Functional probiotic attributes and gene encoding plantaracin among variant Lactobacillus Plantarum strains

Probiotic potential of enterococcus lactis in improving egg production and quality in quails during late egg-laying period

This study investigated the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from the intestines of quails during the late egg-laying period. Eight LAB strains were examined for their tolerance to acid and bile salts, antibiotic susceptibility, self-aggregation, hydrophobicity, and antibacterial activity. Among these, E. lactis TRM58998 demonstrated the most favorable characteristics, including robust resistance to acid and bile, as well as significant antimicrobial properties. In a 30-day feeding trial, 96 quails (43 weeks old) were divided into two groups: a control group receiving a basal diet and a treatment group supplemented with 1.0 × 108 CFU/g of E. lactis TRM58998. The quails in the probiotic group showed a significant increase in egg production, average egg weight (P < 0.05), and enhanced eggshell quality (P < 0.01). Additionally, the treatment improved antioxidant capacity and stimulated ovarian follicle development, as indicated by elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that E. lactis TRM58998 can effectively enhance quail performance, egg quality, and antioxidant status, underscoring its potential for promoting sustainable practices in quail farming.

The CRISPR-Cas system in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains: identification and characterization using a genome mining approach

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (CAS) genes make up bacteria's adaptive immune system against bacteriophages. In this study, 675 sequences of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolates deposited in GenBank were analyzed in terms of diversity, occurrence, and evolution of the CRISPR-Cas system. This study investigated the presence, structural variations, phylogenetic relationships, and diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems in 675 L. plantarum strains. The analysis revealed that 143 strains harbor confirmed CRISPR-Cas systems, with subtype II-A being predominant. Moreover, targeting phages and plasmid diversity between the predicted systems were dissected. The results indicated that approximately 22% of the isolates with verified and complete CRISPR systems exhibited the coexistence of both subtypes II-A and I-E within their genomes. The results further showed that in subtype II-A, the length of the repeat sequence was 36 nucleotides, on average. In addition, the number of spacers in subtypes II-A and I-E varied between 1-24 and 3-16 spacers, respectively. The results also indicated that subtype II-A has nine protospacer adjacent motifs, which are 5'-CC-3', 5'-GAA-3', 5'-TGG-3', 5'-CTT-3', 5'-GGG-3', 5'-CAT-3', 5'-CTC-3', 5'-CCT-3', and 5'-CGG-3'. In addition, the identified systems displayed a potential for targeting Lactobacillus phages. The investigation of the relationship between the targeting of Lactobacillus phages by the antiphage system in L. plantarum species showed that subtype II-A had the highest diversity in targeting Lactobacillus phages than subtype I-E. In conclusion, current findings offer a perspective on the prevalence and evolution of the CRISPR-Cas system in L. plantarum, contributing novel insights to the expanding field of CRISPR-Cas systems within lactobacillus strains. This knowledge establishes a foundation for future applied studies focused on enhancing phage resistance in industrial fermentation, reducing contamination risks, and improving product quality. The identified targeting diversity may also foster advancements in phage therapy through the development of CRISPR-based antimicrobials.

Impact of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Inducia on metabolic and antioxidative response in cholesterol and BMI variable indices: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials

Probiotics may have potential in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in middle-aged persons with borderline metabolic indices. The ability of potential probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Inducia to reduce CVD risk factors in persons with variable cholesterol and body mass indices (BMI) was assessed. In two parallel-armed double-blind placebo-controlled interventions (n=136) and (n=104), participants daily received either test yoghurt (Inducia) or placebo yoghurt. BMI, blood pressure, plasma glucose, cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), oxidative stress and immunological markers were measured. Total counts of lactobacilli and L. plantarum Inducia were evaluated using real-time PCR. Significant reduction of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and non-high-density cholesterol occurred in both trials. The change in cholesterol (P=0.023) in persons with normal BMI and borderline cholesterol levels after four weeks of yoghurt consumption was detected. A difference was also found between placebo and test yoghurt groups (P=0.042) in LDL-c with normal BMI. Blood glucose reduction (P=0.01) and antioxidative effect was detected in overweight volunteers of the test yoghurt group. The suppression of oxidised LDL was associated with lowered oxidative stress index and total peroxide concentration values and faecal recovery of Inducia. The Inducia strain expresses antioxidative effect on blood lipids and has anti-glycaemic impact that allow to apply it as dietary probiotic supplement for the management of CVD risks in humans.

In-process real-time probiotic phenotypic strain identity tracking: The use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Probiotic bacteria, capable of conferring benefits to the host, can present challenges in design, development, scale-up, manufacturing, commercialization, and life cycle management. Strain identification is one of the main quality parameters; nevertheless, this task can be challenging since established methodologies can lack resolution at the strain level for some microorganisms and\or are labor-intensive and time-consuming. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) has been largely used for the investigation of pathogenic species in the clinical field, whereas only recently has been proposed for the identification of probiotic strains. Within the probiotic industrial production, bacterial strains can be subjected to stressful conditions that may affect genomic and phenotypic characteristics; therefore, real-time monitoring of all the sequential growth steps is requested. Considering the fast, low-cost, and high-throughput features, FTIRS is an innovative and functional technology for typing probiotic strains from bench-top experiments to large-scale industrial production, allowing the monitoring of stability and identity of probiotic strains. In this study, the discriminatory power of FTIRS was assessed for four Lactiplantibacillus plantarum probiotic strains grown under different conditions, including temperatures (30 and 37°C) and medium (broth and agar), after consecutive sub-culturing steps. A comparison between the generated spectra with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles was also performed. FTIRS was not only able to distinguish the strains of L. plantarum under different growth conditions but also to prove the phenotypic stability of L. plantarum type strain LP-CT after six growing steps. Regardless of the growth conditions, FTIRS spectra related to LP-CT constituted a unique hierarchical cluster, separated from the other L. plantarum strains. These results were confirmed by a PFGE analysis. In addition, based on FTIRS data, broth cultures demonstrated a higher reproducibility and discriminatory power with respect to agar ones. These results support the introduction of FTIRS in the probiotic industry, allowing for the step-by-step monitoring of massive microbial production while also guaranteeing the stability and purity of the probiotic strain. The proposed novel approach can constitute an impressive improvement in the probiotic manufacturing process.

Evaluation of IR Biotyper for Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Typing and Its Application Potential in Probiotic Preliminary Screening

IR Biotyper (IRBT), which is a spectroscopic system for microorganism typing based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technology, has been used to detect the spread of clones in clinical microbiology laboratories. However, the use of IRBT to detect probiotics has rarely been reported. Herein, we evaluated the discriminatory power of IRBT to type Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolates at the strain level and explored its application potential in probiotic preliminary selection. Twenty Lactiplantibacillus isolates collected from pickled radishes during successive fermentation were used to test the robustness of IRBT at the strain level. IRBT was then compared with genotyping methods such as whole-genome sequencing (WGS), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to evaluate its discrimination power. IRBT distributed the 20 isolates into five clusters, with L. argentoratensis isolate C7-83 being the most distant from the other isolates, which belonged to L. plantarum. IRBT showed good reproducibility, although deviation in the discriminative power of IRBT was found at the strain level across laboratories, probably due to technical variance. All examined methods allowed bacterial identification at the strain level, but IRBT had higher discriminatory power than MLST and was comparable to the WGS and PFGE. In the phenotypic comparison study, we observed that the clustering results of probiotic physiological attributes (e.g., sensitivity to acid and bile salts, hydrophobicity of the cell surface, and resistance to antibiotics) were consistent with the typing results of IRBT. Our results indicated that IRBT is a robust tool for L. plantarum strain typing that could improve the efficiency of probiotic identification and preliminary screening, and can potentially be applied in probiotic traceability and quality control.

The Use of the Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v in the Technology of Non-Dairy Ice Cream Based on Avocado

Food enriched with probiotics and prebiotics belong to the class of novel foods. Functional food, apart from its nutritional function, has an additional pro-health effect. The aim of the presented study was to create a concept of a functional dessert—avocado-based non-diary ice cream enriched with probiotic bacteria Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v. The product was tested for the survival of bacteria in various conditions, and the influence of the probiotic on the physicochemical and organoleptic properties of non-dairy ice cream was assessed. The dessert with probiotic throughout the storage period (8 weeks) kept the therapeutic minimum defined for probiotic food products. It was found that the addition of the probiotic did not deteriorate either the color or the sensory profile of the dessert. There was also no increase in the redox potential nor the acidity of the product with the addition of a probiotic.

Characterization of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum R23 Isolated from Arugula by Whole-Genome Sequencing and Its Bacteriocin Production Ability

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is one of the lactic acid bacteria species most used as probiotics and starter cultures in food production. Bacteriocin-producers Lpb. plantarum are also promising natural food preservatives. This study aimed to characterize Lpb. plantarum R23 and its bacteriocins (R23 bacteriocins). The genome sequence of Lpb. plantarum R23 was obtained by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in an Illumina NovaSeq platform. The activity of Lpb. plantarum R23-produced bacteriocin against two Listeria monocytogenes strains (L7946 and L7947) was evaluated, and its molecular size was determined by tricine-SDS-PAGE. No virulence or antibiotic resistance genes were detected. Four 100% identical proteins to the class II bacteriocins (Plantaricin E, Plantaricin F, Pediocin PA-1 (Pediocin AcH), and Coagulin A) were found by WGS analysis. The small (<6.5 kDa) R23 bacteriocins were stable at different pH values (ranging from 2 to 8), temperatures (between 4 and 100 °C), detergents (all, except Triton X-100 and Triton X-114 at 0.01 g/mL), and enzymes (catalase and α-amylase), did not adsorb to the producer cells, had a bacteriostatic mode of action and their maximum activity (AU/mL = 12,800) against two L. monocytogenes strains occurred between 15 and 21 h of Lpb. plantarum R23 growth. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum R23 showed to be a promising bio-preservative culture because, besides being safe, it produces a stable bacteriocin or bacteriocins (harbors genes encoding for the production of four) inhibiting pathogens as L. monocytogenes. Further studies in different food matrices are required to confirm this hypothesis and its suitability as a future starter culture.

Next-generation sequencing to elucidate adaptive stress response and plantaricin genes among Lactobacillus plantarum strains

Aim: The objective of this study was to identify the genes involved in plantaricin synthesis and adaptive stress response in four Lactobacillus plantarum strains (AS-6, AS-8, AS-9 and AS-10) and one Lactobacillus paraplantarum strain (AS-7) for their usage in medicine and industry. Materials & methods: Whole genomes of these strains were sequenced by a high-throughput sequencing technique known as next-generation sequencing via Ilumina MiSeq platform and the genes were identified by using various bioinformatics tools and software. Results: Plantaricin genes (plnD, plnE, plnF, plnG, plnI) and genes regulating response to temperature, pH, bile salt, osmotic and oxidative stress were identified in all strains. Conclusion: Lactobacilli could be an option to combat antimicrobial resistance and might replace harmful antibiotics in future.