Low-toxic air-agitated liquid-liquid microextraction using a solidifiable organic solvent followed by gas chromatography for analysis of amitriptyline and imipramine in human plasma and wastewater samples

Standardization of the analytical procedure based on deep eutectic solvent for the extraction and measurement of tricyclic antidepressants drugs in post-mortem blood samples

Measuring drugs in post-mortem blood samples is one of the most important challenges in forensic medicine. The development of sensitive analytical techniques for the measurement of drugs in biological samples is of great use in forensic medicine. In this research an easy, safe and environmental friendly vortex-assisted liquid phase microextraction (VA-LPME) based on deep eutectic solvent (DES) followed by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) was developed for the extraction, preconcentration and analysis of tricyclic antidepressants drugs (TCAs) in post-mortem blood samples. DES synthesized from thymol as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and ethylene glycol (EG) as hydrogen bond donor (HBD) with a molar ratio of 2:1 was used as an extractant. After adding DES to the sample solution, the resulting mixture was vortexed in order to increase the contact surface and increase the extraction efficiency. Next, phase separation was done using centrifugation. Some effective parameters on the extraction were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, intra- and inter-day %RSDs of the method based on 7 replicate measurements of 100 μg L-1 of TCAs in blood samples were in the range of 2.4-5.1 and 3.7-6.8 %, respectively. The analytical performance of the method showed linearity over the concentration of 3-500 μg L-1 with the detection limits ranging from 1.0-2.0 μg L-1. The trueness of the method was confirmed by spiking different concentrations of TCAs in real blood samples and obtaining relative recoveries in the range of 91.2-108 %.

Polycarbonate-coated magnetic nanoparticles for the extraction of imipramine and its primary metabolite from urine

This study introduces a reliable and inexpensive magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction to extract imipramine and its primary metabolite (desipramine) from urine samples. To accomplish this aim, Fe3 O4 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by sonication, subsequently, polycarbonate was precipitated gradually onto the surface of them to form the adsorbent. Extraction recoveries of 85% and 76%, enrichment factors of 57 and 51, limits of detection of 2.5 and 2.8 μg/L, and limits of quantification of 8.3 and 9.3 μg/L were obtained for imipramine and desipramine under the optimal conditions, respectively. In addition, relative standard deviations for intra- (n = 6) and inter-day (n = 5) precisions at two concentrations (50 and 100 μg/L of each analyte) were less than or equal to 4%. Short extraction time, good repeatability, high enrichment factors, and simplicity are the main advantages of the proposed method.

Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review

Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (AALLME) is a procedure for sample preparation that has high recoveries and high preconcentration factors while using a small amount of extractants. This procedure has gained widespread acceptance among scientists due to a variety of advantages, including its easiness, being cheap, green, and available in most laboratories. The current review has focused on the analysis of medicines and organic compounds using various modes of AALLME. The use of various extractants and support factors were developed in many modes of AALLME. A review of literature revealed that the procedure is used as a powerful and efficient approach for extracting medicals and organic compounds. This review explained 12 different types of AALLME methods. The findings on the modifications of AALLME modes that have been published are summarized. Future directions are also being discussed.

Recent Advances in the HPLC Analysis of Tricyclic Antidepressants in Bio-Samples

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Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) are a group of the main category of antidepressant drugs, which are commonly prescribed to treat major depressive disorder. Determination of TCA drugs is very important for clinical and forensic toxicology, especially for therapeutic drug monitoring in various biofluids. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a well-established technique for this purpose. A lot of progress has been made in this field since the past 10 years. Novel extraction techniques, and novel materials for sample preparation, novel columns and novel applications of analysis of various biofluids for the determination of TCAs in combination with other drugs are some typical examples. Moreover, advances have been performed in terms of Green Analytical Chemistry principles. Herein, we aim to discuss the developed HPLC methods that were reported in the literature for the time span of 2008-2018.

Applications of Gas Chromatography for the Analysis of Tricyclic Antidepressants in Biological Matrices

Tricyclic antidepressant drugs (TCAs) are a main category of antidepressants, which are until today widely used for the treatment of psychological disorders due to their low cost and their high efficiency. Therefore, there is a great demand for method development for the determination of TCAs in biofluids, especially for therapeutic drug monitoring. Gas chromatography (GC) was the first chromatographic technique implemented for this purpose. With the recent development in the field of sample preparation, many novel GC applications have been developed. Herein, we aim to report the recent application of GC for the determination of tricyclic antidepressants in biofluids. Emphasis is given to novel extraction techniques and novel materials used for sample preparation.

Magnetic framework composite as sorbent for magnetic solid phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous extraction and determination of tricyclic antidepressants

In this study, magnetic framework composites (MFCs) (Fe₃O₄@TMU-10) microspheres were successfully fabricated and applied as an effective sorbent for preconcentration of the two model tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) amitriptyline and imipramine from biological samples. MFCs were fabricated by a step-by-step assembly, novel, simple and efficient strategy. The shell thickness of the Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) could also be easily controlled by tuning the number of assembly cycles. By coupling magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) with high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detector (HPLC-UV), a simple, reliable, fast, sensitive and cost-effective method for simultaneous determination of TCAs was developed. Under optimal conditions, the preconcentration factors and relative recoveries of the studied compounds were obtained in the range of 43-50 and 90.5-99.0% respectively. The calibration curves were obtained in the range of 5-800 μg L^-1 with reasonable linearity (R² > 0.9904) and the limits of detection (LODs) ranged between 2 and 4 μg L^-1 (based on S/N = 3). The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day tests ranged from 3.1 to 4.6% and from 4.3 to 5.2%, respectively. The results demonstrate that Fe₃O₄@TMU-10 core-shell magnetic microspheres combine advantages of MOFs and magnetic nanoparticles, and are the promising sorbents for rapid and efficient extraction of target analytes from urine and plasma complex biological samples.

A fast and simple air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction procedure for the simultaneous determination of bisphenols, parabens, benzophenones, triclosan, and triclocarban in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

The increasing awareness and public concern with hazard exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals calls for methods capable to handle numerous samples in short analysis time. In this present study, a novel method combining air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was developed and validated for the extraction, preconcentration, and determination of 7 bisphenols (bisphenol A, bisphenol S, bisphenol AP, bisphenol P, bisphenol F, bisphenol AF, bisphenol Z), 7 parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, benzyl-paraben, methyl-protocatechuic acid, and ethyl-protocatechuic acid), 5 benzophenones (benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, benzophenone-8, and 4-hydroxybenzophenone), and two antimicrobials (triclosan and triclocarban) in human urine samples. Type and volume of solvent, extraction time (cycles), pH sample, ionic strength, agitation, and needle dimensions were evaluated. The matrix-matched calibration curves of all analytes were linear with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99 in the range level of 1.0-20.0 ng mL^-1. The relative standard deviation, precision, at three concentrations (1.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ng mL^-1) was lower than 15% with accuracy ranging from 90% to 114%. The biomonitoring capability of the new proposed method was confirmed with the analysis of 50 human urine samples randomly collected from Brazilian children. High urinary concentrations of several EDCs associated with usage of personal care products were found.

Optimized miniaturized air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction for determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in bio-fluid samples

A miniaturized air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction method was developed for the simultaneous extraction of amlodipine, atorvastatin, and ibuprofen in some human bio-fluid samples prior to their determination using HPLC.