encoding CB2 receptor (CNR2) was evaluated in 90 inpatient and 90 outpatient children with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI). The frequency distribution of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-the main cause of severe cases of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children-was studied in all collected samples. The mechanism through which CB2 affects clinical outcomes in case of RSV infection was studied in Balb/c mice model using AM630 as a CB2 antagonist. The potential therapeutic effect of CB2 activation during RSV infection was studied using a selective agonist, JWH133. The CB2 Q63R variation was associated with increased risk of hospitalization in children with ARTI. Children carrying the QQ genotype were more prone to developing severe ARTI (OR = 3.275, 95% CI: 1.221–8.705; p = 0.019). Of all the children enrolled in the study, 83 patients (46.1%) were found positive for RSV infection. The associated risk of developing severe ARTI following RSV infection increased more than two-fold in children carrying the Q allele (OR = 2.148, 95% CI: 1.092–4.224; p = 0.026). In mice, the blockade of CB2 by AM630 during RSV infection enhanced the influx of BAL cells and production of cytokines/chemokines while exaggerating lung pathology. CB2 activation by JWH133 reduces the influx of BAL cells and production of cytokines/chemokines while alleviating lung pathology. Collectively, CB2 is associated with RSV severity during infancy and may serve as a therapeutic target in RSV infection through the alleviation of virus-associated immunopathology.

Sodium butyrate promotes apoptosis in breast cancer cells through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and mitochondrial impairment

Background

Sodium butyrate (NaBu) is a short-chain fatty acid which serves as a histon deacetylase inhibitor and has received considerable interest as a possible regulator of cancer cell death. The regulatory effect of NaBu on cancer cell growth or death has yet to be illustrated in many cancers including breast cancer. This study is aimed to elucidate the possible effect of NaBu on regulation of breast cancer growth and apoptosis.

Methods

The cytotoxic effect of NaBu on the growth of breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468) and normal breast cells (MCF-10A) was determined using MTT assay. Annexin-V-FITC staining and PI staining were performed to detect apoptosis and cell cycle distribution using Flow cytometry, the level of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), Reactive oxygen species (ROS)formation and caspase activity were determined accordingly.

Results

Based on our data, NaBu induced a dose and time-dependent cell toxicity in breast cancer cells which was related to the cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. The impact of NaBu on MCF-10A cell toxicity, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis was inconsiderable. NaBu-elicited apoptosis was accompanied by the elevated level of ROS, increased caspase activity and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cells and with no effect on the above mentioned factors in MCF-10A cells.

Conclusions

Our study provided insight in to the role of NaBu on the regulation of breast cancer cell growth and lighten up the pro-apoptotic activity of NaBu.