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AlSalem HS, Alharbi SN, Al-Goul ST, Salman BI, Hassan YF, Abdel-Lateef MA. Design of new boron-doped carbon dots for nano-level assay of nebivolol in human plasma and commercial products; Application to greenness assessments. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 318:124470. [PMID: 38761476 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Recently, nanomaterials have attracted a lot of attention due to their potential as effective fluorescent nano-sensor probes. They were distinguishing substitutes for other luminescent techniques, such as fluorescent dyes and luminous derivatization, because of their affordability, environmental friendliness, and special photocatalytic properties. In the suggested work, a straightforward method was used to create boron and nitrogen carbon dots (B@CDs) with a good quantum yield value of 31.15 % utilizing boric acid and di-sodium EDTA. For the purpose of characterizing QDs, a variety of instruments were employed, such as transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray FTIR, and UV-VIS spectroscopy. Nebivolol (NEB) is a cardiovascular medication used globally to treat congestive heart failure and hypertension, is in the meantime. For this reason, a brand-new, environmentally friendly analytical technique was created to determine the amount of human plasma, uniformity test, and commercial nebivolol (NEB) tablets. After gradually adding NEB, the response of B@CQDs was enhanced at 438 nm (excitation at 371 nm). The calibration graph ranged between 20 and 500 ng mL-1 with a quantification limit (LOQ) of 2.50 ng mL-1 and a detection limit (LOD) of 0.82 ng mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Salem AlSalem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Naif Alharbi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soha Talal Al-Goul
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Baher I Salman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Yasser F Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Abdel-Lateef
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
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Veerendra Y, Brahman PK, Mankumare SD, Ch J, C VK. Evaluation of analytical greenness metric for an eco-friendly method developed through the integration of green chemistry and quality-by-design for the simultaneous determination of Nebivolol hydrochloride, Telmisartan, Valsartan, and Amlodipine besylate. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35376. [PMID: 39220975 PMCID: PMC11365310 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the field of analytical chemistry has witnessed a notable shift towards the adoption of greener chromatographic methods, aiming to minimize the environmental impact. An effective strategy involves substituting conventional harmful organic solvents with environmentally friendly alternatives, reducing the use of hazardous chemicals that contribute to environmental concerns. However, separating drug substances without the use of buffers and organic solvents presence is a big challenge. To overcome this challenge, a combination of quality-by-design (QbD) and green analytical chemistry (GAC) was employed in this study for method development. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was successfully developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Nebivolol hydrochloride, Telmisartan, Valsartan, and Amlodipine besylate. The method utilized a mobile phase composed of a mixture of 0.1 % formic acid in water (pH: 2.5) and ethanol. A regular octadecyl silica (ODS) column was employed, and UV detection at 220 nm was utilized. The method exhibited linearity within the concentration range of 25-75 μg/mL for Telmisartan and 150-450 μg/mL for Nebivolol Hydrochloride, Valsartan, and Amlodipine besylate and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.999 for all the analytes. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were determined as 0.01 and 0.04 μg/mL for Telmisartan, 0.06 and 0.20 μg/mL for Nebivolol Hydrochloride, 0.08 and 0.25 μg/mL for Amlodipine besylate, and 0.14 and 0.46 μg/mL for Valsartan, respectively. The developed method underwent thorough validation, encompassing various parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ, robustness, and ruggedness. The mean recovery values were observed to range between 98.86 % and 99.89 %. The accuracy demonstrated was consistently above 98.98 % for both intra-day and inter-day precisions were with the relative standard deviations less than 2 %. To establish its robustness, a quality-by-design-based experimental design (DoE) approach was implemented. Additionally, the method's environmental friendliness was evaluated using the Analytical Greenness metric (AGREE) an analytical eco scale, both confirming its alignment with sustainable practices and reduced ecological impact. The sustainability of the solvent used in the current study was evaluated by Green Solvents Selecting Tool (GSST) Further, the developed method greenness was evaluated with the green analytical tools such as Analytical method greenness score (AMGS) and using the recently released White Analytical Chemistry (WAC) using RGB assessment tool. By employing this greener approach to chromatography method, this study contributes to the ongoing efforts in analytical chemistry to promote sustainable practices and minimize the environmental footprint of analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.V.S. Veerendra
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522302, India
- USP–India Private Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 101, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Brahman
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522302, India
| | | | - Jayaraju Ch
- USP–India Private Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 101, India
| | - Vinod Kumar C
- USP–India Private Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 101, India
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Aldakhil F, Alarfaj NA, Al-Tamimi SA, El-Tohamy MF. Hydrothermal synthesis of modified lignin-based carbon dots derived from biomass waste for fluorescence determination of valsartan. RSC Adv 2024; 14:19969-19982. [PMID: 38911833 PMCID: PMC11190890 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02398f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, carbon dots (CDs) have been extensively investigated as potential tools for numerous applications. Modified lignin-based CDs have been synthesized and used in the field of drug detection. They were found to be highly selective and sensitive to valsartan (VAL). Using a simple hydrothermal method, phosphorus and chlorine co-doped CDs were synthesized using lignin extracted from date seeds. The fluorescence properties of the synthesized CDs are influenced by several factors, which were investigated in detail. The optimal synthesis conditions were 1.50 g of lignin, 18 mL of 2 M NaOH, 1 mM H3PO4, 3 mM HCl and the mixture was heated at 220 °C for 16 hours. The synthesized lignin-based CDs have excellent FL properties and are well soluble in water with reasonable stability. Characterization of the prepared CDs revealed that they have various functional groups with a graphene oxide-like structure. The developed CDs show a good quantum yield of 37.7%. The FL of the CDs is quenched by VAL at λ em 313 nm after λ ex at 275 nm by a combination of static and dynamic quenching mechanisms. The response of VAL was linear in the range of 4.0-100.0 μg mL-1. The detection and quantification limits of VAL were 1.23 and 3.71 μg mL-1, respectively. The nanoprobe was successfully used to analyze VAL in drug samples and provided satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah Aldakhil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University P.O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal A Alarfaj
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University P.O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma A Al-Tamimi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University P.O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha F El-Tohamy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University P.O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Saudi Arabia
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Kamal AH, Hammad SF, Salim MM, Elkhodary MM, Marie AA. Simultaneous estimation of two anti-diabetic drugs; Linagliptin and empagliflozin in their tablet by chemometric spectrophotometry. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123556. [PMID: 37866257 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Four spectrophotometric approaches had been established and optimized for the simultaneous estimation of two anti-diabetic drugs; linagliptin (LIN) and empagliflozin (EMP) in their bulk and tablet dosage form. LIN concentration could be first determined from the zero order spectra at its λmax (293 nm) without interference from EMP as at this wavelength EMP showed zero absorbance. The LIN and EMP zero order absorption spectra displayed considerable overlap which hindered the direct determination of EMP. Thus, four indirect spectrophotometric approaches were established and optimized for the determination and quantification of EMP concentrations in presence of LIN. Method (I) was ratio difference method (RD) which depended on the determination of difference amplitudes in the ratio spectra (ΔP) at 236 nm and 227 nm; ΔP(236-227) was directly proportional to EMP concentration. Method (II) was ratio derivative method (1DD) based on the measuring of the amplitude of first derivative of ratio spectra at 243 nm which was directly proportional to EMP concentration. For determination of EMP concentration using both method (I) and (II); LIN 7 µg/mL was used as the divisor. Method (III) was area under curve method (AUC) which depended on the measurement of area confined between 220 and 230 nm and 273-290 nm. Method (IV) was dual wavelength method (DWL) which based on measurement of absorbance difference (ΔA) in zero order spectra between 239.8 and 282.6 nm which was directly proportional to EMP concentration. The four developed methods were optimized and entirely validated regarding to ICH guidelines. The proposed spectrophotometric approaches were used for the quantification of LIN and EMP simultaneously in their tablet dosage form. F-test and t-test were applied for statistical comparison between the results obtained by the proposed approaches and that obtained by the reported method. There was no significant difference concerning to precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira H Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Sherin F Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Salim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Elkhodary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt
| | - Aya A Marie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt
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Magdy R, Fares NV, Farouk M, Hemdan A. A Novel, Sustainable, and Eco-Friendly Spectrophotometric and Chemometric Approach for Determination of Severely Overlapped Spectrum via Unified Regression Equation: Greenness and Whiteness Assessment. J AOAC Int 2023; 106:1348-1360. [PMID: 36924427 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nebivolol and valsartan (VAL) in combination with each other successfully control blood pressure and improve hypertension patient outcomes. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate innovative, simple, and sustainable spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous analysis of nebivolol and valsartan. METHOD The new modified difference amplitude modulation (MD-AM) method uses only unified regression equation and does not require any resolution techniques. Other different approaches were also applied for the determination of the same mixture including univariate and multivariate spectrophotometric methods. The multivariate methods were PLS and PCR, whereas the univariate methods were derivative ratio (DD1), ratio difference (RD), constant center (CC), constant center spectrum subtraction (CC-SS), constant value coupled with amplitude difference (CV-AD), advanced concentration value (ACV), and amplitude difference (AD). The proposed methods use a green solvent; thus, the environmental impact of the presented procedures was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively using six well-known evaluation tools. RESULTS All methods were applied successfully for the analysis of the studied drugs in their bulk powder, pharmaceutical dosage form Byvalson®, and in vitro release at intestinal pH (7.4) using a USP dissolution tester. Results obtained were compared statistically with the reported method and with each other using a one-way ANOVA statistical test, and no significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS All green and white analytical chemistry evaluation tools results confirm the safety, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of the approaches, indicating that the methods are regarded green and sustainable. Results were agreeable, encouraging their applicability in quality control laboratories for dosage form and making these methods an eco-friendly substitute for the analysis of this combined dosage form and for evaluating the dissolution profile. HIGHLIGHTS For the first time, a severely overlapped spectrum was determined using a unified regression equation without the need of extended part or zero contribution regions by the novel method MD-AM. The proposed methods are the first study of in vitro dissolution profiling of nebivolol hydrochloride (NEB) and VAL and the first sustainable and green methods applied without compromising the analytical criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragaa Magdy
- Ahram Canadian University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Cairo 12556, Egypt
| | - Nermine V Fares
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Cairo 12556, Egypt
| | - Maha Farouk
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Cairo 12556, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hemdan
- Ahram Canadian University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Cairo 12556, Egypt
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Haque SM, Kabir A, Rahman N, Azmi SNH. Response surface methodology combined Box-Behnken design optimized green kinetic spectrophotometric and HPLC methods to quantify angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan in pharmaceutical formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 298:122805. [PMID: 37156177 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and kinetic spectrophotometric methods were established to compute valsartan (VAL) in pharmaceutical formulations. The spectrophotometric procedures adopted initial rate, fixed time, and equilibrium strategies to assess VAL. The method was based on the carboxylic acid group of the oxidized VAL with a mixture of potassium iodate (KIO3) and potassium iodide (KI) at room temperature, producing a stable, yellow-coloured absorb at 352 nm. The critical parameters were optimized using green process optimization methodology such as Box-Behnken design (BBD) which belongs to response surface methodology (RSM). After the screening, experiments identified them as significant, and then three crucial factors were optimised: KI volume, KIO3 volume, and reaction time against response as absorbance. The HPLC procedure was also optimized based on the desirability function on RSM-BBD. The parameters such as pH, methanol (%), and flow rate (ml/min) were optimized with the best responses: peak area, symmetry, and theoretical plates. The linearity of spectrophotometric and HPLC methods was within the range of 2-24 and 0.25-11.25 µg/ml, respectively. The developed procedures produced excellent accuracy and precision. The design of the experiment (DoE) setting explained and discussed the individual steps and the importance of independent and dependent variables used to develop the model and optimization. The method was validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Furthermore, Youden's robustness study was applied with factorial combinations of the preferred analytical parameters and explored their influence with alternative conditions. The analytical Eco-Scale score was calculated and was found a better option as green methods to quantify VAL. The results were reproducible with the analysis completed with biological fluid and wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Manirul Haque
- Industrial Chemistry Division, Department of Chemical Engineering, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City, P.O. Box No-10099, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33131, USA
| | - Nafisur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Syed Najmul Hejaz Azmi
- Department of Applied Sciences, College of Applied Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Muscat, P.O. Box 74, Al-Khuwair 133, Sultanate of Oman
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İpek Y, Koçak B. Novel electrochemical sensor of nebivolol drug used for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hemdan A, Magdy R, Farouk M, Fares NV. Central composite design as an analytical optimization tool for the development of eco-friendly HPLC-PDA methods for two antihypertensive mixtures containing the angiotensin receptor blocker Valsartan: Greenness assessment by four evaluation tools. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zeid AM, Aboshabana R, Ibrahim FA. First-order derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric determination of two antihypertensive drugs, metolazone and valsartan, in pharmaceutical and biological matrices. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120591. [PMID: 34789407 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a facile, rapid, and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was evolved to analyse two antihypertensive drugs, namely, metolazone (MTZ) and valsartan (VST), in pharmaceutical and biological matrices. Both analytes exhibited intrinsic fluorescence activities which were significantly affected by environmental factors such as pH and solvent systems. However, simultaneous determination of MTZ and VST by conventional spectrofluorometry cannot be achieved simply because of the strong overlap between their fluorescence spectra. Thus, a combination of derivative and synchronous spectrofluorometry was conducted to overcome this dilemma. The proposed method relies on measurement of the first-order derivative of synchronous fluorescence intensity of the studied drugs at Δλ = 160 nm using 0.1 M acetic acid as the optimum solvent. The amplitudes of the first derivative synchronous fluorescence spectra of MTZ and VST were recorded at 236.0 nm (zero-crossing point of VST) and at 262.8 nm (zero-crossing point of MTZ) for simultaneous analysis of MTZ and VST, respectively. The fluorescent method was optimized efficiently to get the maximum selectivity and sensitivity by investigating different solvents, different buffer pHs, and different surfactants. The highest sensitivity and selectivity were achieved when 0.1 M acetic acid was used as a solvent. The method showed a linear concentration range of 10.0-100.0 ng mL-1 and a limit of detection of <3.0 ng mL-1 for each analyte. Statistical data analysis confirmed that no significant difference between the proposed spectrofluorometric method and the reference methods. The validity of the proposed spectrofluorometric method approved its suitability for quality control work. The proposed spectrofluorometric method was applied to assay the studied drugs in pharmaceutical dosage and in biological matrices with acceptable %recoveries and small RSD values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah M Zeid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Rasha Aboshabana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Fawzia A Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Peleshok K, Bondar B, Kryskiw L, Kucher T, Poliak O, Logoyda L. Non-extractive spectrophotometric determination of valsartan in pure form and in pharmaceutical products by ion-pair complex formation with bromophenol blue and methyl red. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e73559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two simple, rapid, green non extractive spectrophotometric methods are described for the estimation of valsartan in tablet dosage form. The determination is based on the ion-pair formation using the dyes, bromophenol blue (BPB) and methyl red (MR). Valsartan forms ion-pair complex selectively with the dyes, as indicated by the formation of a coloured complex with BPB at pH 5.5 with λmax at 424 nm and MR at pH 4.3 with λmax at 494 nm. For both methods, optimal spectrophotometric conditions were established. The linear relationship was found between absorbance at λmax and concentration of drug in the range 8–24 µg/mL for BPB and 4–20 µg/mL for MR. Regression analysis of Beer’s law plot at 424 nm yielded the regression equation, y = 0.0102x + 01636 (BPB) and at 494 nm y = 0.0222x – 0.0063 (MR). High values of correlations coefficient (R2 = 0.9988 (BPB) and R2 = 0.9991 (MR)) and small values of intercept validated the linearity of calibration curve and obedience to Beer’s law. The LOD and LOQ values were calculated to be 1.03 µg/mL and 3.43 µg/mL respectively (BPB) and 0.68 µg/mL and 2.26 µg/mL respectively (MR). Intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision, robustness were in acceptable limits. The proposed methods were applied for the quantification of valsartan in tablets pertaining to three commercial formulations. Analytical eco-scale for greenness assessment of the proposed spectrophotometric methods showed that both methods corresponds to excellent green analysis with a score of 89.
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Bagherian G, Mosayebi F, Arab Chamjangali M, Ashrafi M, Amin AH. A comparative study of novel spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of nitroaniline isomers in their binary mixtures with highly severe overlapping spectra. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 249:119278. [PMID: 33338936 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, four simple and economic spectrophotometric methods, namely constant center (CC), ratio difference (RD), H-point standard addition method (HPSAM), and ratio H-point standard addition method (RHPSAM) were employed for the simultaneous determination of meta and para-nitroaniline with severely overlapping spectra without unitizing the preliminary physical separation techniques. In each method, the parameters affecting the resolution of the spectra were optimized to determine the cited isomers in a binary mixture with a high accuracy. Under the optimized conditions, the results obtained showed that from cited methods used, the CC and RD methods have the least errors in determination of the concentration of highly spectral overlapping species. The mean percentage recovery values for the binary mixture of meta- and para-nitroaniline were found to be 95.98 and 98.78 using the RD method, and 101.85 and 100.23 using the CC method, respectively. For comparison of the powerful multivariate methods including the principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) were also applied. The mean percentage recovery values for the binary mixtures of the cited isomers were found to be 101.62 and 101.47 using the PCR method, and 101.00 and 101.36 using the PLS method, respectively. A statistical comparison of the methods demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the RD, CC, PCR, and PLS methods and the reported HPLC method regarding both accuracy and precision. The proposed methods have an admissible precision and accuracy for determination of the two isomers in their binary mixtures in tap water as a real sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadamali Bagherian
- College of Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood P.O. Box 36155-316, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Mosayebi
- College of Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood P.O. Box 36155-316, Iran
| | | | - Motahare Ashrafi
- College of Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood P.O. Box 36155-316, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Amin
- College of Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood P.O. Box 36155-316, Iran
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