1
|
Li L, Li S, Ma H, Akhtar MF, Tan Y, Wang T, Liu W, Khan A, Khan MZ, Wang C. An Overview of Infectious and Non-Infectious Causes of Pregnancy Losses in Equine. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1961. [PMID: 38998073 PMCID: PMC11240482 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine breeding plays an essential role in the local economic development of many countries, and it has experienced rapid growth in China in recent years. However, the equine industry, particularly large-scale donkey farms, faces a significant challenge with pregnancy losses. Unfortunately, there is a lack of systematic research on abortion during equine breeding. Several causes, both infectious and non-infectious, of pregnancy losses have been documented in equines. The infectious causes are viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Non-infectious causes may include long transportation, ingestion of mycotoxins, hormonal disturbances, twinning, placentitis, umbilical length and torsion, etc. In current review, we discuss the transmission routes, diagnostic methods, and control measures for these infectious agents. Early detection of the cause and appropriate management are crucial in preventing pregnancy loss in equine practice. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential causes of abortion in equines, including infectious agents and non-infectious factors. It emphasizes the importance of continued research and effective control measures to address this significant challenge in the equine industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Li
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| | - Shuwen Li
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| | - Haoran Ma
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| | - Muhammad Faheem Akhtar
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| | - Ying Tan
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| | - Wenhua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Adnan Khan
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 511464, China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lashkarbolouk N, Mazandarani M. Leptospirosis in a patient with cardiac manifestation: A case report study and literature review. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e8883. [PMID: 38725931 PMCID: PMC11079537 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message Common cardiac arrhythmias seen in patients with leptospirosis are usually atrial fibrillation or first-degree atrioventricular block, with bradyarrhythmia being rare in this group. It is essential to prioritize the examination of the patient's medical background, clinical symptoms, and comprehensive physical evaluation in order to promptly identify and address the patient's condition. Abstract Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease that is widespread worldwide, has a significant impact on tropical areas and can affect various organs throughout the infection. During the initial stage, symptoms are typically non-specific. Although cases of all three cardiac layers being affected have been reported, issues with the conduction system are especially significant in the early phase of the disease. The most frequent discoveries in these patients are atrial fibrillation or first-degree atrioventricular block, with bradyarrhythmia being rare. We describe a 37-year-old male farmer who initially sought medical attention for general symptoms that had been deteriorating despite receiving outpatient treatment for 3 days for a presumed diagnosis of influenza. During his initial assessment, he exhibited sinus bradycardia, anemia, leukocytosis, elevated levels of direct and total bilirubin, and abnormal liver function test results. Through thorough history-taking, physical examination, and laboratory analyses, a diagnosis of leptospirosis was conclusively established for him. Focusing on the patient's medical history, clinical manifestations, and thorough physical assessment is crucial for promptly diagnosing and treating patients. This becomes particularly significant for individuals who exhibit atypical symptoms, exemplified by our patient presenting with nonspecific indications and cardiac issues manifested as bradycardia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narges Lashkarbolouk
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Endocriniology and Metabolism Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mahdi Mazandarani
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Endocriniology and Metabolism Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leptospira spp. Prevalence in Cats from Southern Italy with Evaluation of Risk Factors for Exposure and Clinical Findings in Infected Cats. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101129. [PMID: 36297186 PMCID: PMC9609655 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease, but feline leptospirosis is rarely reported. This study aimed at investigating Leptospira spp. prevalence in cats from southern Italy, evaluating risk factors, clinical findings and laboratory data associated with infection. The serum of 112 cats was investigated by microscopic agglutination test (MAT), detecting anti-Leptospira antibodies against 14 pathogenic serovars. Blood and urine samples were tested by a real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting the lipL32 gene of pathogenic Leptospira. Antibodies against serovars Poi, Bratislava, Arborea, Ballum, Pomona and Lora were detected in 15.3% (17/111) of cats (titers range: 20-320). Leptospira spp. DNA was found in 3% (4/109) of blood and 9% (10/111) of urine samples. The spring season was the only risk factor for urinary Leptospira DNA shedding. Laboratory abnormalities significantly associated and/or correlated with Leptospira spp. positivity were anemia, monocytosis, neutrophilia, eosinopenia, increased alanine aminotransferase activity, hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia. In the investigated areas, cats are frequently infected by Leptospira spp. and can represent an additional reservoir or sentinel for a risk of infection. Moreover, some laboratory changes could be compatible with a pathogenic effect of Leptospira spp. in the feline host.
Collapse
|
4
|
Arzamani K, Abdollahpour G, Azimian A, van Belkum A, Ghasemzadeh‐Moghaddam H. High‐level seroprevalence against
Leptospira interrogans
serovars among wild foxes, jackals and stray dogs in the North Khorasan Province, Iran. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1915-1921. [PMID: 35840123 PMCID: PMC9514457 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Arzamani
- Vector‐Borne Disease Research Center North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences Bojnurd Iran
| | - Gholamreza Abdollahpour
- Leptospira Research Laboratory Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Internal Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Amir Azimian
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences Bojnurd Iran
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Open Innovation & Partnerships BaseClear Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Hamed Ghasemzadeh‐Moghaddam
- Vector‐Borne Disease Research Center North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences Bojnurd Iran
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences Bojnurd Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aghamohammad S, Anaraki AH, Rahravani M, Rastin M, Sadaf RA, Moravedji M, Rohani M. Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in livestock and workers of high-risk occupation in Kurdistan, Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 82:101758. [PMID: 35101844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is one of the major zoonotic infectious diseases which could cause disease in both animals and humans. Using ELISA is one of the serological tests that could be used in the detection of leptospirosis. Based on the different reports about the prevalence of leptospirosis in different parts of our country, we aimed to investigate the rate of Leptospira spp, among livestock and human in Kurdistan province. MATERIAL AND METHOD ELISA assay was performed by ELISA kit (Novatec, Germany) for quantitative detection of anti-Leptospira IgG in human and IgM antibody and total antibodies (IgM and IgG) in serum samples of livestock. RESULTS In the present study, the seroprevalence in sheep, goats, and cows was (2/30) 6.7% [95% CI 0.8%,22.1%], (1/31) 3.2% [ 95% CI 0.08%,16.7%] and 0%, respectively. Also, the rate of anti-Leptospira was (1/51) 1.9% [95% CI 0.05%,10.4%] among 51 human participants. DISCUSSION the current study, provided some valuable information on the rate of leptospirosis in animal and human participants from west of Iran, which can be useful in terms of monitoring the disease in the area and helping the health care system to control the roots of bacterial transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maryam Rahravani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kurdistan Unit of Azad University, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Rastin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kurdistan Unit of Azad University, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Reza Atashin Sadaf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kurdistan Unit of Azad University, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Meysam Moravedji
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kurdistan Unit of Azad University, Kurdistan, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Rohani
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mushtaq A, Shoukat T, Mumtaz T, Qasim M, Ajmal K, Fatima N, Khan A, Kouser M, Hussain N, Khan SS, Afzal MS, Simsek S, Ahmed H. Tick-borne Diseases in Sheep and Goats in Pakistan: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1316-1325. [PMID: 33990896 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites and transmit various types of protozoal, bacterial, and viral diseases in a wild as well as domestic animals and humans globally. Only a few published reports are avaliable on the prevalence of tick-borne diseases in sheep and goats in Pakistan. AIM AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the prevalence (2000-2020) of tick-borne disease (theileriosis, babesiosis, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever infection, and anaplasmosis) in sheep and goats in Pakistan. METHODS A systematic review of articles published in English language (since 2000-2020) was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. Diagnostic methods used in the original reference articles were PCR, PCR-RLB, microscopy, and ELISA. RESULTS The overall prevalence of theileriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) infections was 15.40%, 21.18%, 26.78%, and 11.62%, respectively. The prevalence of anaplasmosis was 22.06% (90/408) in sheep, 21.11% (76/360) in goats, and 40% (120/300) in both sheep and goats with substantial differences (P < 0.001). The prevalence of babesiosis among sheep was 29.88% (104/348) with highly significant differences (P < 0.001), in goats was 29.88% (25/60) with slightly significant differences (P < 0.031%), and in both sheep and goats were 7% (21/300) with highly significant differences (P < 0.001) according to subgroup analysis. The percentage of prevalence of theileriosis was 17.70% (207/1169) in sheep with highly substantial differences (P < 0.001), 4.51% (31/687) in goats with significant differences (P < 0.133), and 25% (125/500) in both sheep and goats with a significant difference among them (P < 0.001). The prevalence of CCHF among sheep was 18.63% (149/800) and 4.63% (37/800) in goats, respectively. The widely used detection method was microscopy (45.56%) followed by ELISA (38.38%), PCR (12.56%), and PCR-RLB (3.48%) test, respectively. This is a comprehensive report on the status of tick-borne disease in sheep and goats in Pakistan. CONCLUSION Based on our results, among tick-borne diseases anaplasmosis had the highest prevalence rate in sheep and goats. Due to its high prevalence, control measures should be taken to diagnose and prevent it.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sakmanoğlu A, Uslu A, Sayın Z, Gölen GS, İlban A, Padron-Perez B, Karyeyen Y, Gök A, Tekindal MA, Erganis O. A one-year descriptive epidemiology of zoonotic abortifacient pathogen bacteria in farm animals in Turkey. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 77:101665. [PMID: 34051649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of 10 suspicious pathogenic bacteria in 250 stomach contents of aborted calf, lamb, and goat foetuses in 2019. The 155 positive samples obtained from PCR consisted of 53 (58.88 %) bacteria from 90 lamb samples, 10 (43.47 %) bacteria from 23 goat samples, and 92 (67.15 %) bacteria from 137 calf samples. The five most common bacteria associated with abortions were Brucella melitensis, 52 (20.9 %); B. abortus, 13 (5.2 %); Leptospira spp., 34 (13.6 %); Campylobacter fetus, 52 (20.9 %); and Coxiella burnetii, 4 (1.6 %). The highest rate of B. melitensis (65.4 %), B. abortus (69.2 %), Leptospira spp. (67.6 %), and C. fetus (50 %) was detected in the aborted calf samples. The highest individual rate was that of C. fetus (5.2 %). The flock-herd rates of B. melitensis, B. abortus, Leptospira spp., C. fetus, and C. burnetii infections in the 29 farms studied were 34.48 %, 20.69 %, 62.06 %, 82.75 %, and 3.44 %, respectively, with a confidence level and interval of 95 %. The frequency of abortions caused by Leptospira spp. and Campylobacter fetus may be related to increasing in B. melitensis. The rates of aborted calf, lamb, and goat foetuses among the various sampling periods and regions were significantly (P < 0.01) different. In conclusion, precautions should be applied to reduce the spread of these bacterial agents in high-risk areas and to eliminate the risk of harbouring these zoonotic infections in humans. Therefore, these results must be taken into account in the development of control and protection strategies against abortions in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Sakmanoğlu
- Selcuk University, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ali Uslu
- Selcuk University, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Zafer Sayın
- Selcuk University, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Gökçenur Sanioğlu Gölen
- Aksaray University, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Ayşegül İlban
- Konya Numune Hospital, Department of Microbiology, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Beatriz Padron-Perez
- Selcuk University, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin Karyeyen
- Selcuk University, Department of Food Technology, Sarayonu Vocational School, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ayten Gök
- Selcuk University, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Agah Tekindal
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department Of Biostatistics And Medical Informatics, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Osman Erganis
- Selcuk University, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hashemi SA, Arzamani K, Abdollahpour G, Beheshti N, Alavinia M, Azimian A, Neela VK, van Belkum A, Ghasemzadeh-moghaddam H. Seroprevalence of Leptospira infection in occupational risk groups in North Khorasan province, Iran. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05983. [PMID: 33506135 PMCID: PMC7814158 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira spp. Earlier studies from North Khorasan province (Iran) reported the presence of Leptospira in wild canines and rodents. To date, there is no data on the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among humans in this province. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of human leptospiral infection among people with different occupations. The study was conducted in urban and rural areas of the province. Among the serum samples collected from 278 subjects, 3 (1.1%) showed positive reaction with titer of 1:100 by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Positive reactions were detected against Leptospira interrogans Canicola and L. interrogans icterohemorrhagic and all these samples were from livestock farmers (n = 3/106, 2.7%). The current study revealed that, though Leptospira infection is low in North Khorasan province, regular monitoring of the livestock and the farmers are important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Ahmad Hashemi
- Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
- School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Kourosh Arzamani
- Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Abdollahpour
- Leptospira Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Beheshti
- School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alavinia
- Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
- Toronto Rehabilitation Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amir Azimian
- School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Vasantha Kumari Neela
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Open Innovation & Partnerships, BioMerieux, Route de Port Michaud, 38390, La Balme Les Grottes, France
| | - Hamed Ghasemzadeh-moghaddam
- Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
- School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Naddaf SR, Mohabati R, Vahabpor R, Naeimi S, Eybpoosh S. Diagnosis of Leptospirosis in Febrile Patients of Golestan Province, Iran: Serology versus PCR. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/jommid.8.3.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
|
10
|
Detection of New Leptospira Genotypes Infecting Symptomatic Dogs: Is a New Vaccine Formulation Needed? Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060484. [PMID: 32570803 PMCID: PMC7350335 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis in dogs has been largely described worldwide, and epidemiological studies have been mainly based on serological data. This study aims to detect and genotype leptospires affecting symptomatic dogs in Northeast Italy between 2013 and 2019. Overall, 1631 dogs were tested using real-time PCR, and leptospires from 193 dogs were subjected to Multilocus Sequence Typing and a Multiple Loci Variable-number Tandem Repeat Analysis. Leptospires were successfully isolated from 15 symptomatic dogs. Six distinct Sequence Types (STs) were found for 135 leptospires, with 3 STs characterizing Leptospira interrogans (ST17, ST198 and ST24), 2 STs characterizing Leptospira kirschneri (ST117 and ST289) and 1 ST characterizing Leptospira borgpetersenii (ST155), revealing the circulation of the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, Sejroe and Pomona. The Multiple Loci Variable-number Tandem Repeat Analysis of 17 samples did not result in any additional discrimination. Genotypes were compared with those of strains present in the historical internal database, and possible transmission chains were identified from rat, mouse, hedgehog and pig. This work highlights the importance of molecular methods in revealing and identifying circulating Leptospira strains, and it also encourages the evaluation of the ability of commercially available vaccines to reduce the disease burden among dogs.
Collapse
|