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Zang L, Fu D, Zhang F, Li N, Ma X. Tenuigenin activates the IRS1/Akt/mTOR signaling by blocking PTPN1 to inhibit autophagy and improve locomotor recovery in spinal cord injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116841. [PMID: 37355079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tenuigenin (TEN) is a main pharmacologically active component of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. (Polygalaceae), which has shown neuroprotective functions in Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, TEN also demonstrated an anti-oxidative impact in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease, reducing damage and loss of dopaminergic neurons. AIM This work focuses on the impact of TEN on locomotor recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI) and underpinning molecules involved. METHODS A rat model of SCI was generated, and the rats were treated with TEN, oe-PTPN1 (PTP non-receptor type 1), a protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) antagonist LY294002, or an autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Subsequently, locomotor function was detected. Pathological changes and neuronal activity in the spinal cord tissues were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, Nissl staining, and TUNEL assays. Protein expression of Beclin-1 and microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B)-II/LC3B-I, PTPN1, IRS1, mTOR, and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) was analyzed by western blot assays. The LC3B expression was further examined by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Treatment with TEN restored the locomotor function of SCI rats, reduced the cavity area and cell apoptosis, upregulated growth-associated protein 43 and neurofilament 200, and decreased the Beclin-1 and LC3B-II/LC3B-I levels in the spinal cord. TEN suppressed PTPN1 protein level, while PTPN1 suppressed IRS1 protein to reduce the p-Akt and mTOR levels. Either PTPN1 overexpression or LY294002 treatment blocked the promoting effect of TEN on SCI recovery. However, treatment with 3-MA suppressed autophagy, which consequently rescued the locomotor function and reduced neuron loss induced by PTPN1. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that TEN suppresses autophagy to promote function recovery in SCI rats by blocking PTPN1 and rescuing the IRS1/Akt/mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li'e Zang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Dewang Fu
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121002, Liaoning, PR China.
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Wang Z, Zhang X, Qi L, Feng W, Gu Y, Ding Y. Olfactory mucosa tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells lysate ameliorates LPS-induced acute liver injury in mice. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:414. [DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-02204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Acute liver injury (ALI) induced by sepsis seriously endangers the health of human beings every year. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) lysate containing various regulators had a positive effect on anti-inflammation, hoping to provide a promising strategy in ALI.
Methods
Olfactory mucosa-derived mesenchymal stem cells (OM-MSCs) were extracted and identified. The collected OM-MSCs were prepared after repeated freeze–thaw in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Then, OM-MSCs lysate was filtered for future experiments. To understand the composes of OM-MSCs clearly, we detected the components of OM-MSCs lysate by western blotting. In vitro, OM-MSCs lysate was applied to evaluate the effects on normal human liver cells (LO-2) under stimulation of LPS. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was also injected intraperitoneally to build ALI model in mice. We further assessed the anti-inflammatory capacity of OM-MSCs lysate on ALI in vivo by aminotransferase determination, pathology observation, and immunohistochemical staining. Moreover, the immunoblot technique was performed to recognize the changes in inflammatory factors and related proteins.
Results
In this study, we found that OM-MSCs lysate could protect structure effectively, improve the plasma aminotransferases, diminish inflammation by releasing interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). A significant decrease in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) also occurred under the treatment of OM-MSCs lysate. In addition, trophic factors originating from OM-MSCs lysate provided a supportive micro-environment for liver recovery. Especially, up-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vivo revealed that OM-MSCs might have a great potential for healing.
Conclusions
Our results demonstrated that OM-MSCs lysate could alleviate LPS-induced ALI via decreasing inflammatory cytokines and promoting recovery.
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Chen Z, Yang Y, Han Y, Wang X. Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Senegenin, an Effective Compound Originated From the Roots of Polygala Tenuifolia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:937333. [PMID: 35924058 PMCID: PMC9341472 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.937333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Senegenin is the main bioactive ingredient isolated from the dried roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. In recent years, senegenin has been proved to possess a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, enhancement of cognitive function. Besides, it has a good development prospect for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, depression, osteoporosis, cognitive dysfunction, ischemia-reperfusion injury and other diseases. However, there is no systematic literature that fully demonstrates the pharmacological effects of senegenin. In order to meet the needs of new drug research and precise medication, this review summarized the neuroprotective effects, mechanisms and gastrointestinal toxicity of senegenin based on the literatures published from the past 2 decades. In addition, an in-depth analysis of the existing problems in the current research as well as the future research directions have been conducted in order to provide a basis for the clinical application of this important plant extract.
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Liu J, Ma Z, Li H, Li X. Chinese medicine in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: Progress and future opportunities. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:95-107. [PMID: 35263512 PMCID: PMC9043711 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease occurring in individuals of all ages with a higher incidence in females and characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated serum autoantibodies and histological features of interface hepatitis. AIH pathogenesis remains obscure and still needs in‐depth study, which is likely associated with genetic susceptibility and the loss of immune homeostasis. Steroids alone and in combination with other immunosuppressant agents are the primary choices of AIH treatment in the clinic, whereas, in some cases, severe adverse effects and disease relapse may occur. Chinese medicine used for the treatment of AIH has proven its merits over many years and is well tolerated. To better understand the pathogenesis of AIH and to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapies, several animal models have been generated to recapitulate the immune microenvironment of patients with AIH. In the current review, we summarize recent advances in the study of animal models for AIH and their application in pharmacological research of Chinese medicine‐based therapies and also discuss current limitations. This review aims to provide novel insights into the discovery of Chinese medicine‐originated therapies for AIH using cutting‐edge animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Zhi Ma
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Han Li
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
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Jiang N, Wei S, Zhang Y, He W, Pei H, Huang H, Wang Q, Liu X. Protective Effects and Mechanism of Radix Polygalae Against Neurological Diseases as Well as Effective Substance. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:688703. [PMID: 34975553 PMCID: PMC8719339 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.688703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix Polygalae (also known as Yuanzhi in China) is the dried rhizome of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. or Polygala sibirica L., which is a famous Chinese herb and has been widely used for centuries in traditional medicines including expectorants, tonics, tranquilizers, antipsychotic, and so on. This article reviews the neuroprotective effects of Radix Polygalae in preclinical models of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, especially anxiety, depression, declining cognition, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). The chemical composition of Radix Polygalae as well as the underlying mechanisms of action were also reviewed. We found that Radix Polygalae possesses a broad range of beneficial effects on the abovementioned conditions. The multifold mechanisms of action include several properties such as antioxidant and associated apoptotic effects; anti-inflammatory and associated apoptotic effects; neurogenesis, regeneration, differentiation, and neuronal plasticity improvement; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) regulation; neurotransmitter release; and receptor activation (A2AR, NMDA-R, and GluR). Nevertheless, the detailed mechanisms underlying this array of pharmacological effects observed in vitro and in vivo still need further investigation to attain a coherent neuroprotective profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlu He
- Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haiyue Pei
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Zhao X, Cui Y, Wu P, Zhao P, Zhou Q, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang X. Polygalae Radix: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics. Fitoterapia 2020; 147:104759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Silva Fernandes TL, Pereira-Filho AA, Nepomuneno DB, de Freitas Milagres T, Ferreira Malta LG, D'Ávila Pessoa GC, Koerich LB, Pereira MH, Araujo RN, Gontijo NDF, Viana Sant'Anna MR. Galactosamine reduces sandfly gut protease activity through TOR downregulation and increases Lutzomyia susceptibility to Leishmania. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 122:103393. [PMID: 32360958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In sandflies, males and females feed on carbohydrates but females must get a blood meal for egg maturation. Using artificial blood meals, this study aimed to understand how galactosamine interferes with sandfly digestive physiology. We also used galactosamine to manipulate the digestive physiology of Lutzomyia longipalpis to investigate its influence on sandfly digestion and Leishmania development within their insect vectors. Galactosamine was capable to reduce Lu. longipalpis trypsinolytic activity in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was specific to galactosamine as other similar sugars were not able to affect sandfly trypsin production. An excess of amino acids supplemented with the blood meal and 15 mM galactosamine was able to abrogate the reduction of the trypsinolytic activity caused by galactosamine, suggesting this phenomenon may be related to an impairment of amino acid detection by sandfly enterocytes. The TOR inhibitor rapamycin reduces trypsin activity in the L. longipalpis midgut. Galactosamine reduces the phosphorylation of the TOR pathway repressor 4EBP, downregulating TOR activity in the gut of L. longipalpis. Galactosamine reduces sandfly oviposition, causes an impact on sandfly longevity and specifically reduces sandfly gut proteases whereas increasing α-glycosidase activity. The administration of 15 and 30 mM galactosamine increased the number of promastigote forms of Le. mexicana and Le. infantum in galactosamine-treated L. longipalpis. Our results showed that galactosamine influences amino acid sensing, reduces sandfly gut protease activity through TOR downregulation, and benefits Leishmania growth within the Lu. longipalpis gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Lima Silva Fernandes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Alves Pereira-Filho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise Barguil Nepomuneno
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tarcísio de Freitas Milagres
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luccas Gabriel Ferreira Malta
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasielle Caldas D'Ávila Pessoa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Barbosa Koerich
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Horácio Pereira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nascimento Araujo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nelder de Figueiredo Gontijo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Roberto Viana Sant'Anna
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Lacaille-Dubois MA, Delaude C, Mitaine-Offer AC. A review on the phytopharmacological studies of the genus Polygala. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 249:112417. [PMID: 31765761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Polygala, the most representative genus of the Polygalaceae family, comprises more than 600 species from all over the world of which around 40 are distributed in China, some of them, being used in the Traditional Chinese Medicine system. AIM OF THE REVIEW We intend to discuss the current knowledge about the traditional uses, and the newest phytochemical and pharmacological achievements with tentative elucidation of the mechanism of action on the genus Polygala covering the period 2013-2019 to provide a scientific support to the traditional uses, and to critically analyze the reported studies to obtain new insights for further researches. MATERIALS AND METHODS The data were systematically collected from the scientific electronic data bases including SciFinder, Scopus, Elsevier, PubMed and Google Scholar. RESULTS This literature overview reported several traditional uses of different species of Polygala, mainly against wounds, inflammation, cardiovascular and central nervous system disorders. P. altomontana, P caudata, P. flavescens, P. glomerata, P. japonica, P. molluginifolia, P. sibirica, P. tenuifolia are the main species which have been studied in the last few years. Phytochemical studies showed that they contain triterpene saponins, triterpenes, terpenoids, xanthones, flavonoids, coumarins, oligosaccharide esters, styryl-pyrones, benzophenones, and polysaccharides. Pharmacological in vitro and in vivo studies and proposal of the mechanisms of action indicated that pure constituents and extracts of Polygala ssp exhibited significant anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antiischemic, antidepressant, sedative, analgesic, antiatherosclerosis, antitumor and enzyme inhibitory properties. CONCLUSION This review on traditional uses and phytopharmacological potential of the genus Polygala revealed updated insights which can be explored for further mechanism-based pharmacological activities and structure/activity relationships studies and a better comprehension of the development of Chinese medicine preparations. However some pharmacological studies showed several gaps such as incomplete methodologies and ambiguous findings. More high scientific quality preclinical studies with pharmacokinetic considerations will be required in the future to assess the traditional uses of some species of this genus. This might lead to efficacy and safety issues in clinical trials and to potential medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Aleth Lacaille-Dubois
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, (PEPITE EA 4267), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculté de Pharmacie, 7, Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21079, Dijon, France.
| | - Clément Delaude
- Centre de Recherche Phytochimique, Université de Liège, Institut de Chimie-B6, Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Claire Mitaine-Offer
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, (PEPITE EA 4267), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculté de Pharmacie, 7, Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21079, Dijon, France
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Wang W, Wu L, Li Q, Zhang Z, Xu L, Lin C, Gao L, Zhao K, Liang F, Zhang Q, Zhou M, Jiang W. Madecassoside prevents acute liver failure in LPS/D-GalN-induced mice by inhibiting p38/NF-κB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1137-1145. [PMID: 29715757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Madecassoside (MA), a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Centella asiatica, exerts various pharmacological activities including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to explore the protective effect of MA in the treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute liver failure(ALF) in mice. We hypothesized that MA administration may decrease the degree of liver injury caused by LPS/D-GalN. In this study, we investigated this hypothesis by treating a mouse model of LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury with MA. Our study demonstrated that MA (20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg) treatment for 10 days attenuated LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury by protecting liver function, suppressing the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and recovering antioxidant enzyme activity. MA also significantly suppressed LPS-stimulated protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 by blocking the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and eukaryotic transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). In addition, MA treatment enhanced protein levels of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and anti-oxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) through the upregulation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in LPS-stimulated liver injury. These results suggest that MA is a promising agent for the treatment of LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury that could serve as a candidate for the development of a hepatoprotective drug against ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qing Li
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Liba Xu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Caixia Lin
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Kaili Zhao
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Fei Liang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Weizhe Jiang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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