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Pradhan P, Taviti AC, Beuria TK. The bacterial division protein MinDE has an independent function in flagellation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107117. [PMID: 38403244 PMCID: PMC10963238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Before preparing for division, bacteria stop their motility. During the exponential growth phase in Escherichia coli, when the rate of bacterial division is highest, the expression of flagellar genes is repressed and bacterial adhesion is enhanced. Hence, it is evident that cell division and motility in bacteria are linked; however, the specific molecular mechanism by which these two processes are linked is not known. While observing E. coli, we found that compared to the WT, the E. coli (Δmin) cells show higher motility and flagellation. We demonstrated that the higher motility was due to the absence of the Min system and can be restored to normal in the presence of Min proteins, where Min system negatively regulates flagella formation. The Min system in E. coli is widely studied for its role in the inhibition of polar Z-ring formation through its pole-to-pole oscillation. However, its role in bacterial motility is not explored. MinD homologs, FlhG and FleN, are known to control flagellar expression through their interaction with FlrA and FleQ, respectively. AtoC, a part of the two-component system AtoSC complex, is homologous to FlrA/FleQ, and the complex is involved in E. coli flagellation via its interaction with the fliA promoter. We have shown that MinD interacts directly with the AtoS of AtoSC complex and controls the fliA expression. Our findings suggest that the Min system acts as a link between cell division and motility in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinkilata Pradhan
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ashoka Chary Taviti
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Tushar Kant Beuria
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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Insights into the Virulence of Campylobacter jejuni Associated with Two-Component Signal Transduction Systems and Single Regulators. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the major aetiologies of diarrhoea. Understanding the processes and virulence factors contributing to C. jejuni fitness is a cornerstone for developing mitigation strategies. Two-component signal transduction systems, known as two-component systems (TCSs), along with single regulators with no obvious cognate histidine kinase, help pathogens in interacting with their environments, but the available literature on C. jejuni is limited. A typical TCS possesses histidine kinase and response regulator proteins. The objective of this review was to provide insights into the virulence of C. jejuni associated with TCSs and single regulators. Despite limited research, TCSs are important contributors to the pathogenicity of C. jejuni by influencing motility (FlgSR), colonisation (DccRS), nutrient acquisition (PhosSR and BumSR), and stress response (RacRS). Of the single regulators, CbrR and CosR are involved in bile resistance and oxidative stress response, respectively. Cross-talks among TCSs complicate the full elucidation of their molecular mechanisms. Although progress has been made in characterising C. jejuni TCSs, shortfalls such as triggering signals, inability to induce mutations in some genes, or developing suitable in vivo models are still being encountered. Further research is expected to shed light on the unexplored sides of the C. jejuni TCSs, which may allow new drug discoveries and better control strategies.
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3
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Investigating the role of BN-domains of FlhF involved in flagellar synthesis in Campylobacter jejuni. Microbiol Res 2021; 256:126944. [PMID: 34952396 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
FlhF protein is critical for intact flagellar assembly in Campylobacter jejuni. It is a putative GTPase with B-, N- and G-domains. However, the role of the B- and N-domains in flagella biosynthesis remains unclear in C. jejuni. This study demonstrated that both the B- and N-domains are essential for flagellar synthesis, with the absence of B- and/or N-domains showing truncated variants of FlhF by TEM. Point mutations in the B- and N-domains (T13A, K159A, G231A) also induced flagella abnormalities. Furthermore, significant defects in GTPase activity and polar targeting of FlhF were triggered by point mutations of B- and N-domains. Flagella gene expression and transcription were also significantly disrupted in flhF(T13A), flhF(K159A) and flhF(G231A) strains. This study initially explored the effects of B- and N-domains on flagella synthesis. We speculated that B- and N-domains may directly or indirectly cause flagella abnormalities by affecting flagellar gene expression or GTPase activity, which helps us better understand the function of FlhF in flagella synthesis.
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4
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Qian J, Zhang M, Dai C, Huo S, Ma H. Transcriptomic analysis of Listeria monocytogenes under pulsed magnetic field treatment. Food Res Int 2020; 133:109195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Mazzantini D, Fonnesu R, Celandroni F, Calvigioni M, Vecchione A, Mrusek D, Bange G, Ghelardi E. GTP-Dependent FlhF Homodimer Supports Secretion of a Hemolysin in Bacillus cereus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:879. [PMID: 32435240 PMCID: PMC7218170 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The multidomain (B-NG) protein FlhF, a flagellar biogenesis regulator in several bacteria, is the third paralog of the signal recognition particle (SRP)-GTPases Ffh and FtsY, which are known to drive protein-delivery to the plasma membrane. Previously, we showed that FlhF is required for Bacillus cereus pathogenicity in an insect model of infection, being essential for physiological peritrichous flagellation, for motility, and for the secretion of virulence proteins. Among these proteins, we found that the L2 component of hemolysin BL, one of the most powerful toxins B. cereus produces, was drastically reduced by the FlhF depletion. Herein, we demonstrate that B. cereus FlhF forms GTP-dependent homodimers in vivo since the replacement of residues critical for their GTP-dependent homodimerization alters this ability. The protein directly or indirectly controls flagellation by affecting flagellin-gene transcription and its overproduction leads to a hyperflagellated phenotype. On the other hand, FlhF does not affect the expression of the L2-encoding gene (hblC), but physically binds L2 when in its homodimeric form, recruiting the protein to the plasma membrane for secretion. We additionally show that FlhF overproduction increases L2 secretion and that the FlhF/L2 interaction requires the NG domain of FlhF. Our findings demonstrate the peculiar behavior of B. cereus FlhF, which is required for the correct flagellar pattern and acts as SRP-GTPase in the secretion of a bacterial toxin subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Mazzantini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Fonnesu
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Celandroni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Calvigioni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vecchione
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Devid Mrusek
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gert Bange
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Emilia Ghelardi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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6
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Li X, Ren F, Cai G, Huang P, Chai Q, Gundogdu O, Jiao X, Huang J. Investigating the Role of FlhF Identifies Novel Interactions With Genes Involved in Flagellar Synthesis in Campylobacter jejuni. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:460. [PMID: 32265885 PMCID: PMC7105676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FlhF is a key protein required for complete flagellar synthesis, and its deletion results in the complete absence of a flagella and thus motility in Campylobacter jejuni. However, the specific mechanism still remains unknown. In this study, RNA-Seq, EMSAs, ChIP-qPCR and β-Galactosidase assays were performed to elucidate the novel interactions between FlhF and genes involved in flagellar synthesis. Results showed that FlhF has an overall influence on the transcription of flagellar genes with an flhF mutant displaying down-regulation of most flagellar related genes. FlhF can directly bind to the flgI promoter to regulate its expression, which has significant expression change in an flhF mutant. The possible binding site of FlhF to the flgI promoter was explored by continuously narrowing the flgI promoter region and performing further point mutations. Meanwhile, FlhF can directly bind to the promoters of rpoD, flgS, and fliA encoding early flagellin regulators, thereby directly or indirectly regulating the synthesis of class I, II, and III flagellar genes, respectively. Collectively, this study demonstrates that FlhF may directly regulate the transcription of flagellar genes by binding to their promoters as a transcriptional regulator, which will be helpful in understanding the mechanism of FlhF in flagellar biosynthetic and bacterial flagellation in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fangzhe Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Pingyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qinwen Chai
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
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7
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Zhang K, He J, Cantalano C, Guo Y, Liu J, Li C. FlhF regulates the number and configuration of periplasmic flagella in Borrelia burgdorferi. Mol Microbiol 2020; 113:1122-1139. [PMID: 32039533 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Lyme disease bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi has 7-11 periplasmic flagella (PF) that arise from the cell poles and extend toward the midcell as a flat-ribbon, which is distinct from other bacteria. FlhF, a signal recognition particle (SRP)-like GTPase, has been found to regulate the flagellar number and polarity; however, its role in B. burgdorferi remains unknown. B. burgdorferi has an FlhF homolog (BB0270). Structural and biochemical analyses show that BB0270 has a similar structure and enzymatic activity as its counterparts from other bacteria. Genetics and cryo-electron tomography studies reveal that deletion of BB0270 leads to mutant cells that have less PF (4 ± 2 PF per cell tip) and fail to form a flat-ribbon, indicative of a role of BB0270 in the control of PF number and configuration. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that BB0270 localizes at the cell poles and controls the number and position of PF via regulating the flagellar protein stability and the polar localization of the MS-ring protein FliF. Our study not only provides the detailed characterizations of BB0270 and its profound impacts on flagellar assembly, morphology and motility in B. burgdorferi, but also unveils mechanistic insights into how spirochetes control their unique flagellar patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jun He
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Claudio Cantalano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Youzhong Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chunhao Li
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Negretti NM, Clair G, Talukdar PK, Gourley CR, Huynh S, Adkins JN, Parker CT, Corneau CM, Konkel ME. Campylobacter jejuni Demonstrates Conserved Proteomic and Transcriptomic Responses When Co-cultured With Human INT 407 and Caco-2 Epithelial Cells. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:755. [PMID: 31031730 PMCID: PMC6470190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major foodborne bacterial pathogens, such as Campylobacter jejuni, have devised complex strategies to establish and foster intestinal infections. For more than two decades, researchers have used immortalized cell lines derived from human intestinal tissue to dissect C. jejuni-host cell interactions. Known from these studies is that C. jejuni virulence is multifactorial, requiring a coordinated response to produce virulence factors that facilitate host cell interactions. This study was initiated to identify C. jejuni proteins that contribute to adaptation to the host cell environment and cellular invasion. We demonstrated that C. jejuni responds to INT 407 and Caco-2 cells in a similar fashion at the cellular and molecular levels. Active protein synthesis was found to be required for C. jejuni to maximally invade these host cells. Proteomic and transcriptomic approaches were then used to define the protein and gene expression profiles of C. jejuni co-cultured with cells. By focusing on those genes showing increased expression by C. jejuni when co-cultured with epithelial cells, we discovered that C. jejuni quickly adapts to co-culture with epithelial cells by synthesizing gene products that enable it to acquire specific amino acids for growth, scavenge for inorganic molecules including iron, resist reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, and promote host cell interactions. Based on these findings, we selected a subset of the genes involved in chemotaxis and the regulation of flagellar assembly and generated C. jejuni deletion mutants for phenotypic analysis. Binding and internalization assays revealed significant differences in the interaction of C. jejuni chemotaxis and flagellar regulatory mutants. The identification of genes involved in C. jejuni adaptation to culture with host cells provides new insights into the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Negretti
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Geremy Clair
- Integrative Omics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Prabhat K. Talukdar
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Christopher R. Gourley
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Joshua N. Adkins
- Integrative Omics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Craig T. Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Colby M. Corneau
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michael E. Konkel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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9
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Liang L, Connerton IF. FlhF(T368A) modulates motility in the bacteriophage carrier state of Campylobacter jejuni. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:616-633. [PMID: 30230632 PMCID: PMC6282759 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The carrier state is an alternative bacteriophage life cycle by which virulent bacteriophage can persist in association with host bacteria. Campylobacter jejuni carrier state strains exhibit growth phase dependent motility due to a truncated flagella phenotype. Genome sequencing identified a T368A substitution in the G3 domain of the SRP-like GTPase FlhF from C. jejuni PT14CP30A carrier state strains, which we hypothesized to be the cause of the complex motility phenotype. We have analyzed the role of this mutation in C. jejuni PT14 and demonstrated that flhF(T368A) leads to a large proportion of cells unable to synthesize flagella, while the remaining cells form a single flagellum at one pole leading to significantly reduced motility. The flhF(T368A) mutation causes a reduction in the phage adsorption constant, which leads to a decrease in infection efficiency. Down-regulation of σ28 and σ54 dependent flagellar genes were observed as responses to the flhF(T368A) mutation. FlhF(T368A) protein is impaired in GTPase activity and exhibits reduced stability. C. jejuni carrying flhF(T368A) are less sensitive to bacteriophage infection and formation of the carrier state. The acquisition of flhF(T368A) in carrier state strains acts to prevent super-infection and maintain association with the bacteriophage that provoked the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liang
- Division of Food Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Ian F. Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
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Ren F, Li X, Tang H, Jiang Q, Yun X, Fang L, Huang P, Tang Y, Li Q, Huang J, Jiao XA. Insights into the impact of flhF inactivation on Campylobacter jejuni colonization of chick and mice gut. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:149. [PMID: 30348090 PMCID: PMC6196472 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. This bacterium lacks many of the classical virulence factors, and flagellum-associated persistent colonization has been shown to be crucial for its pathogenesis. The flagellum plays a multifunctional role in C. jejuni pathogenesis, and different flagellar elements make diverse contributions. The flhF gene encodes the flagellar biosynthesis regulator, which is important for flagellar biosynthesis. In this study, the influence of flhF on C. jejuni colonization was systematically studied, and the possible mechanisms were also analyzed. Results The flhF gene has a significant influence on C. jejuni colonization, and its inactivation resulted in severe defects in the commensal colonization of chicks, with approximately 104- to 107-fold reductions (for NCTC 11168 and a C. jejuni isolate respectively) observed in the bacterial caecal loads. Similar effects were observed in mice where the flhF mutant strain completely lost the ability to continuously colonize mice, which cleared the isolate at 7 days post inoculation. Characterization of the phenotypic properties of C. jejuni that influence colonization showed that the adhesion and invasion abilities of the C. jejuni flhF mutant were reduced to approximately 52 and 27% of that of the wild-type strain, respectively. The autoagglutination and biofilm-formation abilities of the flhF mutant strain were also significantly decreased. Further genetic investigation revealed that flhF is continuously upregulated during the infection process, which indicates a close association of this gene with C. jejuni pathogenesis. The transcription of some other infection-related genes that are not directly involved in flagellar assembly were also influenced by its inactivation, with the flagellar coexpressed determinants (Feds) being apparently affected. Conclusions Inactivation of flhF has a significant influence on C. jejuni colonization in both birds and mammals. This defect may be caused by the decreased adhesion, invasion, autoagglutination and biofilm-formation abilities of the flhF mutant strain, as well as the influence on the transcription of other infection related genes, which provides insights into this virulence factor and the flagellum mediated co-regulation of C. jejuni pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1318-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhe Ren
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qidong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Yun
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pingyu Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyue Tang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinlin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xin-An Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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