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Li Q, Gu Y, Liang J, Yang Z, Qin J. A long journey to treat epilepsy with the gut microbiota. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1386205. [PMID: 38988662 PMCID: PMC11233807 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1386205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that affects approximately 10.5 million children worldwide. Approximately 33% of affected patients exhibit resistance to all available antiseizure medications, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown and there is no effective treatment. Increasing evidence has shown that an abnormal gut microbiota may be associated with epilepsy. The gut microbiota can influence the function of the brain through multiple pathways, including the neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and autonomic nervous systems. This review discusses the interactions between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract (the brain-gut axis) and the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. However, the exact gut microbiota involved in epileptogenesis is unknown, and no consistent results have been obtained based on current research. Moreover, the target that should be further explored to identify a novel antiseizure drug is unclear. The role of the gut microbiota in epilepsy will most likely be uncovered with the development of genomics technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinrui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Epilepsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Youyu Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Epilepsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Epilepsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixian Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Epilepsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiong Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Epilepsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Kowalski K, Żebrowska-Różańska P, Karpiński P, Kujawa D, Łaczmański Ł, Samochowiec J, Chęć M, Piotrowski P, Misiak B. Profiling gut microbiota signatures associated with the deficit subtype of schizophrenia: Findings from a case-control study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 127:110834. [PMID: 37473955 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported a variety of gut microbiota alterations in patients with schizophrenia. However, none of these studies has investigated gut microbiota in patients with the deficit subtype of schizophrenia (D-SCZ) that can be characterized by primary and enduring negative symptoms. Therefore, in this study we aimed to profile gut microbiota of individuals with D-SCZ, compared to those with non-deficit schizophrenia (ND-SCZ) and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS A total of 115 outpatients (44 individuals with D-SCZ and 71 individuals with ND-SCZ) during remission of positive and disorganization symptoms as well as 120 HCs were enrolled. Gut microbiota was analyzed using the 16 rRNA amplicon sequencing. Additionally, the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), glucose and lipid metabolism markers were determined in the peripheral blood samples. RESULTS Altogether 14 genera showed differential abundance in patients with D-SCZ compared to ND-SCZ and HCs, including Candidatus Soleaferrea, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Lachnospiraceae UCG-002, Lachnospiraceae UCG-004, Lachnospiraceae UCG-010, Libanicoccus, Limosilactobacillus, Mogibacterium, Peptococcus, Prevotella, Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, and Slackia after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Observed alterations were significantly associated with cognitive performance in both groups of patients. Moreover, several significant correlations of differentially abundant genera with the levels of CRP, lipid profile parameters, glucose and insulin were found across all subgroups of participants. CONCLUSION Findings from the present study indicate that individuals with D-SCZ show a distinct profile of gut microbiota alterations that is associated with cognitive performance, metabolic parameters and subclinical inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kowalski
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Żebrowska-Różańska
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Karpiński
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Kujawa
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Łaczmański
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chęć
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patryk Piotrowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Song W, Yan X, Zhai Y, Ren J, Wu T, Guo H, Song Y, Li X, Guo Y. Probiotics attenuate valproate-induced liver steatosis and oxidative stress in mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294363. [PMID: 37971986 PMCID: PMC10653412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Valproate (valproic acid, VPA), a drug for the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder, causes liver steatosis with enhanced oxidative stress. Accumulating evidences exhibite that gut microbiota plays an important role in progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, whether gut microbiota contributes to VPA-caused hepatic steatosis needs to be elucidated. A mixture of five probiotics was selected to investigate their effects on liver steatosis and oxidative stress in mice orally administered VPA for 30 days. Probiotics treatment significantly attenuated the hepatic lipid accumulation in VPA-treated mice via inhibiting the expression of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and distinct diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2). Meanwhile, probiotics exerted a protective effect against VPA-induced oxidative stress by decreasing the pro-oxidant cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) level and activating the Nrf2/antioxidant enzyme pathway. Moreover, VPA treatment altered the relative abundance of gut microbiota at the phylum, family and genera levels, while probiotics partially restored these changes. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that several specific genera and family were significantly correlated with liver steatosis and oxidative stress-related indicators. These results suggest that probiotics exert their health benefits in the abrogation of liver steatosis and oxidative stress in VPA-treated mice by manipulating the microbial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Song
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinrui Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Han Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Song
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, College of Fishery and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, China
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Kundu S, Nayak S, Rakshit D, Singh T, Shukla R, Khatri DK, Mishra A. The microbiome-gut-brain axis in epilepsy: pharmacotherapeutic target from bench evidence for potential bedside applications. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3557-3567. [PMID: 36880679 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis augments the bidirectional communication between the gut and brain and modulates gut homeostasis and the central nervous system through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, enteroendocrine system, neuroendocrine system, inflammatory and immune pathways. Preclinical and clinical reports showed that gut dysbiosis might play a major regulatory role in neurological diseases such as epilepsy, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease that causes recurrent and unprovoked seizures, and numerous risk factors are implicated in developing epilepsy. Advanced consideration of the gut-microbiota-brain axis can reduce ambiguity about epilepsy pathology, antiepileptic drugs, and effective therapeutic targets. Gut microbiota sequencing analysis reported that the level of Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Fusobacteria, and Firmicutes was increased and the level of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes was decreased in epilepsy patients. Clinical and preclinical studies also indicated that probiotics, ketogenic diet, faecal microbiota transplantation, and antibiotics can improve gut dysbiosis and alleviate seizure by enhancing the abundance of healthy biota. This study aims to give an overview of the connection between gut microbiota, and epilepsy, how gut microbiome changes may cause epilepsy, and whether gut microbiome restoration could be used as a treatment for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehashis Kundu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Sudipta Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Debarati Rakshit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Tanveer Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
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Thai K, Taylor MW, Fernandes T, Akinade EA, Campbell SL. Topiramate alters the gut microbiome to aid in its anti-seizure effect. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1242856. [PMID: 37942078 PMCID: PMC10629356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1242856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a growing interest in the role of the gut microbiota in epilepsy, however, it is unclear if anti-seizure medications (ASMs) play a role in the gut-brain axis. To test this, we investigated the impact of the ASM topiramate on the gut microbiome of mice. Methods C57BL/6J mice were administered topiramate in their drinking water for 5 weeks. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was performed on fecal samples collected at 5 weeks. Analysis of alpha diversity, beta diversity, and differential abundance were performed. Cecal contents were analyzed for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) composition. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindling was performed in saline, topiramate, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and topiramate and Lactobacillus johnsonii treated mice. Mice received PTZ injection every other day for a total of twelve injections, seizure activity was video monitored for 30 minutes and scored. Results and discussion Our study revealed that topiramate ingestion significantly increased Lactobacillus johnsonii in the gut microbiome of naïve mice. Treatment with topiramate and Lactobacillus johnsonii together, but not alone, reduced susceptibility to PTZ-induced seizures. Co-treatment also significantly increased the percent of butyrate and the abundance of butyrate-producing family Lachnospiraceae in the gut, and elevated the GABA/glutamate ratio in the cortex. Our results demonstrate that an ASM can alter the gut microbiome to aid in their anti-seizure effect in vivo and suggest the potential of the probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii as an adjunct therapy with topiramate in reducing seizure susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- K'Ehleyr Thai
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Michael W. Taylor
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Tatiane Fernandes
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Eunice A. Akinade
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Susan L. Campbell
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Misera A, Łoniewski I, Palma J, Kulaszyńska M, Czarnecka W, Kaczmarczyk M, Liśkiewicz P, Samochowiec J, Skonieczna-Żydecka K. Clinical significance of microbiota changes under the influence of psychotropic drugs. An updated narrative review. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1125022. [PMID: 36937257 PMCID: PMC10014913 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1125022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Relationship between drugs and microbiota is bilateral. Proper composition thus function of microbiota is a key to some medications used in modern medicine. However, there is also the other side of the coin. Pharmacotherapeutic agents can modify the microbiota significantly, which consequently affects its function. A recently published study showed that nearly 25% of drugs administered to humans have antimicrobial effects. Multiple antidepressants are antimicrobials,. and antibiotics with proven antidepressant effects do exist. On the other hand, antibiotics (e.g., isoniaside, minocycline) confer mental phenotype changes, and adverse effects caused by some antibiotics include neurological and psychological symptoms which further supports the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota may affect the function of the central nervous system. Here we gathered comprehensively data on drugs used in psychiatry regarding their antimicrobial properties. We believe our data has strong implications for the treatment of psychiatric entities. Nevertheless the study of ours highlights the need for more well-designed trials aimed at analysis of gut microbiota function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Misera
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Sanprobi sp. z o.o. sp.k., Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Palma
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Kulaszyńska
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Czarnecka
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Liśkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- *Correspondence: Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka,
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