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Sevim C, Tsatsakis A, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Ozkaraca M, Kara M, Genc S, Mendil AS, Yeni Y, Nikolouzakis TK, Ozcagli E. Investigation of the miRNA levels changes to acceptable daily intake dose pesticide mixture exposure on rat mesentery and pancreas. Chemosphere 2024; 349:140712. [PMID: 38036224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Consumers are constantly exposed to a variety of chemical mixtures as part of their everyday activities and lifestyle. Food, water and commercial products are only some examples of the possible ways people get exposed to these mixtures. However, following federal and local guidelines for risk assessment related to chemical exposure, risk analysis focuses on a single substance exposure scenario and not on a mixture, as in real life. Realizing the pronounced gap of this methodology, the real-life risk simulation scenario approach tries to address this problem by investigating the possible effect of long-term exposure to chemical mixtures closely resembling the actual circumstances of modern life. As part of this effort, this study aimed to identify the cumulative effects of pesticides belonging to different classes and commonly used commercial products on long-term exposure with realistic doses. Sprague Dawley rats were given a pesticide mix of active ingredients and formulation chemicals in a daily acceptable dose (ADI) and 10xADI for 90 days. Following thorough everyday documentation of possible side-effects, after 90 days all animals were sacrificed and their organs were examined. Exposure to pesticides particularly affects the miRNA levels at that point will provide us with more information about whether they can be potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Sevim
- Deparment of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kastamonu University , 37200, Kastamonu, Turkey.
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Crete University, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Ali Taghizadehghalehjoughi
- Deparment of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, 11230, Bilecik, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Ozkaraca
- Deparment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Cumhuriyet University , 58070, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Mehtap Kara
- Deparment of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University , 34116, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sidika Genc
- Deparment of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, 11230, Bilecik, Turkey.
| | - Ali Sefa Mendil
- Deparment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Erciyes University , 38280, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Yesim Yeni
- Deparment of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Özal University, 44210, Malatya, Turkey.
| | | | - Eren Ozcagli
- Deparment of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University , 34116, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Jeon HJ, Park J, Lee SE. Developmental toxicity of chlorpyrifos-methyl and its primary metabolite, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol to early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 249:114352. [PMID: 36508815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos-methyl (CPM) is one of the thiophosphate insecticides, and it is mainly metabolized to 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) in the environment. As CPM is a strongly toxic and TCP is persistent in the environment, CPM and TCP need to be evaluate their toxicities using animal model organisms. With this regard, CPM and TCP were treated on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and LC50 values were determined as over 2000 μg/L and 612.5 μg/L, respectively. For the hatchability, CPM did not exhibit any interference, while TCP showed weak inhibition. In the CPM-treated embryos, pericardial edema and bleeding were observed at 48 hpf, but recovered afterwards. The pericardial edema and yolk sac edema were observed in TCP-treated zebrafish embryos at the concentration of 500 μg/L after 72 hpf. TCP induced abnormal heart development and the heartbeat was dramatically decreased in Tg(cmlc2:EGFP) embryos at the level of 500 μg/L. The expression level of heart development-related genes such as gata, myl7, and cacna1c was significantly decreased in the TCP 500 μg/L-treated embryos at the 96 hpf. Taken together, TCP appears to be more toxic than the parent compound towards the zebrafish embryos. It is highly requested that TCP needs to be monitored with a strong public concern because it affects presumably heart development in early-stage aquatic vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang-Ju Jeon
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Red River Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Bossier City, LA, USA
| | - Jungeun Park
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Garlito B, Ibáñez M, Portolés T, Serrano R, Amlund H, Lundebye AK, Sanden M, Berntssen MHG, Hernández F. LC-MS/MS method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides and their metabolites in salmon and zebrafish fed with plant-based feed ingredients. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7281-7291. [PMID: 31608426 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The composition of Atlantic salmon feed has changed considerably over the last two decades from being marine-based (fishmeal and fish oil) to mainly containing plant ingredients. Consequently, concern related to traditional persistent contaminants typically associated with fish-based feed has been replaced by other potential contaminants not previously associated with salmon farming. This is the case for many pesticides, which are used worldwide to increase food production, and may be present in plant ingredients. Earlier studies have identified two organophosphorus pesticides, chlorpyrifos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl, in plant ingredients used for aquafeed production. In the present study, we developed a reliable and sensitive analytical method, based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, for the determination of these pesticides and their main metabolites in warm water (zebrafish) and cold water (Atlantic salmon) species, where possible differences in metabolites could be expected. The method was tested in whole zebrafish and in different salmon tissues, such as muscle, bile, kidney, fat, and liver. The final objective of this work was to assess kinetics of chlorpyrifos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl and their main metabolites in fish tissue, in order to fill the knowledge gaps on these metabolites in fish tissues when fed over prolonged time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Garlito
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - Tania Portolés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - Roque Serrano
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - Heidi Amlund
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Anker Engelunds Vej 1, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne-Katrine Lundebye
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029, Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Monica Sanden
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029, Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marc H G Berntssen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029, Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain.
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Szpyrka E, Matyaszek A, Słowik-Borowiec M. Dissipation of chlorantraniliprole, chlorpyrifos-methyl and indoxacarb-insecticides used to control codling moth (Cydia Pomonella L.) and leafrollers (Tortricidae) in apples for production of baby food. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:12128-12135. [PMID: 28349309 PMCID: PMC5410205 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dissipations of three insecticides: chlorantraniliprole, chlorpyrifos-methyl and indoxacarb in apples were studied following their foliar application on apples intended for production of baby food. The apples were sprayed with formulations for control of codling moth (Cydia Pomonella L.) and leafrollers (Tortricidae). Six experiments were conducted; each insecticide was applied individually on dessert apples. A validated gas chromatography-based method with simultaneous electron capture and nitrogen-phosphorus detection (GC-ECD/NPD) was used for the residue analysis. The analytical performance of the method was satisfactory, with expanded uncertainties ≤36% (a coverage factor, k = 2, and a confidence level of 95%). The dissipations of insecticides were studied in pseudo-first-order kinetic models (for which the coefficient of determination, R 2 , ranged between 0.9188 and 0.9897). Residues of studied insecticides were below their maximum residue limits of 0.5 mg/kg at an early stage of growth of the fruit. The half-lives of chlorantraniliprole, chlorpyrifos-methyl and indoxacarb were 16-17, 4-6 and 20-24 days, respectively. The initial residue levels declined gradually and reached the level of 0.01 mg/kg in 1 month for chlorpyrifos-methyl, 2 months for chlorantraniliprole and 2.5 months for indoxacarb. To obtain the insecticide residue levels below 0.01 mg/kg, which is the default MRL for food intended for infants and young children, the application of the studied insecticides should be carried out at recommended doses not later then: 1 month before harvest for chlorpyrifos-methyl, 2 months for chlorantraniliprole and 2.5 months for indoxacarb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szpyrka
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis, Regional Experimental Station, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Langiewicza 28, 35-101, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Aneta Matyaszek
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis, Regional Experimental Station, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Langiewicza 28, 35-101, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Magdalena Słowik-Borowiec
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis, Regional Experimental Station, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Langiewicza 28, 35-101, Rzeszów, Poland
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5
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Scaglia B, Baglieri A, Tambone F, Gennari M, Adani F. Chlorpyrifos-methyl solubilisation by humic acids used as bio-surfactants extracted from lignocelluloses and kitchen wastes. Chemosphere 2016; 159:208-213. [PMID: 27289207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos-methyl (CLP-m) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide that can accumulate in soil and become toxic to humans. CLP-m can be removed from soil by its solubilisation using synthetic surfactants. However, synthetic surfactants can accumulate in soil causing contamination phenomena themselves. Bio-surfactants can be used as an alternative to synthetic ones, reducing costs and environmental issues. In this work, humic acid (HA) extracted from raw biomasses, i.e. lignocelluloses (HAL) and lignocelluloses plus kitchen food waste (HALF), corresponding composts (C) (HALC and HALFC) and leonardite (HAc), were tested in comparison with commercial surfactants, i.e. SDS, Tween 20 and DHAB, to solubilize CLP-m. Results obtained indicated that only biomass-derived HA, composted biomass-derived HA, and SDS solubilized CLP-m: SDS = 0.006; HAL = 0.007; HALC = 0.009 g; HALF = 0.025; HALFC = 0.024) (g CLP-m g(-1) surfactant). Lignocelluloses HAs (HAL, HALF) solubilized CLP-m just as well as SDS while lignocellulosic plus kitchen food waste HA (HALF, HALFC) showed a three times higher CLP-m solubilisation capability. This difference was attributed to the higher concentration of alkyl-Carbon that creates strong links with CLP-m in the hydrophobic micelle-core of the surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Scaglia
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Baglieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Agricultural Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 98, Catania, Italy
| | - Fulvia Tambone
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano, Italy
| | - Mara Gennari
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Agricultural Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 98, Catania, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano, Italy.
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Borrás E, Tortajada-Genaro LA, Ródenas M, Vera T, Coscollá C, Yusá V, Muñoz A. Gas-phase and particulate products from the atmospheric degradation of the organothiophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos-methyl. Chemosphere 2015; 138:888-894. [PMID: 25548033 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The phosphorothioate structure is highly present in several organophosphorus pesticides. However, there is insufficient information about its degradation process after the release to the atmosphere and the secondary pollutants formed. Herein, the atmospheric reaction of chlorpyrifos-methyl (o,o-dimethyl o-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) phosphorothioate), is described for semi-urban or rural locations. The photo-oxidation under low NOx conditions (5-55 ppbV) was reproduced in a large outdoor simulation chamber, observing a rapid degradation (lifetime<3.5 h). The formation of gaseous products and particulate matter (aerosol yield 2-8%) was monitored. The chemical composition of minor products (gaseous and particulate) was studied, identifying 15 multi-oxygenated derivatives. The most abundant products were ring-retaining molecules such as o,o-dimethyl o-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) phosphorothioate, dimethyl 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl phosphate, o-methyl o-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) hydrogen phosphorothioate, 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl dihydrogen phosphate, 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol, and 3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2,4-diol. An atmospheric degradation mechanism has been proposed based on an oxidation started with OH-nucleophilic attack to P=S bond. The results have been extrapolated to other organothiophosphorus molecules, such as malathion, parathion, diazinon and methidathion, among many others, to estimate their photo-oxidative degradation and the expected products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Borrás
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (Fundación CEAM), Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Antonio Tortajada-Genaro
- Instituto de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico-Departamento Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | - Milagros Ródenas
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (Fundación CEAM), Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Vera
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (Fundación CEAM), Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Coscollá
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia-FISABIO, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Yusá
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia-FISABIO, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amalia Muñoz
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (Fundación CEAM), Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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