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Ji S, Liu B, Han J, Kong N, Yang Y, Wang Y, Liu Z. Decrypting biocontrol functions and application modes by genomes data of three Trichoderma Strains/Species. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 172:103889. [PMID: 38513939 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Trichoderma is an excellent biocontrol agent, but most Trichoderma genomes remained at the scaffold level, which greatly limits the research of biocontrol mechanism. Here, we reported the chromosome-level genome of Trichoderma harzianum CGMCC20739 (Tha739), T. asperellum CGMCC11653 (Tas653) and T. atroviride CGMCC40488 (Tat488), they were assembled into 7 chromosomes, genome size were 40 Mb (10,611 genes), 37.3 Mb (10,102 genes) and 36.3 Mb (9,896 genes), respectively. The positive selected genes of three strains were associated to response to stimulus, signaling transduction, immune system and localization. Furthermore, the number of transcription factors in Tha739, Tas653 and Tat488 strains had significant difference, which may contribute to the differential biocontrol function and stress tolerance. The genes related to signal transduction and gene clusters related to antimicrobial compounds in Tha739 were more than those in Tas653 and Tat488, which showed Tha739 may keenly sense other fungi and quickly secret antimicrobial compounds to inhibit other fungi. Tha739 also contained more genes associated to detoxification, antioxidant and nutrition utilization, indicating it had higher stress-tolerance to hostile environments. And the substrate for synthesizing IAA in Tha739 was mainly 3-indole acetonitrile and indole acetaldehyde, but in Tat488, it was indole-3-acetamide, moreover, Tha739 secreted more phosphatase and phytase and was more related to soil phosphorus metabolism, Tat488 secreted more urease and was more related to soil nitrogen metabolism. These candidate genes related to biocontrol function and stress-tolerance laid foundations for construction of functional strains. All above proved the difference in biocontrol function of Tha739, Tas653 and Tat488 strains, however, the defects in individual strains could be compensated for through Trichoderma-biome during the commercial application process of biocontrol Trichoderma strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Ji
- College of Forestry, ShenYang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; College of Horticulture, ShenYang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Forestry, ShenYang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jing Han
- College of Forestry, ShenYang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ning Kong
- College of Forestry, ShenYang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- College of Forestry, ShenYang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- College of Forestry, ShenYang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Zhihua Liu
- College of Forestry, ShenYang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China.
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Liu B, Han J, Zhang H, Li Y, An Y, Ji S, Liu Z. The regulatory pathway of transcription factor MYB36 from Trichoderma asperellum Tas653 resistant to poplar leaf blight pathogen Alternaria alternata Aal004. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127637. [PMID: 38382286 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In fungi, MYB transcription factors (TFs) mainly regulate growth, development, and resistance to stress. However, as major disease-resistance TFs, they have rarely been studied in biocontrol fungi. In this study, MYB36 of Trichoderma asperellum Tas653 (Ta) was shown to respond strongly to the stress caused by Alternaria alternata Aa1004. Compared with wild-type Ta (Ta-Wt), the inhibition rate of the MYB36 knockout strain (Ta-Kn) on Aa1004 decreased by 11.06%; the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities decreased by 82.15 U/g, 0.19 OD470/min/g, and 1631.2 μmol/min/g, respectively. The MYB36 overexpression strain (Ta-Oe) not only enhanced hyperparasitism on Aa1004, caused its hyphae to swell, deform, or even rupture, but also reduced the incidence rate of poplar leaf blight. MYB36 regulates downstream (TFs, detoxification genes, defense genes, and other antifungal-related genes by binding to the cis-acting elements "ACAT" and "ATCG". Zinc finger TFs, as the main antifungal TFs, account for 90% of the total TFs, and Zn37.5 (23.24-) and Zn83.7 (23.18-fold) showed the greatest expression difference when regulated directly by MYB36. The detoxification genes mainly comprised 11 major major facilitator superfamily (MFS) genes, among which MYB36 directly increased the expression levels of three genes by more than 2-3.44-fold. The defense genes mainly encoded cytochrome P450 (P450) and hydrolases. e.g., P45061.3 (2-10.95-), P45060.2 (2-7.07-), and Hyd44.6 (2-2.30-fold). This study revealed the molecular mechanism of MYB36 regulation of the resistance of T. asperellum to A. alternata and provides theoretical guidance for the biocontrol of poplar leaf blight and the anti-disease mechanism of biocontrol fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jing Han
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Modern Agricultural Industry Research Institute of Henan Zhoukou National Agricultural High-tech Industry Demonstration Zone, Zhoukou Normal University, Henan 466000, China
| | - Yuxiao Li
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yibo An
- National Forestry and Grassland National Reserve Forest Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing Forestry Investment and Development Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Shida Ji
- Horticultural College of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Contreras-Cornejo HA, Schmoll M, Esquivel-Ayala BA, González-Esquivel CE, Rocha-Ramírez V, Larsen J. Mechanisms for plant growth promotion activated by Trichoderma in natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127621. [PMID: 38295679 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are free-living fungi present in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems. These soil fungi can stimulate plant growth and increase plant nutrient acquisition of macro- and micronutrients and water uptake. Generally, plant growth promotion by Trichoderma is a consequence of the activity of potent fungal signaling metabolites diffused in soil with hormone-like activity, including indolic compounds as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) produced at concentrations ranging from 14 to 234 μg l-1, and volatile organic compounds such as sesquiterpene isoprenoids (C15), 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PP) and ethylene (ET) produced at levels from 10 to 120 ng over a period of six days, which in turn, might impact plant endogenous signaling mechanisms orchestrated by plant hormones. Plant growth stimulation occurs without the need of physical contact between both organisms and/or during root colonization. When associated with plants Trichoderma may cause significant biochemical changes in plant content of carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids and lipids, as detected in Arabidopsis thaliana, maize (Zea mays), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), which may improve the plant health status during the complete life cycle. Trichoderma-induced plant beneficial effects such as mechanisms of defense and growth are likely to be inherited to the next generations. Depending on the environmental conditions perceived by the fungus during its interaction with plants, Trichoderma can reprogram and/or activate molecular mechanisms commonly modulated by IAA, ET and abscisic acid (ABA) to induce an adaptative physiological response to abiotic stress, including drought, salinity, or environmental pollution. This review, provides a state of the art overview focused on the canonical mechanisms of these beneficial fungi involved in plant growth promotion traits under different environmental scenarios and shows new insights on Trichoderma metabolites from different chemical classes that can modulate specific plant growth aspects. Also, we suggest new research directions on Trichoderma spp. and their secondary metabolites with biological activity on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexon Angel Contreras-Cornejo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Innovación Ecotecnológica para la Sustentabilidad (LANIES), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), UNAM, Mexico; IIES-UNAM, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre of Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Blanca Alicia Esquivel-Ayala
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Facultad de Biología, Edificio B4, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Carlos E González-Esquivel
- Laboratorio Nacional de Innovación Ecotecnológica para la Sustentabilidad (LANIES), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), UNAM, Mexico; IIES-UNAM, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Victor Rocha-Ramírez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Innovación Ecotecnológica para la Sustentabilidad (LANIES), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), UNAM, Mexico; IIES-UNAM, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - John Larsen
- Laboratorio Nacional de Innovación Ecotecnológica para la Sustentabilidad (LANIES), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), UNAM, Mexico; IIES-UNAM, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
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Li Q, Lin W, Zhang X, Wang M, Zheng Y, Wang X, Gao G, Li Y, Zhao D, Zhang C. Transcriptomics integrated with metabolomics reveal the competitive relationship between co-cultured Trichoderma asperellum HG1 and Bacillus subtilis Tpb55. Microbiol Res 2024; 280:127598. [PMID: 38176360 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Microbial co-culture has proven to be an effective way to improve the ability of microorganisms to biocontrol. However, the interactive mechanisms of co-cultural microbes, especially between fungi and bacteria, have rarely been studied. By comparative analysis of morphology, transcriptomics and metabolomics, the interactive mechanisms of a sequential co-culture system of Trichoderma asperellum HG1 and Bacillus subtilis Tpb55 was explored in this study. The results revealed that co- culture has no significant effect on the growth and cell morphology of the two strains, but lead to mycelium wrinkling of HG1. RNA-seq analysis showed that co-culture significantly upregulated the HG1 genes concerning amino acid degradation and metabolism, proteolysis, resisting environmental stress, cell homeostasis, glycolysis, the glyoxylate cycle, and the citric acid (TCA) cycle, while Tpb55 genes related to cell homeostasis, spore formation and membrane fluidization were significantly upregulated, but genes associating to TCA, glycolytic cycles and fatty acid β-oxidation were significantly downregulated. Metabolomic results revealed that some amino acids related to energy metabolism were significantly altered in HG1, whereas palmitic acid, which is related to cell membrane functions, was upregulated in Tpb55. These results indicated that HG1 could interfere with carbon metabolism and cell membrane fluidity, but accelerate spore formation of Tpb55. Biophysical assays further convinced that co-culture could decrease ATP content and inhibit ATPase activity in HG1, and could promote spore formation and reduce the cell membrane fluidity of Tpb55. In addition, co-culture also accelerated the production of intracellular anti-oomycete compound octhilinone. The above results indicate that HG1 and Tpb55 are mainly in a competitive relationship in the co culture system. These findings provide new insights for understanding the interaction mechanism between co cultured microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Li
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Nanping Branch of Fujian Tobacco Company, Nanping 353000, China
| | - Xifen Zhang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yanfen Zheng
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xianbo Wang
- Zunyi Branch of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Gui Gao
- Southwest Guizhou Prefecture Branch of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Xingyi 562400, China
| | - Yiqiang Li
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Donglin Zhao
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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Wang Y, Wang J, Zhu X, Wang W. Genome and transcriptome sequencing of Trichoderma harzianum T4, an important biocontrol fungus of Rhizoctonia solani, reveals genes related to mycoparasitism. Can J Microbiol 2024; 70:86-101. [PMID: 38314685 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2023-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum is a well-known biological control strain and a mycoparasite of Rhizoctonia solani. To explore the mechanisms of mycoparasitism, the genome and transcriptome of T. harzianum T4 were both assembled and analyzed in this study. The genome of T. harzianum T4 was assembled into 106 scaffolds, sized 41.25 Mb, and annotated with a total of 8118 predicted genes. We analyzed the transcriptome of T. harzianum T4 against R. solani in a dual culture in three culture periods: before contact (BC), during contact (C), and after contact (AC). Transcriptome sequencing identified 1092, 1222, and 2046 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. These DEGs, which are involved in pathogen recognition and signal transduction, hydrolase, transporters, antibiosis, and defense-related functional genes, are significantly upregulated in the mycoparasitism process. The results of genome and transcriptome analysis indicated that the mycoparasitism process of T. harzianum T4 was very complex. T. harzianum successfully recognizes and invades host cells and kills plant pathogens by regulating various DEGs at different culture periods. The relative expression levels of the 26 upregulated DEGs were confirmed by RT-qPCR to validate the reliability of the transcriptome data. The results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying T. harzianum T4's mycoparasitic processes, and they provide a potential molecular target for the biological control mechanism of T. harzianum T4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Tomah AA, Alamer ISA, Khattak AA, Ahmed T, Hatamleh AA, Al-Dosary MA, Ali HM, Wang D, Zhang J, Xu L, Li B. Potential of Trichoderma virens HZA14 in Controlling Verticillium Wilt Disease of Eggplant and Analysis of Its Genes Responsible for Microsclerotial Degradation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3761. [PMID: 37960117 PMCID: PMC10649075 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes vascular wilt diseases in a wide range of economically important crops, including eggplant. Trichoderma spp. are effective biological control agents that suppress a wide range of plant pathogens through a variety of mechanisms, including mycoparasitism. However, the molecular mechanisms of mycoparasitism of Trichoderma spp. in the degradation of microsclerotia of V. dahliae are not yet fully understood. In this study, the ability of 15 isolates of Trichoderma to degrade microsclerotia of V. dahliae was evaluated using a dual culture method. After 15 days, isolate HZA14 showed the greatest potential for microsclerotial degradation. The culture filtrate of isolate HZA14 also significantly inhibited the mycelial growth and conidia germination of V. dahliae at different dilutions. Moreover, this study showed that T. virens produced siderophores and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). In disease control tests, T. virens HZA14 reduced disease severity in eggplant seedlings by up to 2.77%, resulting in a control efficacy of 96.59% at 30 days after inoculation. Additionally, inoculation with an HZA14 isolate increased stem and root length and fresh and dry weight, demonstrating plant growth promotion efficacy. To further investigate the mycoparasitism mechanism of T. virens HZA14, transcriptomics sequencing and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of T. virens HZA14 at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days of the interaction with microsclerotia of V. dahliae. In contrast to the control group, the mycoparasitic process of T. virens HZA14 exhibited differential gene expression, with 1197, 1758, 1936, and 1914 genes being up-regulated and 1191, 1963, 2050, and 2114 genes being down-regulated, respectively. Among these genes, enzymes associated with the degradation of microsclerotia, such as endochitinase A1, endochitinase 3, endo-1,3-beta-glucanase, alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, laccase-1, and peroxidase were predicted based on bioinformatics analysis. The RT-qPCR results confirmed the RNA-sequencing data, showing that the expression trend of the genes was consistent. These results provide important information for understanding molecular mechanisms of microsclerotial degradation and integrated management of Verticillium wilt in eggplant and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Athafah Tomah
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (A.A.T.); (I.S.A.A.); (A.A.K.); (T.A.); (J.Z.)
- Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Misan, Al-Amarah 62001, Maysan Province, Iraq
| | - Iman Sabah Abd Alamer
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (A.A.T.); (I.S.A.A.); (A.A.K.); (T.A.); (J.Z.)
- Plant Protection, Agriculture Directorate, Al-Amarah 62001, Maysan Province, Iraq
| | - Arif Ali Khattak
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (A.A.T.); (I.S.A.A.); (A.A.K.); (T.A.); (J.Z.)
| | - Temoor Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (A.A.T.); (I.S.A.A.); (A.A.K.); (T.A.); (J.Z.)
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China
| | - Ashraf Atef Hatamleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.H.); (M.A.A.-D.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Munirah Abdullah Al-Dosary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.H.); (M.A.A.-D.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Hayssam M. Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.H.); (M.A.A.-D.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Daoze Wang
- Hangzhou Rural Revitalization Service Center, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Jingze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (A.A.T.); (I.S.A.A.); (A.A.K.); (T.A.); (J.Z.)
| | - Lihui Xu
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (A.A.T.); (I.S.A.A.); (A.A.K.); (T.A.); (J.Z.)
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Saldaña-Mendoza SA, Pacios-Michelena S, Palacios-Ponce AS, Chávez-González ML, Aguilar CN. Trichoderma as a biological control agent: mechanisms of action, benefits for crops and development of formulations. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:269. [PMID: 37532771 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the food and economic losses generated by the attack of phytopathogens on the agricultural sector constitute a severe problem. Conventional crop protection techniques based on the application of synthetic pesticides to combat these undesirable microorganisms have also begun to represent an inconvenience since the excessive use of these substances is associated with contamination problems and severe damage to the health of farmers, consumers, and communities surrounding the fields, as well as the generation of resistance by the phytopathogens to be combated. Using biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma to mitigate the attack of phytopathogens represents an alternative to synthetic pesticides, safe for health and the environment. This work explains the mechanisms of action through which Trichoderma exerts biological control, some of the beneficial aspects that it confers to the development of crops through its symbiotic interaction with plants, and the bioremedial effects that it presents in fields contaminated by synthetic pesticides. Also, detail the production of spore-based biopesticides through fermentation processes and formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador A Saldaña-Mendoza
- Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza S/N, República Oriente, C.P.25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, México
| | - Sandra Pacios-Michelena
- Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza S/N, República Oriente, C.P.25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, México
| | - Arturo S Palacios-Ponce
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Mónica L Chávez-González
- Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza S/N, República Oriente, C.P.25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, México
| | - Cristóbal N Aguilar
- Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza S/N, República Oriente, C.P.25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, México.
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Zhang P, Xie G, Wang L, Xing Y. Bacillus velezensis BY6 Promotes Growth of Poplar and Improves Resistance Contributing to the Biocontrol of Armillaria solidipes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122472. [PMID: 36557725 PMCID: PMC9781154 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the application of endophyte Bacillus velezensis BY6 from the xylem of poplar, the effect of BY6 on the growth of diseased Populus davidiana × Populus. alba var. pyramidalis Louche (Pdpap poplar) seedlings and the biological control effect on the pathogen Armillaria solidipes were tested using a plant split-root experiment. After applying BY6 to the roots of diseased Pdpap poplar seedlings, the results show that plant growth indicators (dry mass, fresh mass, and plant height) were significantly increased (p < 0.05), and genes related to auxin hormone signal transcription were activated. BY6 indicated a surprising control effect after the inoculation of diseased Pdpap poplar seedlings. Compared to the infected control group, the treated disease index of the diseased Pdpap poplar seedlings in the treatment group were reduced by 49.53% on the 20th day. The relative staining areas of diaminobenzidine (DAB) and Trypan blue decreased by 3.37 and 7.31 times, respectively. The physiological indicators (soluble sugar and protein) and oxidase indicators were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The expression levels of defense genes related to salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Amazingly, the results indicate that BY6 simultaneously activates induced systemic resistance (ISR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in diseased Pdpap poplar seedlings and promotes growth. The results indicate that BY6 is a promising candidate for developing forest tree biofertilizers and biopesticides.
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Contreras-Cornejo HA, Macías-Rodríguez L, Larsen J. The Role of Secondary Metabolites in Rhizosphere Competence of Trichoderma. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Analysis of TabZIP15 transcription factor from Trichoderma asperellum ACCC30536 and its function under pathogenic toxin stress. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15084. [PMID: 32934312 PMCID: PMC7493895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72226-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The TabZIP15 gene encoding a 396 amino acid (aa) polypeptide in the fungus Trichoderma asperellum ACCC30536 was cloned and characterised. The protein includes a basic region motif (NR-x2-QR-x2-R) and has a pillar-like structure. The 25 basic region/leucine zipper transcription factors (TFs) identified in the T. asperellum genome were divided into YAP (14 TFs), ATF2 (5), GCN4 (2), Zip1 (2), BRLZ (1) and u1 (1) subfamilies based on conserved domains. T. asperellum was cultured in minimal media (MM) control, C-Hungry and N-Hungry medium (to simulate nutrient competition and interaction with pathogens, respectively), and differential expression analysis showed that 14 TabZIP genes (including TabZIP15) were significantly altered under both conditions; TabZIP23 responded strongly to N-Hungry media and TabZIP24 responded strongly to C-Hungry media. However, only YAP genes TabZIP15, TabZIP12 and TabZIP2 were significantly upregulated under both conditions, and expression levels of TabZIP15 were highest. T. asperellum was also cultured in the presence of five fungal pathogenic toxins, and RT-qPCR results showed that TabZIP15 was significantly upregulated in four of the five toxin stress conditions (MM + Rhizoctonia solani, MM + Fusarium oxysporum, MM + Alternaria alternata and MM + Cytospora chrysosperma).
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Torracchi C JE, Morel MA, Tapia-Vázquez I, Castro-Sowinski S, Batista-García RA, Yarzábal R LA. Fighting plant pathogens with cold-active microorganisms: biopesticide development and agriculture intensification in cold climates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8243-8256. [PMID: 32803297 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cold-adapted (CA) microorganisms (= psychrophiles or psychrotolerants) are key players of many ecological interactions in natural ecosystems. Some of them can colonize the rhizosphere of plants and cause damage to their hosts; others, on the contrary, protect plants from their pathogens through direct and indirect mechanisms, thus promoting plant growth and development. These "protective" microbes are known as biocontrol agents (BCA). BCA either limit or inhibit the growth of plant pathogens, owing to the excretion of a panoply of secondary metabolites (including soluble and volatile antibiotics, siderophores, quorum sensing interfering agents). BCA can also control plant pathogens through indirect mechanisms, including competence for nutrients and space, or else by interfering with their chemical communication. That explains why some of these BCA have been included in the formulation of commercial biopesticides, which are environmentally friendly products containing live cells used to control plant diseases and pests. At present, the development of biopesticides from mesophilic microorganisms is an established technology. Unfortunately, these biopesticides are not active at low temperatures. On the other hand, the information concerning the potential use of CA-BCA for the same goal is at its infancy. Here, we review the current knowledge concerning the isolation, identification, and characterization of CA microbes which act as antagonists of plant pathogens, including the mechanisms they deploy to antagonize plant pathogens. We also illustrate their biotechnological potential to develop CA biopesticides and discuss their utility in the context of mountainous agriculture. KEY POINTS: • Many naturally occurring cold-active microbes antagonize plant pathogens. • The mechanisms of biocontrol exerted by these microbes are either direct or indirect. • Cold-active biocontrol agents can be used to develop biopesticides. • Cold-active biopesticides are crucial for sustainably intensifying agriculture in cold climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Esteban Torracchi C
- Unidad de Salud y Bienestar, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Av. Las Américas y Calle Humboldt, Cuenca, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología (CIITT), Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Campus Miracielos, Ricaurte, Ecuador
| | - María A Morel
- Unidad Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Irán Tapia-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Susana Castro-Sowinski
- Unidad Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Sección Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Luis Andrés Yarzábal R
- Unidad de Salud y Bienestar, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Av. Las Américas y Calle Humboldt, Cuenca, Ecuador.
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología (CIITT), Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Campus Miracielos, Ricaurte, Ecuador.
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Yarzábal LA. Perspectives for using glacial and periglacial microorganisms for plant growth promotion at low temperatures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3267-3278. [PMID: 32076773 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Even though they are among the most extreme environments in which life can develop, glaciers are colonized by metabolically active microbes, some of which thrive-in their own particular way-under the prevailing harsh conditions. Glacial or periglacial microbes are often psychrophiles since they are able to grow optimally at low temperatures. This ability has evolved through a series of adaptations, both molecular and physiological, some of which have been exploited by the biotechnological industry to develop useful products and processes. The recent discovery of cold-adapted plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) in glacial ice or periglacial soils has opened a gate to a new trove of applications due to their potential use as biofertilizers or biocontrol agents, effective in cold climates. It has been claimed that this would be of profit to increase agriculture productivity in hilly terrains, like those prevailing in the Andes or the Himalayas, since-in addition to their ability to promote plant growth through direct or indirect mechanisms-they represent an environmentally friendly alternative to the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. In the following chapter, I summarize the current knowledge on the identity and characteristics of such PGPM and highlight the experiences in promoting the growth of a few plant species, at low temperatures.Key Points•Countless microbes are immured in glaciers and their surroundings.•Many glacial and periglacial microbes are cold-loving (i.e., psychrophiles).•Some glacial and periglacial psychrophiles promote plant growth and development.•Plant growth-promoting psychrophiles can be used to develop biofertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Andrés Yarzábal
- Carrera de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Unidad de Salud y Bienestar, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Av. Las Américas y Calle Humboldt, Cuenca, Ecuador. .,Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología (CIITT), Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Campus Miracielos, Ricaurte, Ecuador.
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