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Huang D, Han K, Teri G, Cheng C, Qi Y, Li Y. Material and Microstructure Analysis of Wood Color Paintings from Shaanxi Cangjie Temple, China. Molecules 2024; 29:2734. [PMID: 38930800 PMCID: PMC11205893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cangjie Temple was built to commemorate Cangjie, the legendary inventor of Chinese characters. It stands as one of the few remaining temples in China dedicated to the invention and creation of writing. In this study, the material properties of wooden paintings from the Cangjie temple were characterized using Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Micro-confocal Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). It was confirmed that the pigments of the paintings included cinnabar, lapis lazuli, lead white, Paris green, and carbon black. The proteinaceous glue was used as an adhesive in the pigment samples, with tung oil likely being utilized as a primer for the wooden structures before painting. This study not only provides valuable data support for the conservation and restoration of the architectural features of Cangjie Temple but also provides useful reference for the maintenance and inheritance of similar ancient buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yunpeng Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (D.H.); (K.H.); (G.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Yuhu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (D.H.); (K.H.); (G.T.); (C.C.)
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Wang Y, Wu X. Current progress on murals: distribution, conservation and utilization. HERITAGE SCIENCE 2023; 11:61. [PMID: 37008593 PMCID: PMC10040258 DOI: 10.1186/s40494-023-00904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As non-renewable cultural heritages, murals have important implications in historical customs, religions, and philosophy as well as their aesthetic values. Recently, many murals are threatened by natural factors and human activities. During the past decades, there are increasing interest in the investigation of murals. Here we review the current status of murals and provide an up-to-date summary of achievements related to murals. The murals that draw the most attention are distributed in Mexico, Ireland, China, and Spain. The aesthetics, history, cultural, educational, and economic values of murals are comprehensively analyzed. The main research technologies used to detect the chemical compositions and physical structures of murals are also summarized. The restoration of murals includes several procedures such as stabilization, repair, surface cleaning, and pigment reconversion. Emerging technologies such as computer science benefit the research and conservation of murals. We also propose that tourism management and climate change should be incorporated into the conservation of murals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Wang
- College of Fine Arts and Design, Lanzhou University of Arts and Science, 400 Yanbei Road, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
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3
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Geddes da Filicaia E, Evershed RP, Peggie DA. Review of recent advances on the use of mass spectrometry techniques for the study of organic materials in painted artworks. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1246:340575. [PMID: 36764767 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of painted artworks using scientific methods is fundamental for understanding the techniques used in their creation and their appropriate conservation. The ethical constraints involved in the handling of, and sampling from, these objects has steered recent developments in the field of Heritage science towards a range of new non-invasive/non-destructive spectroscopic techniques capable of providing important insights into their elemental or bulk chemical compositions. Due to the inherent complexities of heritage artefacts, however, their organic components are especially difficult to study in this way and their identification and degradation pathways are thus often best investigated using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. The versatility, sensitivity and specificity of MS techniques are constantly increasing, with technological advances pushing the boundaries of their use in this field. The progress in the past ten years in the use of MS techniques for the analysis of paint media are described in the present review. While some historical context is included, the body of the review is structured around the five most widely used or emerging capabilities offered by MS. The first pertains to the use of spatially resolved MS to obtain chemical maps of components in cross-sections, which may yield information on both inorganic and organic materials, while the second area describes the development of novel sample preparation approaches for gas chromatography (GC)-MS to allow simultaneous analysis of a variety of components. The third focuses on thermally assisted analysis (either with direct MS or coupled with GC-MS), a powerful tool for studying macromolecules requiring zero (or minimal) sample pre-treatment. Subsequently, the use of soft ionisation techniques often combined with high-resolution MS for the study of peptides (proteomics) and other macromolecules (such as oligosaccharides and triglycerides) is outlined. The fifth area covers the advances in radiocarbon dating of painting components with accelerator MS (AMS). Lastly, future applications of other MS techniques to the study of paintings are mentioned; such as direct analysis in real time MS (DART-MS) and stable isotope ratio MS (IRMS). The latter, having proven its efficiency for the study of lipids in archaeological artefacts, is envisioned to become a valuable tool for this area, whereas DART-MS is already being utilised to study the surface composition of various museum objects. Rapid technological advances, resulting in increased sensitivity and selectivity of MS techniques, are opening up new approaches for paintings analysis, overcoming the fundamental hurdle of sample size available for destructive analysis. Importantly, while the last decade has seen proteomics applications come to the fore, this review aims to emphasise the wider potential of advanced MS techniques for the study of painting materials and their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Geddes da Filicaia
- Scientific Department, National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN, UK; Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1T, UK.
| | - Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1T, UK
| | - David A Peggie
- Scientific Department, National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN, UK
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Wei Y, Gu W, Zhong L, Liu B, Huang F, Chang Y, Li M, Jing Y, Chen G. Investigation of Asian Dyes and Pigments from the Artifact of "Murongzhi" and the Silk Road in China. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2508-2519. [PMID: 36687087 PMCID: PMC9850485 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a series of modern analysis methods, including Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectrophotometry, and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with a thermoelectric LTQ-Orbitrap XL ETD mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS), were applied to analyze and accurately identify the chemical composition of plant dyes and the mineral pigment from the samples collected from grave goods. As a result, the textiles were dyed by the madder, Kermes, Phellodendron chinense, indigo, Lithospermum L., and so forth. In addition, the mineral pigment, charcoal, hematite, minium, cinnabar, azurite, and malachite were used to paint the exquisite artifacts in the tomb of Murongzhi. This research demonstrates the profound impact on cultural transmission and fusion in the "Tuyuhong" dynasty and explores the Silk Road in Tang dynasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Wei
- Institute
of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Gansu, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenting Gu
- Institute
of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Gansu, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College
of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou
University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Institute
of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Gansu, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- Institute
of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Gansu, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Feixiang Huang
- Institute
of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Gansu, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuhua Chang
- Institute
of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Gansu, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mingke Li
- Institute
of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Gansu, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yaya Jing
- Institute
of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Gansu, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guoke Chen
- Institute
of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Gansu, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Gao Y, Zhao S, Wang J, Zhou Z, Wan J, Yang J, Zhang H, Zhang J. Pigments, Dyes and the Restoration History of the Painted Figurines of the Tang Dynasty from the Astana Tombs Revealed by Comprehensive Chemical Analysis. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Gao
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum Institution Urumqi 830002 China
| | - Sihan Zhao
- School of Art and Archaeology Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China
| | - Jiakun Wang
- School of Art and Archaeology Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China
| | - Zhibo Zhou
- Conservation and Restoration Department The Kucha Academy of Xinjiang Urumqi 830000 China
- College of Cultural Heritage Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Jie Wan
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum Institution Urumqi 830002 China
| | - Jie Yang
- Conservation and Restoration Department The Kucha Academy of Xinjiang Urumqi 830000 China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Art and Archaeology Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China
- Laboratory for Art and Archaeology Image of Ministry of Education Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Art and Archaeology Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China
- Laboratory for Art and Archaeology Image of Ministry of Education Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China
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Zhu Z, Yao X, Qin Y, Lu Z, Ma Q, Zhao X, Liu L. Visualization and mapping of literature on the scientific analysis of wall paintings: a bibliometric analysis from 2011 to 2021. HERITAGE SCIENCE 2022; 10:105. [PMID: 35818481 PMCID: PMC9261253 DOI: 10.1186/s40494-022-00735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As non-renewable cultural heritage, wall paintings play an important role in society. To reveal the trends in the scientific analysis of mural paintings, 845 relevant research articles published from 2011 to 2021 were collected from the Web of Science database and analyzed. The VOSviewer software was adopted to map the network data of scientific publications, so that relationships among authors, countries, institutions can be displayed, and the co-occurrence of keywords and co-citation can be analyzed. The results revealed close and strong interconnections between the top authors, suggesting a considerable strong research link in this field. The cooperation between research institutions was relatively close. The most productive country of relevant publications was Italy. The leading journals for the scientific analysis of wall paintings were Journal of Raman Spectroscopy and Journal of Cultural Heritage. At present, the hotspots of scientific analysis and research on wall painting are revealing the composition, distribution, origin, and deterioration mechanism of pigments, alongside with evaluating the effects and mechanism of conservation materials and techniques. On the one hand, a possible development direction in this field is introducing more cutting-edge analysis and data processing methods. On the other hand, scientific analysis is increasingly adopted to guide the research and development of mural conservation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyun Zhu
- Research and Practice Base of Conservation Science and Engineering, Department of History, College of Humanities, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation and Restoration for Murals as Collection and Materials Science in State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Shaanxi History Museum, 710061 Xi׳an, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental and Social Archaeology, Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Xiuya Yao
- Research and Practice Base of Conservation Science and Engineering, Department of History, College of Humanities, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Yaling Qin
- Research and Practice Base of Conservation Science and Engineering, Department of History, College of Humanities, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Zhiyong Lu
- Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation and Restoration for Murals as Collection and Materials Science in State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Shaanxi History Museum, 710061 Xi׳an, China
| | - Qinglin Ma
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental and Social Archaeology, Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Research and Practice Base of Conservation Science and Engineering, Department of History, College of Humanities, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Liu Liu
- Xiamen Academy of Arts and Design, Fuzhou University, Xiamen, 361000 China
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Zhang D, Zhang B, Zhu L. A new method for shellac binder detection in ancient building mortars. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00016d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Shellac, also known as lac, is composed mainly of aleuritic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Bingjian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Longguan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Sirro S, Ershova K, Kochemirovsky V, Fiks J, Kondrakhina P, Ermakov S, Mokhorov D, Kochemirovskaia S. Recognition of fake paintings of the 20th-century Russian avant-garde using the physicochemical analysis of zinc white. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
This paper describes the protocol currently used at the Victoria and Albert Museum for the scientific analysis of water, oil and lacquer gilding in cultural heritage objects. The purpose of the protocol is to guide scientists, curators and conservators in their routine investigations, and address questions about the characteristics of gilded surfaces, their number, sequence, date, composition and stratigraphic details. Each protocol step is described in detail and is accompanied by practical examples taken from the analysis of an 18th-century Chippendale table and the 20th-century statue of the Spirit of Gaiety. The merits of individual analytical techniques and equipment are also evaluated.
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Zhou Z, Shen L, Wang N, Ren X, Yang J, Shi Y, Zhang H. Identification of Organic Materials Used in Gilding Technique in Wall Paintings of Kizil Grottoes. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zhou
- Conservation and Restoration Department The Kucha Academy of Xinjiang Urumqi 830000 China
| | - Ling Shen
- School of Art and Archaeology Zhejiang University 148 Tianmushan Rd. Hangzhou 310028 China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Conservation Science The Palace Museum 4 Jingshanqian Rd. Beijing 100000 China
| | - Xiaoxu Ren
- School of Art and Archaeology Zhejiang University 148 Tianmushan Rd. Hangzhou 310028 China
| | - Jie Yang
- Conservation and Restoration Department The Kucha Academy of Xinjiang Urumqi 830000 China
| | - Yanchao Shi
- Waters Corporation Shanghai Science & Technology Co Ltd, Building 13 1000 Jinhai Rd. Shanghai 200000 China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Art and Archaeology Zhejiang University 148 Tianmushan Rd. Hangzhou 310028 China
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