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Wynn EL, Browne AS, Clawson ML. Diversity and antigenic potentials of Mycoplasmopsis bovis secreted and outer membrane proteins within a core genome of strains isolated from North American bison and cattle. Genome 2024; 67:204-209. [PMID: 38330385 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2023-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasmopsis bovis is a worldwide economically important pathogen of cattle that can cause or indirectly contribute to bovine respiratory disease. M. bovis is also a primary etiological agent of respiratory disease in bison with high mortality rates. A major challenge in the development of an efficacious M. bovis vaccine is the design of antigens that contain both MHC-1 and MHC-2 T-cell epitopes, and that account for population level diversity within the species. Publicly available genomes and sequence read archive libraries of 381 M. bovis strains isolated from cattle (n = 202) and bison (n = 179) in North America were used to identify a core genome of 575 genes, including 38 that encode either known or predicted secreted or outer membrane proteins. The antigenic potentials of the proteins were characterized by the presence and strength of their T-cell epitopes, and their protein variant diversity at the population-level. The proteins had surprisingly low diversity and varying predictive levels of T-cell antigenicity. These results provide a reference for the selection or design of antigens for vaccine testing against strains infecting North American cattle and bison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Wynn
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - A Springer Browne
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael L Clawson
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
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Liu S, Li Z, Lan S, Hao H, Jin X, Liang J, Baz AA, Yan X, Gao P, Chen S, Chu Y. LppA is a novel plasminogen receptor of Mycoplasma bovis that contributes to adhesion by binding the host extracellular matrix and Annexin A2. Vet Res 2023; 54:107. [PMID: 37978536 PMCID: PMC10657132 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is responsible for various inflammatory diseases in cattle. The prevention and control of M. bovis are complicated by the absence of effective vaccines and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, resulting in substantial economic losses worldwide in the cattle industry. Lipoproteins, vital components of the Mycoplasmas cell membrane, are deemed potent antigens for eliciting immune responses in the host upon infection. However, the functions of lipoproteins in M. bovis remain underexplored due to their low sequence similarity with those of other bacteria and the scarcity of genetic manipulation tools for M. bovis. In this study, the lipoprotein LppA was identified in all examined M. bovis strains. Utilizing immunoelectron microscopy and Western blotting, it was observed that LppA localizes to the surface membrane. Recombinant LppA demonstrated dose-dependent adherence to the membrane of embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells, and this adhesion was inhibited by anti-LppA serum. In vitro binding assays confirmed LppA's ability to associate with fibronectin, collagen IV, laminin, vitronectin, plasminogen, and tPA, thereby facilitating the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Moreover, LppA was found to bind and enhance the accumulation of Annexin A2 (ANXA2) on the cell membrane. Disrupting LppA in M. bovis significantly diminished the bacterium's capacity to adhere to EBL cells, underscoring LppA's function as a bacterial adhesin. In conclusion, LppA emerges as a novel adhesion protein that interacts with multiple host extracellular matrix proteins and ANXA2, playing a crucial role in M. bovis's adherence to host cells and dissemination. These insights substantially deepen our comprehension of the molecular pathogenesis of M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etilogoical Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Zhangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etilogoical Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Shimei Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etilogoical Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Huafang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etilogoical Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiangrui Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etilogoical Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jinjia Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etilogoical Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Ahmed Adel Baz
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etilogoical Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xinmin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etilogoical Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etilogoical Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Shengli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etilogoical Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etilogoical Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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Wang J, Li S, Chen J, Gan L, Wang J, Xiong Q, Feng Z, Li Q, Deng Z, Yuan X, Yu Y. Hijacking of Host Plasminogen by Mesomycoplasma ( Mycoplasma) hyopneumoniae via GAPDH: an Important Virulence Mechanism To Promote Adhesion and Extracellular Matrix Degradation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0021823. [PMID: 37199643 PMCID: PMC10269845 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00218-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesomycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS), which causes substantial economic losses to the world's swine industry. Moonlighting proteins are increasingly being shown to play a role in the pathogenic process of M. hyopneumoniae. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a key enzyme in glycolysis, displayed a higher abundance in a highly virulent strain of M. hyopneumoniae than in an attenuated strain, suggesting that it may have a role in virulence. The mechanism by which GAPDH exerts its function was explored. Flow cytometry and colony blot analysis showed that GAPDH was partly displayed on the surface of M. hyopneumoniae. Recombinant GAPDH (rGAPDH) was able to bind PK15 cells, while the adherence of a mycoplasma strain to PK15 was significantly blocked by anti-rGAPDH antibody pretreatment. In addition, rGAPDH could interact with plasminogen. The rGAPDH-bound plasminogen was demonstrated to be activated to plasmin, as proven by using a chromogenic substrate, and to further degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM). The critical site for GAPDH binding to plasminogen was K336, as demonstrated by amino acid mutation. The affinity of plasminogen for the rGAPDH C-terminal mutant (K336A) was significantly decreased according to surface plasmon resonance analysis. Collectively, our data suggested that GAPDH might be an important virulence factor that facilitates the dissemination of M. hyopneumoniae by hijacking host plasminogen to degrade the tissue ECM barrier. IMPORTANCE Mesomycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a specific pathogen of pigs that is the etiological agent of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS), which is responsible for substantial economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The pathogenicity mechanism and possible particular virulence determinants of M. hyopneumoniae are not yet completely elucidated. Our data suggest that GAPDH might be an important virulence factor in M. hyopneumoniae that facilitates the dissemination of M. hyopneumoniae by hijacking host plasminogen to degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) barrier. These findings will provide theoretical support and new ideas for the research and development of live-attenuated or subunit vaccines against M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Huaihua Polytechnic College, Huaihua, China
| | - Shiyang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Lanxi Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhibang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaomin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
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Prysliak T, Menghwar H, Perez-Casal J. Complement-mediated killing of Mycoplasma bovis does not play a role in the protection of animals against an experimental challenge. Vaccine 2023; 41:1743-1752. [PMID: 36774333 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous efforts, developing recombinant vaccines for the control of M. bovis infections has not been successful. Many factors are contributing to the lack of success including the identification of protective antigens, use of effective adjuvants, and relatively limited information on the quality of immune responses needed for protection. Experimental trials using vaccination with many M. bovis proteins resulted in significant humoral immune responses before and after the challenges, however these responses were not enough to confer protection. We explored the role of complement-fixing antibodies in the killing of M. bovis in-vitro and whether animals vaccinated with proteins that elicit antibodies capable of complement-fixing would be protected against an experimental challenge. We found that antibodies against some of these proteins fixed complement and killed M. bovis in-vitro. Vaccination and challenge experiments with proteins whose cognate antibodies either fixed complement or not resulted in lack of protection against a M. bovis experimental challenge suggesting that complement fixation does not play a role in protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Prysliak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Harish Menghwar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Jose Perez-Casal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon S7N 5E3, Canada.
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Li L, He W, Fan X, Liu M, Luo B, Yang F, Jiang N, Wang L, Zhou B. Proteomic analysis of Taenia solium cysticercus and adult stages. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:934197. [PMID: 36699330 PMCID: PMC9868161 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.934197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium (T. solium) cysticercosis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis that occurs in developing countries. Since T. solium has a complex life cycle that includes eggs, oncospheres, cysticerci, and adults, presumably many proteins are produced that enable them to survive and establish an infection within the host. The objectives of this study were to perform a comparative proteomic analysis of two ontogenetic stages of T. solium (cysticerci and adult) and to analyze their differential expression of proteins. Methods proteins were separated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation, and protein samples were also digested in liquid and identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); the differentially expressed proteins were then processed by a bioinformatics analysis and verified by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Results we identified 2,481 proteins by label-free quantitative proteomics. Then differentially expressed proteins were screened under P values < 0.05 and 2 fold change, we found that 293 proteins up-regulated and 265 proteins down-regulated. Discussion through the bioinformatics analysis, we analyzed the differences types and functions of proteins in the Taenia solium and cysticercus, the data will provide reference value for studying the pathogenic mechanism of the two stages and the interaction with the host, and also support for further experimental verification.
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Liu P, Li Y, Ye Y, Chen J, Li R, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang W, Meng Q, Ou J, Yang Z, Sun W, Gu W. The genome and antigen proteome analysis of Spiroplasma mirum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:996938. [PMID: 36406404 PMCID: PMC9666726 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.996938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiroplasma mirum, small motile wall-less bacteria, was originally isolated from a rabbit tick and had the ability to infect newborn mice and caused cataracts. In this study, the whole genome and antigen proteins of S. mirum were comparative analyzed and investigated. Glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, arginine metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, and citrate fermentation were found in S. mirum, while trichloroacetic acid, fatty acids metabolism, phospholipid biosynthesis, terpenoid biosynthesis, lactose-specific PTS, and cofactors synthesis were completely absent. The Sec systems of S. mirum consist of SecA, SecE, SecDF, SecG, SecY, and YidC. Signal peptidase II was identified in S. mirum, but no signal peptidase I. The relative gene order in S. mirum is largely conserved. Genome analysis of available species in Mollicutes revealed that they shared only 84 proteins. S. mirum genome has 381 pseudogenes, accounting for 31.6% of total protein-coding genes. This is the evidence that spiroplasma genome is under an ongoing genome reduction. Immunoproteomics, a new scientific technique combining proteomics and immunological analytical methods, provided the direction of our research on S. mirum. We identified 49 proteins and 11 proteins (9 proteins in common) in S. mirum by anti-S. mirum serum and negative serum, respectively. Forty proteins in S. mirum were identified in relation to the virulence. All these proteins may play key roles in the pathogeny and can be used in the future for diagnoses and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Youyuan Ye
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Rong Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qinyi Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingyu Ou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhujun Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Xu QY, Pan Q, Wu Q, Xin JQ. Mycoplasma Bovis adhesins and their target proteins. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016641. [PMID: 36341375 PMCID: PMC9630594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mycoplasmosis is an important infectious disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) which poses a serious threat to the breeding industry. Adhesin is involved in the initial process of M. bovis colonization, which is closely related to the infection, cell invasion, immune escape and virulence of this pathogenic microorganism. For the reason that M. bovis lacks a cell wall, its adhesin is predominantly located on the surface of the cell membrane. The adhesins of M. bovis are usually identified by adhesion and adhesion inhibition analysis, and more than 10 adhesins have been identified so far. These adhesins primarily bind to plasminogen, fibronectin, heparin and amyloid precursor-like protein-2 of host cells. This review aims to concisely summarize the current knowledge regarding the adhesins of M. bovis and their target proteins of the host cell. Additionally, the biological characteristics of the adhesin will be briefly analyzed.
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Zhang H, Lu D, Zhang Y, Zhao G, Raheem A, Chen Y, Chen X, Hu C, Chen H, Yang L, Guo A. Annexin A2 regulates Mycoplasma bovis adhesion and invasion to embryo bovine lung cells affecting molecular expression essential to inflammatory response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974006. [PMID: 36159852 PMCID: PMC9493479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is an important pathogen of the bovine respiratory disease complex, invading lower respiratory tracts and causing severe pneumonia. However, its molecular mechanism largely remains unknown. Host annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein. The current study sought to determine whether ANXA2 could mediate M. bovis adhesion and invasion thereby affecting its induction of inflammatory response. ANXA2 expression was upregulated in M. bovis-infected bovine lung epithelial cells (EBL), and blocking ANXA2 with an anti-ANXA2 antibody reduced M. bovis adhesion to EBL. Compared with uninfected cells, more ANXA2 was translocated from the cytoplasm to the cell surface after M. bovis infection. Furthermore, RNA interference knockdown of ANXA2 expression in EBL cells resulted in a significant decrease in M. bovis invasion and F-actin polymerization. Next, the transcriptomic study of M. bovis-infected EBL cells with and without ANXA2 knockdown were performed. The data exhibited that ANXA2 knockdown EBL cells had 2487 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 1175 upregulated and 1312 downregulated compared to control. According to GO and KEGG analyses, 50 genes potentially linked to inflammatory responses, 23 involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, and 48 associated with PI3K-AKT signal pathways were upregulated, while 38 mRNA binding genes, 16 mRNA 3′-UTR binding genes, and 34 RNA transport genes were downregulated. Furthermore, 19 genes with various change-folds were selected for qPCR verification, and the results agreed with the RNA-seq findings. Above all, the transcription of two chemokines (IL-8 and CXCL5) and a key bovine β-defensin TAP in IL-17 signaling pathway were significantly increased in ANXA2 knockdown cells. Moreover, ANXA2 knockdown or knockout could increase NF-κB and MAPK phosphorylation activity in response to M. bovis infection. Additionally, ANXA2 knockdown also significantly decreased the CD44 transcripts via exon V3 and V7 skipping after M. bovis infection. We concluded that M. bovis borrowed host ANXA2 to mediate its adhesion and invasion thereby negatively regulating molecular expression essential to IL-17 signal pathway. Furthermore, CD44 V3 and V7 isoforms might contribute to this ANXA2 meditated processes in M. bovis infected EBL cells. These findings revealed a new understanding of pathogenesis for M. bovis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Doukun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Abdul Raheem
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liguo Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Aizhen Guo,
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Barbosa MS, Marques LM, Timenetsky J, Rosengarten R, Spergser J, Chopra-Dewasthaly R. Host cell interactions of novel antigenic membrane proteins of Mycoplasma agalactiae. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:93. [PMID: 35395771 PMCID: PMC8991494 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma agalactiae is the main etiological agent of Contagious Agalactia syndrome of small ruminants notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health. Despite serious economic losses, successful vaccines are unavailable, largely because its colonization and invasion factors are not well understood. This study evaluates the role of two recently identified antigenic proteins (MAG_1560, MAG_6130) and the cytadhesin P40 in pathogenicity related phenotypes. Results Adhesion to HeLa and sheep primary mammary stromal cells (MSC) was evaluated using ELISA, as well as in vitro adhesion assays on monolayer cell cultures. The results demonstrated MAG_6130 as a novel adhesin of M. agalactiae whose capacity to adhere to eukaryotic cells was significantly reduced by specific antiserum. Additionally, these proteins exhibited significant binding to plasminogen and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins like lactoferrin, fibrinogen and fibronectin, a feature that could potentially support the pathogen in host colonization, tissue migration and immune evasion. Furthermore, these proteins played a detrimental role on the host cell proliferation and viability and were observed to activate pro-apoptotic genes indicating their involvement in cell death when eukaryotic cells were infected with M. agalactiae. Conclusions To summarize, the hypothetical protein corresponding to MAG_6130 has not only been assigned novel adhesion functions but together with P40 it is demonstrated for the first time to bind to lactoferrin and ECM proteins thereby playing important roles in host colonization and pathogenicity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02512-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Santos Barbosa
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria.,Present Address: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Present Address: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Present Address: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
| | - Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria.
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10
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Pirovich DB, Da’dara AA, Skelly PJ. Multifunctional Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase as a Therapeutic Target. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:719678. [PMID: 34458323 PMCID: PMC8385298 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.719678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is a ubiquitous cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the fourth step of glycolysis. Aldolases are classified into three groups: Class-I, Class-IA, and Class-II; all classes share similar structural features but low amino acid identity. Apart from their conserved role in carbohydrate metabolism, aldolases have been reported to perform numerous non-enzymatic functions. Here we review the myriad "moonlighting" functions of this classical enzyme, many of which are centered on its ability to bind to an array of partner proteins that impact cellular scaffolding, signaling, transcription, and motility. In addition to the cytosolic location, aldolase has been found the extracellular surface of several pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and metazoans. In the extracellular space, the enzyme has been reported to perform virulence-enhancing moonlighting functions e.g., plasminogen binding, host cell adhesion, and immunomodulation. Aldolase's importance has made it both a drug target and vaccine candidate. In this review, we note the several inhibitors that have been synthesized with high specificity for the aldolases of pathogens and cancer cells and have been shown to inhibit classical enzyme activity and moonlighting functions. We also review the many trials in which recombinant aldolases have been used as vaccine targets against a wide variety of pathogenic organisms including bacteria, fungi, and metazoan parasites. Most of such trials generated significant protection from challenge infection, correlated with antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. We argue that refinement of aldolase antigen preparations and expansion of immunization trials should be encouraged to promote the advancement of promising, protective aldolase vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Pirovich
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States
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11
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Wang J, Li Y, Pan L, Li J, Yu Y, Liu B, Zubair M, Wei Y, Pillay B, Olaniran AO, Chiliza TE, Shao G, Feng Z, Xiong Q. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) moonlights as an adhesin in Mycoplasma hyorhinis adhesion to epithelial cells as well as a plasminogen receptor mediating extracellular matrix degradation. Vet Res 2021; 52:80. [PMID: 34082810 PMCID: PMC8173509 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis infects pigs causing polyserositis and polyarthritis, and has also been reported in a variety of human tumor tissues. The occurrence of disease is often linked with the systemic invasion of the pathogen. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH), one of the key enzymes of glycolysis, was reported as a surface multifunctional molecule in several bacteria. Here, we investigated whether GAPDH could manifest binary functions; as an adhesin to promote colonization as well as a plasminogen receptor functioning in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation to promote systemic invasion. The surface localization of GAPDH was observed in M. hyorhinis with flow cytometry and colony blot analysis. Recombinant GAPDH (rGAPDH) was found to be able to bind porcine-derived PK-15 and human-derived NCI-H292 cells. The incubation with anti-GAPDH antibody significantly decreased the adherence of M. hyorhinis to both cell lines. To investigate its function in recruiting plasminogen, firstly, the interaction between rGAPDH and plasminogen was demonstrated by ELISA and Far-Western blot assay. The activation of the rGAPDH-bound plasminogen into plasmin was proved by using a chromogenic substrate, and furtherly confirmed to degrade extracellular matrix by using a reconstituted ECM. Finally, the ability of rGAPDH to bind different ECM components was demonstrated, including fibronectin, laminin, collagen type IV and vitronectin. Collectively, our data imply GAPDH as an important adhesion factor of M. hyrohinis and a receptor for hijacking host plasminogen to degrade ECM. The multifunction of GAPDH to bind both plasminogen and ECM components is believed to increase the targeting of proteolysis and facilitate the dissemination of M. hyorhinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yao Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Longji Pan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bala Pillay
- College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Thamsanqa E Chiliza
- College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China. .,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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12
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Epitope-Based Peptide Vaccine Design against Fructose Bisphosphate Aldolase of Candida glabrata: An Immunoinformatics Approach. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8280925. [PMID: 34036109 PMCID: PMC8116159 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8280925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida glabrata is a human opportunistic pathogen that can cause life-threatening systemic infections. Although there are multiple effective vaccines against fungal infections and some of these vaccines are engaged in different stages of clinical trials, none of them have yet been approved by the FDA. Aim Using immunoinformatics approach to predict the most conserved and immunogenic B- and T-cell epitopes from the fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba1) protein of C. glabrata. Material and Method. 13 C. glabrata fructose bisphosphate aldolase protein sequences (361 amino acids) were retrieved from NCBI and presented in several tools on the IEDB server for prediction of the most promising epitopes. Homology modeling and molecular docking were performed. Result The promising B-cell epitopes were AYFKEH, VDKESLYTK, and HVDKESLYTK, while the promising peptides which have high affinity to MHC I binding were AVHEALAPI, KYFKRMAAM, QTSNGGAAY, RMAAMNQWL, and YFKEHGEPL. Two peptides, LFSSHMLDL and YIRSIAPAY, were noted to have the highest affinity to MHC class II that interact with 9 alleles. The molecular docking revealed that the epitopes QTSNGGAAY and LFSSHMLDL have the lowest binding energy to MHC molecules. Conclusion The epitope-based vaccines predicted by using immunoinformatics tools have remarkable advantages over the conventional vaccines in that they are more specific, less time consuming, safe, less allergic, and more antigenic. Further in vivo and in vitro experiments are needed to prove the effectiveness of the best candidate's epitopes (QTSNGGAAY and LFSSHMLDL). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has predicted B- and T-cell epitopes from the Fba1 protein by using in silico tools in order to design an effective epitope-based vaccine against C. glabrata.
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13
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Bao S, Ding X, Yu S, Xing X, Ding C. Characterization of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1 alpha and beta subunits of Mycoplasma synoviae. Microb Pathog 2021; 155:104851. [PMID: 33794298 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an important pathogen which causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide, and research on MS can provide the foundation for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of MS infection. In this study, primers designed based on the sequences of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) E1 alpha and beta subunit genes (pdhA and pdhB, respectively) of MS 53 strain(AE017245.1) in GenBank were used to amplify the pdhA and pdhB genes of MS WVU1853 strain through PCR. Subsequently, the prokaryotic expression vectors pET-28a(+)-pdhA and pET-28a(+)-pdhB were constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells. The recombinant proteins rMSPDHA and rMSPDHB were purified, and anti-rMSPDHA and anti-rMSPDHB sera were prepared by immunizing rabbits, respectively. Subcellular localization of PDHA and PDHB in MS cells, binding activity of rMSPDHA and rMSPDHB to chicken plasminogen (Plg) and human fibronectin (Fn), complement-dependent mycoplasmacidal assays, and adherence and adherence inhibition assays were accomplished. The results showed that PDHA and PDHB were distributed both on the surface membrane and within soluble cytosolic fractions of MS cells. The rMSPDHA and rMSPDHB presented binding activity with chicken Plg and human Fn. The rabbit anti-rMSPDHA and anti-rMSPDHB sera had distinct mycoplasmacidal efficacy in the presence of guinea pig complement, and the adherence of MS to DF-1 cells pretreated with Plg was effectively inhibited by treatment with anti-rMSPDHA or anti-rMSPDHB sera. These findings indicated that surface-associated MSPDHA and MSPDHB were adhesion-related factors of MS and that the binding between MSPDHA/MSPDHB and Plg/Fn contributed to MS adhesion to DF-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yingmencun, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqin Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yingmencun, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China.
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyong Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yingmencun, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China.
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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14
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Yiwen C, Yueyue W, Lianmei Q, Cuiming Z, Xiaoxing Y. Infection strategies of mycoplasmas: Unraveling the panoply of virulence factors. Virulence 2021; 12:788-817. [PMID: 33704021 PMCID: PMC7954426 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1889813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas, the smallest bacteria lacking a cell wall, can cause various diseases in both humans and animals. Mycoplasmas harbor a variety of virulence factors that enable them to overcome numerous barriers of entry into the host; using accessory proteins, mycoplasma adhesins can bind to the receptors or extracellular matrix of the host cell. Although the host immune system can eradicate the invading mycoplasma in most cases, a few sagacious mycoplasmas employ a series of invasion and immune escape strategies to ensure their continued survival within their hosts. For instance, capsular polysaccharides are crucial for anti-phagocytosis and immunomodulation. Invasive enzymes degrade reactive oxygen species, neutrophil extracellular traps, and immunoglobulins. Biofilm formation is important for establishing a persistent infection. During proliferation, successfully surviving mycoplasmas generate numerous metabolites, including hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide; or secrete various exotoxins, such as community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin, and hemolysins; and express various pathogenic enzymes, all of which have potent toxic effects on host cells. Furthermore, some inherent components of mycoplasmas, such as lipids, membrane lipoproteins, and even mycoplasma-generated superantigens, can exert a significant pathogenic impact on the host cells or the immune system. In this review, we describe the proposed virulence factors in the toolkit of notorious mycoplasmas to better understand the pathogenic features of these bacteria, along with their pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yiwen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Wu Yueyue
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Qin Lianmei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhu Cuiming
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - You Xiaoxing
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
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15
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Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important component of the bovine respiratory disease complex and recent reports identified that other species are also affected by M bovis. Control of the disease caused by M bovis has been unsuccessful owing to many factors, including the capacity of M bovis to evade and modulate the immune system of the host; the lack of known virulence factors; the absence of a cell wall, which renders antibiotics targeting cell-wall synthesis unusable; and the failure of vaccines to control disease on the field. The current knowledge on virulence and pathogenesis is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Perez-Casal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
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16
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Zhu X, Dong Y, Baranowski E, Li X, Zhao G, Hao Z, Zhang H, Chen Y, Hu C, Chen H, Citti C, Guo A. Mbov_0503 Encodes a Novel Cytoadhesin that Facilitates Mycoplasma bovis Interaction with Tight Junctions. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020164. [PMID: 31979335 PMCID: PMC7074692 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecules contributing to microbial cytoadhesion are important virulence factors. In Mycoplasma bovis, a minimal bacterium but an important cattle pathogen, binding to host cells is emerging as a complex process involving a broad range of surface-exposed structures. Here, a new cytoadhesin of M. bovis was identified by producing a collection of individual knock-out mutants and evaluating their binding to embryonic bovine lung cells. The cytoadhesive-properties of this surface-exposed protein, which is encoded by Mbov_0503 in strain HB0801, were demonstrated at both the mycoplasma cell and protein levels using confocal microscopy and ELISA. Although Mbov_0503 disruption was only associated in M. bovis with a partial reduction of its binding capacity, this moderate effect was sufficient to affect M. bovis interaction with the host-cell tight junctions, and to reduce the translocation of this mycoplasma across epithelial cell monolayers. Besides demonstrating the capacity of M. bovis to disrupt tight junctions, these results identified novel properties associated with cytoadhesin that might contribute to virulence and host colonization. These findings provide new insights into the complex interplay taking place between wall-less mycoplasmas and the host-cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifang Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaqi Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
| | - Eric Baranowski
- IHAP, ENVT, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31300, France; (E.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Xixi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
| | - Yingyu Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
| | - Changmin Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
| | - Huanchun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Christine Citti
- IHAP, ENVT, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31300, France; (E.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 86-131-0071-2906
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Yang Y, Bai X, Li C, Tong M, Zhang P, Cai W, Liu X, Liu M. Molecular Characterization of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Aldolase From Trichinella spiralis and Its Potential in Inducing Immune Protection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:122. [PMID: 31069178 PMCID: PMC6491450 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is a major food-borne parasite worldwide. Trichinellosis caused by T. spiralis is not only a public health problem, but also an economic hazard in food safety. The development of effective vaccines to prevent Trichinella infection in domestic animals and humans is urgently needed for controlling of this zoonosis. Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBPA) is involved in energy production in glycolysis and is also associated with many non-glycolysis functions in the parasite, such as adhesion to host cells, plasminogen binding, and invasion. FBPA has been considered as a potential vaccine candidate or as a target for chemotherapeutic treatment. Here, we report for the first time the characterization of FBPA of T. spiralis and an evaluation of its potential as a vaccine candidate antigen against T. spiralis infection in mice. The results of qPCR and western blot analysis showed that the Ts-FBPA gene was expressed at various developmental stages of T. spiralis and was also detected in excretory–secretory products (ES) of T. spiralis muscle larvae (ML). Immunostaining with anti-Ts-FBPA mouse sera indicated that it localized principally to the surface and embryos of this parasitic nematode. Vaccination of mice with recombinant Ts-FBPA (rTs-FBPA) resulted in a Th1/Th2 mixed humoral and cellular immune response with Th2 predominant, as well as remarkably elevated IgE levels. Moreover, mice vaccinated with rTs-FBPA displayed a 48.7% reduction in adult worm burden and 52.5% reduction in muscle larval burden. These studies indicated that Ts-FBPA is a promising target for developing an effective vaccine to prevent and control Trichinella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Wu Xi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chengyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingwei Tong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Peihao Zhang
- Wu Xi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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Huang J, Zhu H, Wang J, Guo Y, Zhi Y, Wei H, Li H, Guo A, Liu D, Chen X. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is involved in Mycoplasma bovis colonization as a fibronectin-binding adhesin. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:70-78. [PMID: 30852357 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a common pathogenic microorganism of cattle and represents an important hazard on the cattle industry. Adherence to host cells is a significant component of mycoplasma-pathogenesis research. Fibronectin (Fn), an extracellular matrix protein, is a common host cell factor that can interact with the adhesions of pathogens. The aims of this study were to investigate the Fn-binding properties of M. bovis fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) and evaluate its role as a cell adhesion factor during mycoplasma colonization. The fba (MBOV_RS00435) gene of M. bovis was cloned and expressed, with the resulting recombinant protein used to prepare rabbit polyclonal antibodies. The purified recombinant FBA (rFBA) was shown to have fructose bisphosphate aldolase activity. Western blot indicated that FBA was an antigenically conserved protein in several M. bovis strains. Western blot combined with immunofluorescent assay (IFA) revealed that FBA was dual-localized to both cytoplasm and membrane in M. bovis. IFA showed that rFBA was able to adhere to embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells. Meanwhile, an adhesion inhibition assay demonstrated that anti-rFBA antibodies could significantly block the adhesion of M. bovis to EBL cells. Moreover, a dose-dependent binding of rFBA to Fn was found by dot blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Together these results provided evidence that FBA is a surface-localized and antigenic protein of M. bovis, suggesting that it may function as a virulence determinant through interacting with host Fn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiayao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ye Zhi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haohua Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hanxiong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dongming Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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