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Chen YY, Huang JC, Wu CY, Yu SQ, Wang YT, Ye C, Shi TQ, Huang H. A comprehensive review on the recent advances for 5-aminolevulinic acid production by the engineered bacteria. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38705840 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2336532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid essential for synthesizing tetrapyrrole compounds, including heme, chlorophyll, cytochrome, and vitamin B12. As a plant growth regulator, 5-ALA is extensively used in agriculture to enhance crop yield and quality. The complexity and low yield of chemical synthesis methods have led to significant interest in the microbial synthesis of 5-ALA. Advanced strategies, including the: enhancement of precursor and cofactor supply, compartmentalization of key enzymes, product transporters engineering, by-product formation reduction, and biosensor-based dynamic regulation, have been implemented in bacteria for 5-ALA production, significantly advancing its industrialization. This article offers a comprehensive review of recent developments in 5-ALA production using engineered bacteria and presents new insights to propel the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Chen
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Cong Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cai-Yun Wu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi-Qin Yu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yue-Tong Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Production of 5-aminolevulinic Acid by Recombinant Streptomyces coelicolor Expressing hemA from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Seok J, Ko YJ, Lee ME, Hyeon JE, Han SO. Systems metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for the bioproduction of biliverdin via protoporphyrin independent pathway. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:28. [PMID: 30976317 PMCID: PMC6441180 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biliverdin, a prospective recyclable antioxidant and one of the most important precursors for optogenetics, has received growing attention. Biliverdin is currently produced by oxidation of bilirubin from mammalian bile using chemicals. However, unsustainable procedures of extraction, chemical oxidation, and isomer separation have prompted bio-based production using a microbial cell factory. Results In vitro thermodynamic analysis was performed to show potential candidates of bottleneck enzymes in the pathway to produce biliverdin. Among the candidates, hemA and hemL were overexpressed in Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce heme, precursor of biliverdin. To increase precursor supply, we suggested a novel hemQ-mediated coproporphyrin dependent pathway rather than noted hemN-mediated protoporphyrin dependent pathway in C. glutamicum. After securing precursors, hmuO was overexpressed to pull the carbon flow to produce biliverdin. Through modular optimization using gene rearrangements of hemA, hemL, hemQ, and hmuO, engineered C. glutamicum BV004 produced 11.38 ± 0.47 mg/L of biliverdin at flask scale. Fed-batch fermentations performed in 5 L bioreactor with minimal medium using glucose as a sole carbon source resulted in the accumulation of 68.74 ± 4.97 mg/L of biliverdin, the highest titer to date to the best of our knowledge. Conclusions We developed an eco-friendly microbial cell factory to produce biliverdin using C. glutamicum as a biosystem. Moreover, we suggested that C. glutamicum has the thermodynamically favorable coproporphyrin dependent pathway. This study indicated that C. glutamicum can work as a powerful platform to produce biliverdin as well as heme-related products based on the rational design with in vitro thermodynamic analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13036-019-0156-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Seok
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Ko
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Eun Lee
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Hyeon
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea.,2Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, 01133 Republic of Korea.,3Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health & Wellness, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, 01133 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ok Han
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
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Biosynthesis of organic photosensitizer Zn-porphyrin by diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR)-mediated global upregulation of engineered heme biosynthesis pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14460. [PMID: 30262872 PMCID: PMC6160403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Zn-porphyrin is a promising organic photosensitizer in various fields including solar cells, interface and biomedical research, but the biosynthesis study has been limited, probably due to the difficulty of understanding complex biosynthesis pathways. In this study, we developed a Corynebacterium glutamicum platform strain for the biosynthesis of Zn-coproporphyrin III (Zn-CP III), in which the heme biosynthesis pathway was efficiently upregulated. The pathway was activated and reinforced by strong promoter-induced expression of hemAM (encoding mutated glutamyl-tRNA reductase) and hemL (encoding glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase) genes. This engineered strain produced 33.54 ± 3.44 mg/l of Zn-CP III, while the control strain produced none. For efficient global regulation of the complex pathway, the dtxR gene encoding the transcriptional regulator diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) was first overexpressed in C. glutamicum with hemAM and hemL genes, and its combinatorial expression was improved by using effective genetic tools. This engineered strain biosynthesized 68.31 ± 2.15 mg/l of Zn-CP III. Finally, fed-batch fermentation allowed for the production of 132.09 mg/l of Zn-CP III. This titer represents the highest in bacterial production of Zn-CP III reported to date, to our knowledge. This study demonstrates that engineered C. glutamicum can be a robust biotechnological model for the production of photosensitizer Zn-porphyrin.
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Zhang B, Ye BC. Pathway engineering in Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114 for 5-aminolevulinic acid production. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:247. [PMID: 29744279 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a non-protein amino acid with a significant potential for cancer treatment and plant stress resistance. Microbial fermentation has gradually replaced the traditional chemical-based method for ALA production, thus increasing the need for high-ALA-producing strains. In this study, we engineered the glutamate producing strain, Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114, for ALA production. To efficiently convert l-glutamate to ALA, hemA and hemL from Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli were tandemly overexpressed. In addition, ncgl1221 encoding a glutamate transporter was deleted to block glutamate secretion and thus improve ALA production. Furthermore, the intrinsic ribosome-binding site (RBS) of hemB was replaced by a relatively weak RBS to reduce the conversion of ALA to porphyrin. Transcriptional and fermentation data confirmed that inactivation of lysE and putP reduced the conversion of glutamate to arginine and proline, which also contribute to ALA production. The final SA14 strain produced 895 mg/L concentration of ALA after 72 h incubation in a shake flask. This amount was 58-fold higher than that obtained by the parent strain C. glutamicum S9114. The results demonstrate the potential of C. glutamicum S9114 for efficient ALA production and provide new targets for the development of ALA-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
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Zhang X, Zhang J, Xu J, Zhao Q, Wang Q, Qi Q. Engineering Escherichia coli for efficient coproduction of polyhydroxyalkanoates and 5-aminolevulinic acid. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 45:43-51. [PMID: 29264661 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell biorefineries are an interesting strategy for using different components of feedstock to produce multiple high-value biochemicals. In this study, a strategy was applied to refine glucose and fatty acid to produce 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). To express the ALA and PHAs dual-production system efficiently and stably, multiple copies of the poly-β-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthesis operon were integrated into the chromosome of Escherichia coli DH5αΔpoxB. The above strain harboring the ALA C5 synthesis pathway genes hemA and hemL resulted in coproduction of 38.2% PHB (cell dry weight, CDW) and 3.2 g/L extracellular ALA. To explore coproduction of ALA and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), the PHBV synthetic pathway was also integrated into engineered E. coli and coexpressed with hemA and hemL; cells produced 38.9% PHBV (CDW) with 10.3 mol% 3HV fractions and 3.0 g/L ALA. The coproduction of ALA with PHB and PHBV can improve the utilization of carbon sources and maximize the value derived from the feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasheng Xu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
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Zhu L, Qian X, Chen D, Ge M. Role of two 5-aminolevulinic acid biosynthetic pathways in heme and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Amycolatopsis orientalis. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 58:198-205. [PMID: 29164655 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the Amycolatopsis orientalis genome revealed that two genes, hemA1 and hemA2, belonging to divergent pathways, were involved in the biosynthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid. The roles of hemA1 and hemA2 were elucidated via genetic manipulation and metabolite analysis. The disruption of hemA1, encoding the glutamyl-tRNAGlu reductase of the C5 pathway, was essential for cell growth and is used for heme synthesis. Overexpression of hemA1 resulted in elevated vancomycin and ECO-0501 production in Amycolatopsis orientalis, and it was also effective in increasing the production of daptomycin and natamycin in other Streptomycetes. The disruption of hemA2 indicated that it encodes the 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase of the Shemin pathway, serving as a key enzyme for the synthesis of the precursor aminohydroxycyclopentenone unit of ECO-0501. However, hemA2 disruption could not be complemented by the addition of 5-aminolevulinic acid or by the expression of hemA2 outside of the ECO-0501 gene cluster. The synthesis of ECO-0501 was only restored by the insertion of hemA2 at its original locus. The hemA2 gene could partly complement the hemA1 deficiency. Overexpression of hemA1, a key gene from the heme biosynthetic pathway, is proposed here as a new approach to improve the production of secondary metabolites in bacteria, whereas hemA2 plays different roles depending on its pattern of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Laiyi Center for Biopharmaceutical R&D, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuping Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daijie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Ge
- Shanghai Laiyi Center for Biopharmaceutical R&D, Shanghai, China
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Li Z, Liu JZ. Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Putrescine Production in Metabolically Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1987. [PMID: 29089930 PMCID: PMC5650995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Putrescine is widely used in industrial production of bioplastics, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and surfactants. Although engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum has been successfully used to produce high levels of putrescine, the overall cellular physiological and metabolic changes caused by overproduction of putrescine remains unclear. To reveal the transcriptional changes that occur in response to putrescine production in an engineered C. glutamicum strain, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was carried out. Overproduction of putrescine resulted in transcriptional downregulation of genes involved in glycolysis; the TCA cycle, pyruvate degradation, biosynthesis of some amino acids, oxidative phosphorylation; vitamin biosynthesis (thiamine and vitamin 6), metabolism of purine, pyrimidine and sulfur, and ATP-, NAD-, and NADPH-consuming enzymes. The transcriptional levels of genes involved in ornithine biosynthesis and NADPH-forming related enzymes were significantly upregulated in the putrescine producing C. glutamicum strain PUT-ALE. Comparative transcriptomic analysis provided some genetic modification strategies to further improve putrescine production. Repressing ATP- and NADPH-consuming enzyme coding gene expression via CRISPRi enhanced putrescine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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5-Aminolevulinic acid production from inexpensive glucose by engineering the C4 pathway in Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:1127-1135. [PMID: 28382525 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the first committed intermediate for natural biosynthesis of tetrapyrrole compounds, has recently drawn intensive attention due to its broad potential applications. In this study, we describe the construction of recombinant Escherichia coli strains for ALA production from glucose via the C4 pathway. The hemA gene from Rhodobacter capsulatus was optimally overexpressed using a ribosome binding site engineering strategy, which enhanced ALA production substantially from 20 to 689 mg/L. Following optimization of biosynthesis pathways towards coenzyme A and precursor (glycine and succinyl-CoA), and downregulation of hemB expression, the production of ALA was further increased to 2.81 g/L in batch-fermentation.
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