1
|
Iannone A, Albanese S, Guarino A, Ambrosino M, Germano G, De Tullio G, Cicchella D. Variation of total alpha and beta activities and Rn-222 concentrations in the water supply system of an Italian volcanic region: How safe is tap water for human consumption? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134229. [PMID: 38581875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Total alpha and beta activities and Rn-222 concentrations were determined in water from different sections of seven aqueducts belonging to the water supply system of Campania region (Italy), known worldwide for its volcanism. Statistical analysis was performed on data to account for their variability across the aqueduct sections, and results were discussed considering the geology of reservoirs, the potential mixing processes occurring along the pipe network, the building/constituting materials of the aqueduct sections, and the integrity of the infrastructure. Guidelines proposed by Italian and international regulation entities were considered to determine if total alpha and beta activities and Rn-222 concentrations found at the taps of the different aqueducts should be considered detrimental to public health. Based on a deterministic and a stochastic approach, a health risk assessment was also tested for Rn-222, assuming direct ingestion and showering as potential exposure pathways. Results showed that applying guidelines returned an absence of hazard, whereas risk assessment returned a high probability of exposure to unacceptable Rn-222 doses for some aqueducts. Beyond the usefulness of obtained results to plan actions to improve the safety of drinking water in Campania, our outcomes represent a warning for bodies dealing with public health at any level: the use of guidelines can bring an underestimation of the risks exerted by the exposure to Rn-222 on human health. Further, using a probabilistic approach in risk assessment accounting for uncertainty can favor risk forecasts based on more "realistic" scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Iannone
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Annalise Guarino
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ambrosino
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Germano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; Regional Radioactivity Center, ARPAC, 84100 Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Cicchella
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mohammed AU, Aris AZ, Ramli MF, Isa NM, Suleiman Arabi A, Michael Orosun M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of radon risk exposure from drinking water resources in Nigeria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2023; 41:150-174. [PMID: 38060292 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2023.2278957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated radon concentrations in drinking water pose an increased risk of cancer among nonsmokers. A Monte-Carlo Simulation was employed to assess the effective dose and cancer risk associated with radon exposure in humans, utilizing a systematic review and meta-analysis of related studies. These studies were sourced from databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, focusing on drinking water from Nigeria's six geopolitical zones. The random effects models revealed a 222Rn concentration in drinking water of Nigeria at 25.01, with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of 7.62 and 82.09, indicating significant heterogeneity of (I2 = 100%; p < 0.001). The probabilistic risk of effective dose revealed a best-scenario (P 5%) at Kundiga and Magiro that exceeded the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended effective dose limit of 200 µSv/y. Conversely, the worst-case scenario (P 95%) indicated concentrations surpassing the recommended limit at Kundiga, Edbe, Magiro, Ekiti, and Abeokuta. Excess Life Cancer Risk for infants, children, and adults attributed to the ingestion and inhalation of radon from various drinking water sources exceeded the recommended values of 0.2 x 10-3 established by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). It underscores the necessity for treating radon-polluted water, employing methos such as aeration and granular activated carbon (GAC) processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adamu Usman Mohammed
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Applied Geology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Firuz Ramli
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noorain Mohd Isa
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Abdullahi Suleiman Arabi
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth and Environmental Science, Bayero University (BUK), Kano, Nigeria
| | - Muyiwa Michael Orosun
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pourshabanian M, Nasseri S, Nodehi RN, Hosseini SS, Mahvi AH. Radon measurement and age-independent effective dose attributed to ingestion of bottled water in Iran: sensitivity analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12717. [PMID: 37543701 PMCID: PMC10404218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive study was made to measure the radon concentration in bottled water available in Iran market. The 222Rn concentration in 70 bottled water samples were measured by the sniffing mode technique and RTM 1688-2 (SARAD, Germany) in immediate sampling time and 3 months later for determination of radon decay. The measured radon concentration ranged from 0.003 to 0.618 Bq L-1 in bottled water samples, which were much lower than the recommended value for radon in drinking water by WHO (100 Bq L-1) and United states environmental protection agency (USEPA) (11.1 Bq L-1). The annual effective dose of 222Rn due to ingestion bottled water was also evaluated in this research. The mean annual effective dose due to ingestion of radon in bottled water for adults, children, and infants were estimated to vary from 5.30 × 10-4 mSv-1, 4.90 × 10-4 mSv-1, and 2.15 × 10-4 mSv-1, respectively. Overall, this study indicated that the Iranian people receive no significant radiological risk due to exposure to radon concentration in bottled water brands common consumed in Iranian market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Pourshabanian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Nasseri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Olatunji MA, Khandaker MU, Nwankwo VUJ, Idris AM. The status of natural radioactivity in Nigerian environments. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:597-608. [PMID: 36175773 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Proper documentation of baseline radiation data of different environments is an important step toward adequate environmental monitoring, and it provides quick means to quantitatively check and determine possible radionuclide contamination by anthropogenic sources. Besides, such documentation is useful for decision making processes, assessment of dose rates to the public, epidemiological studies, and environmental regulations. This review summarizes the results of studies conducted on radioactivity in Nigerian environments. For most soil samples, the levels of radioactivity are well within the world averages of 33, 45, and 420 Bq kg-1 for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively. Other soil samples from regions such as Abeokuta in the southwest, and Jos in the northcentral have been described as high background radiation areas with radioactivity values comparable with those obtained from known high background radiation areas such as the Odisha (formerly Orissa) coast in India (with values reported as 350, 2,825, and 180 Bq kg-1 for 238U/226Ra, 232Th, and 40K, respectively). In some parts of Nigeria, surface and underground water sources used for drinking and other purposes also present elevated levels of 226Ra above the world range of 0.01 to 0.1 Bq l-1 and the tolerable levels recommended by the World Health Organization and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Corresponding radiation doses due to measured radioactivities from different environments were estimated and compared with those reported in similar studies around the world. More so, the human and environmental health hazards that might be associated with the reported radioactivity in different environmental settings are discussed. The present report is expected to support authorities in developing appropriate regulations to protect the public from radiation exposure arising from environmental radioactivity. The report also examines other areas of consideration for future studies to ensure adequate radiation monitoring in Nigeria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Olatunji
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
- Space, Atmospheric Physics & Radio Wave Propagation Laboratory, Department of Physics, Anchor University Lagos, Lago, Nigeria
| | - Mayeen U Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIU Rd., Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh.
| | - Victor U J Nwankwo
- Space, Atmospheric Physics & Radio Wave Propagation Laboratory, Department of Physics, Anchor University Lagos, Lago, Nigeria
| | - Abubakr M Idris
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 61431, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Muhammad AN, Ismail AF, Garba NN. Annual effective dose associated with radioactivity in drinking water from tin mining areas in North-western Nigeria. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
|
6
|
Oladapo OO, Adagunodo TA, Aremu AA, Oni OM, Adewoye AO. Evaluation of soil-gas radon concentrations from different geological units with varying strata in a crystalline basement complex of southwestern Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:486. [PMID: 35672524 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the variation of soil-gas radon concentrations from different rock formations in Ogbomoso, southwestern Nigeria. The radon concentrations at different five geological domains in Ogbomoso are determined with respect to depth. The measurements varied from the surface (0 cm) to 100 cm depth, with an interval of 20 cm. At all the geological domains (Porphyroclastic, Granite, Quartzite, Migmatite and Banded gneiss), radon has its minimum emission over migmatite at 0 cm, while its maximum emissions occured over granite and banded gneiss at 80 cm. The overall soil-gas radon concentrations in Ogbomoso varied from 0.06 to 26.5 kBq/m3, which is within the natural limit of 0.4 to 40 kBq/m3 based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection's recommendation. An F-ratio of 6.989 and a p-value of 0.001 were obtained for the first inferential hypothesis, while an F-ratio of 2.489 and a p-value of 0.076 were obtained for the second inferential hypothesis using ANOVA test. The post hoc (using Tukey HSD and Duncan) tests revealed that at 60 + cm, depth controls the level of radon concentrations being emanated from the subsurface. The pollution index in Ogbomoso is of level 1 at 80 cm and level 0 (safe limit) at other depths. In conclusion, the soil-gas radon emission depends on the local geology and lithological sequences (depths). Cracks that could act as passage for indoor radon at the floors of the buildings around the polluted zones should be avoided in order to have a sustainable city.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olukunle Olaonipekun Oladapo
- Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Abraham Adewale Aremu
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olatunde Michael Oni
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Abosede Olufunmi Adewoye
- Department of Earth Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu S, Lin X, Yang Q, Du H, Zhao X, Chen R, Li G. Application of grading evaluation method of water radioactivity level in Chongqing section of Yangtze River. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 246:106843. [PMID: 35182960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The major rivers in a region are usually vital sources of drinking water for local populations, and the concentration of radionuclides in the water is intimately tied to people's health. The varying concentration limits set by the World Health Organization are appropriate as screening values for determining the pollution of water sources, but their capacities as regulatory or early warning limits are restricted. In daily management, the regulatory authority needs to manage water bodies by level based on the concentration of radionuclide to indicate the potential pollution risks. From 2017 to 2019, a statistical analysis and dosage evaluation were conducted on the water radioactivity level in the Chongqing section of the Yangtze River in this study. The Modified Nemerow Index method based on the dose conversion coefficients was applied for the grading evaluation of the water radioactivity level, allowing the grading effect discussed. The results showed that the concentration of radionuclides in the Chongqing section of the Yangtze River and its contribution to the annual effective dose of the human body were lower than the limits stated in the Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (Fourth Edition). And the samples in the section were 52.94% in Grade Ⅰand 47.06% in Grade Ⅱ, meaning few potential radioactive pollution risks exist there. Compared with other methods. The Modified Nemerow Index method combines the Traditional Nemerow Index method with the dose conversion coefficient of nuclides making it more realistic for the early warning and control of radioactive pollution in water bodies, which is worth popularizing and implementing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Hu
- Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Xuefeng Lin
- Chongqing Radiation Environment Supervision and Management Station, Chongqing, 400015, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China; Affiliated Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Hengyan Du
- Chongqing Radiation Environment Supervision and Management Station, Chongqing, 400015, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Chongqing Radiation Environment Supervision and Management Station, Chongqing, 400015, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Guang Li
- Chongqing Radiation Environment Supervision and Management Station, Chongqing, 400015, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Feng X, Han Q, Wang M, Mao P, Sun A, Zhang C, Chen C, Wang M. 222Rn radioactivity in urban waters of fault zone in China: dose rate and risk assessment. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
Ewuzie U, Aku NO, Nwankpa SU. An appraisal of data collection, analysis, and reporting adopted for water quality assessment: A case of Nigeria water quality research. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07950. [PMID: 34585001 PMCID: PMC8450204 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The appropriate acquisition and processing of water quality data are crucial for water resource management. As such, published articles on water quality monitoring and assessment are meant to convey essential and reliable information to water quality experts, decision-makers, researchers, students, and the public. The implication is that such information must emanate from data obtained and analysed in an up-to-date, scientifically sound manner. Thus, inappropriate data analysis and reporting techniques could yield misleading results and mar the endeavours of achieving error-free conclusions. This study utilises the findings on water quality assessment in Nigeria over the last 20 years to reveal the likely trends in water quality research regarding data collection, data analysis, and reporting for physicochemical, bacteriological parameters, and trace organics. A total of 123 Web of Science and quartile ranked (Q1-Q4) published articles involving water quality assessment in Nigeria were analysed. Results indicated shortcomings in various aspects of data analysis and reporting. Consequently, we use simulated heatmaps and graphs to illustrate preferred ways of analysing, reporting, and visualising some regularly used descriptive and inferential statistics of water quality variables. Finally, we highlight alternative approaches to the customarily applied water quality assessment methods in Nigeria and emphasise other areas of deficiency that need attention for improved water quality research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ugochukwu Ewuzie
- Analytical/Environmental Unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Nigeria
| | - Nnaemeka O Aku
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.,Public Health Unit, Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
| | - Stephen U Nwankpa
- College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Assessment of ambient gamma radiation dose and annual effective dose associated with radon in drinking water from gold and lead mining area of Moro, North-Central Nigeria. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
AbstractThere is little available information on the radioactivity concentrations in the thermal and drinking water sources in North Vietnam. In the current study, the gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations were determined in 8 water sources in the area. The average activities of gross alpha and beta in the 8 sources are 38.7 mBq L− 1 and 88.0 mBq L− 1. These activity concentrations are lower than WHO recommendations for drinking water. In this study, the gross alpha and gross beta show a weak correlation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu L, Feng G, Liu Q, Tang C, Wu B, Mao P, Cai C. Assessment of natural radioactivity and consequent radiological hazard in different brands of commercialized bottled mineral water produced in China. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:566-573. [PMID: 32833682 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As one of the drinking water quality parameters, natural radioactivity parameters are recommended to prevent a potential health threat to the public. In this study, the gross-α and gross-β activity concentrations in 15 different brands of commercial bottled mineral water consumed in China were analyzed to evaluate the quality and corresponding health impact on the population. The activity concentrations of gross-α and gross-β in different samples varied from 4.4 to 130.6 and 17.3-320.3 mBq L-1, respectively. The values of the annual effective dose equivalent rate (AED) for infants, children and adults ranged from 1.3 to 21.6, 2.9-52.5 and 5.5-97.8 μSv y-1, respectively. The average excess lifetime cancer risk caused by the consumption of bottled mineral water samples was estimated as 6.0 × 10-5. These results show that all the measured gross-α and gross-β are found to be obviously less than the guidance level by WHO and the domestic standard. The values of AED are below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limit of 0.1 mSv y-1. Combined with the lifetime cancer risk assessment, it is concluded that there is no significant risk for consumption of the observed brands of bottled mineral water and it can be consumed safely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Yu
- Research Center of Radiation Ecology and Ion Beam Biotechnology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China E-mail:
| | - Guangwen Feng
- Research Center of Radiation Ecology and Ion Beam Biotechnology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China E-mail:
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Statistics and Data Science, Xinjiang University of Finance & Economics, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830012, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Research Center of Ion Beam Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Baoshan Wu
- Research Center of Radiation Ecology and Ion Beam Biotechnology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China E-mail:
| | - Peihong Mao
- Research Center of Radiation Ecology and Ion Beam Biotechnology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China E-mail:
| | - Changlong Cai
- Research Center of Ion Beam Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| |
Collapse
|