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Jankech T, Gerhardtova I, Stefanik O, Chalova P, Jampilek J, Majerova P, Kovac A, Piestansky J. Current green capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography methods for analysis of pharmaceutical and biomedical samples (2019-2023) - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1323:342889. [PMID: 39182966 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Separation analytical methods, including liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), in combination with an appropriate detection technique, are dominant and powerful approaches preferred in the analysis of pharmaceutical and biomedical samples. Recent trends in analytical methods are focused on activities that push them to the field of greenness and sustainability. New approaches based on the implementation of greener solvents, non-hazardous chemicals, and reagents have grown exponentially. Similarly, recent trends are pushed in to the strategies based on miniaturization, reduction of wastes, avoiding derivatization procedures, or reduction of energy consumption. However, the real greenness of the analytical method can be evaluated only according to an objective and sufficient metric offering complex results taking into account all twelve rules of green analytical chemistry (SIGNIFICANCE mnemonic system). This review provides an extensive overview of papers published in the area of development of green LC and CE methods in the field of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis over the last 5 years (2019-2023). The main focus is situated on the metrics used for greenness evaluation of the methods applied for the determination of bioactive agents. It critically evaluates and compares the demands of the real applicability of the methods in quality control and clinical environment with the requirements of the green analytical chemistry (GAC). Greenness and practicality of the summarized methods are re-evaluated or newly evaluated with the use of the dominant metrics tools, i.e., Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), and Sample Preparation Metric of Sustainability (SPMS). Moreover, general conclusions and future perspectives of the greening procedures and greenness evaluation metrics systems are presented. This paper should provide comprehensive information to analytical chemists, biochemists, and it can also represent a valuable source of information for clinicians, biomedical or quality control laboratories interested in development of analytical methods based on greenness, practicality, and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timotej Jankech
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-845 45, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, SK-842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivana Gerhardtova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-845 45, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, SK-842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ondrej Stefanik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Chalova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-845 45, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-845 45, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, SK-842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-845 45, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-845 45, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Piestansky
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Tarek M, Ghoniem NS, Hegazy MA, Wagdy HA. Design of Experiment-Based Green UPLC-DAD Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Indacaterol, Glycopyrronium and Mometasone in their Combined Dosage Form and Spiked Human Plasma. J Chromatogr Sci 2024; 62:676-685. [PMID: 37635399 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Indacaterol, is an ultra-long-acting β2 agonist, glycopyrronium is a long-acting muscarinic-antagonist and mometasone is a synthetic corticosteroid. They were used recently in combination for the treatment of severe asthma symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this work, it was the first time to develop a green and environment friendly ultra-performance liquid chromatographic method using design expert program for the analysis of the three drugs in their combined dosage form. Also, the method was bioanalytically validated for the analysis of the three drugs in spiked human plasma samples. The method was linear in range from 0.50 to 100.0 μg mL-1 for indacaterol and mometasone and from 1.0 to 150.0 μg mL-1 for glycopyrronium. It showed high accuracy where, the % recovery for indacaterol, glycopyrronium and mometasone in plasma were ranged from 94.27 to 97.86%, 96.43 to 98.75% and 96.86 to 98.43%, respectively. Also, it was precise where, the % relative standard deviation for the inter-day precision was ranged from 2.571 to 3.484%, 3.180 to 4.123% and 3.150 to 3.984% and the intra-day precision was ranged from 2.351 to 3.125%, 2.512 to 3.544% and 2.961 to 3.983% for indacaterol, glycopyrronium and mometasone, respectively. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification for indacaterol and mometasone were 0.03 and 0.10 μg mL-1 while for glycopyrronium, they were 0.16 and 0.50 μg mL-1. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tarek
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, P.O. Box 43, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
- The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, P.O. Box 43, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Nermine S Ghoniem
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha A Hegazy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah A Wagdy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, P.O. Box 43, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
- The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, P.O. Box 43, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
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Li Y, Miao S, Tan J, Zhang Q, Chen DDY. Capillary Electrophoresis: A Three-Year Literature Review. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7799-7816. [PMID: 38598751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Siyu Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jiahua Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
| | - David Da Yong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Salido-Fortuna S, Castro-Puyana M, Marina ML. Rapid enantiomeric separation of indacaterol by electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464696. [PMID: 38310699 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The first chiral methodology enabling the separation of indacaterol enantiomers was developed in this work by cyclodextrin-electrokinetic chromatography. Indacaterol (IND) is a chiral drug marketed as a pure enantiomer. Then, the separation and quantification of each enantiomer is of great importance for the quality control of pharmaceutical formulations. After selecting the most suitable chiral selector and background electrolyte, two Box-Behnken designs were achieved to optimize the electrophoretic conditions using two different approaches to shorten analysis times: i) decreasing the capillary length, or ii) performing a short-end injection. Indacaterol enantiomers were separated in less than 5 min with a resolution value of 3.6 under the optimal separation conditions: 0.7% (m/v) carboxymethyl-α-cyclodextrin in 50 mM sodium formate buffer (pH 4.0) and using a short-end injection. Then, the analytical characteristics of the method were evaluated and LODs of 0.05 mg/L for S-IND and 0.04 mg/L for R-IND were achieved. Also, the method allowed the detection of a 0.1% enantiomeric impurity (S-IND) in the R-IND-based pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method was applied to the analysis of two pharmaceutical formulations. Percentages of 97 ± 3% and 103 ± 6% of R-IND with respect to the labeled amounts were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Salido-Fortuna
- Universidad de Alcalá. Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Castro-Puyana
- Universidad de Alcalá. Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Universidad de Alcalá. Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Zayed S, Belal F. Determination of ticagrelol in rat plasma and tablets by micellar electrokinetic chromatography coupled with large volume sample stacking: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300454. [PMID: 37697638 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
A method using micellar electrokinetic chromatography coupled with large-volume sample stacking for the determination of ticagrelol was developed and validated. The analysis was performed in a fused silica capillary (41.5 cm effective length, 50 μm diameter) with ultraviolet detection at 195 nm. The background electrolytes were 30 mM phosphate buffer of pH 3.0 with 120 mM sodium dodecylsulfate and 10 % (v/v) acetonitrile (120 s X 50 mbar; 20°C; -18 kV) and 30 mM borate buffer of pH 8.5 with 75 mM sodium dodecylsulfate (120 s X 50 mbar; 20°C; 25 kV); under acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively. The method was found to be reliable with respect to specificity, linearity of the calibration line (R2 > 0.99), repeatability (relative standard deviation 2.56%-3.34%), and accuracy (recovery in the range 101.21%-102.67%). The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.032, 0.071, and 0.087, 0.188 μg/mL, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of ticagrelol concentrations in rat plasma and tablets with good recoveries and reproducibility. The presented method proved to be suitable for monitoring ticagrelor in rat plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Zayed
- Unit of Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Emergency Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Fathalla Belal
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Yu YL, Shi MZ, Zhu SC, Cao J. Rapid stacking of amino acids in soybean and Dendrobium officinale by on-capillary sandwich derivatization in capillary electrophoresis. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112071. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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KITAGAWA F, SOMA Y. Recent Applications of Dynamic On-Line Sample Preconcentration Techniques in Capillary Electrophoresis. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2022. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2022.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko KITAGAWA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Yuta SOMA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
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Wang M, Gong Q, Liu W, Tan S, Xiao J, Chen C. Applications of capillary electrophoresis in the fields of environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical and food analysis (2019-2021). J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1918-1941. [PMID: 35325510 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
So far, the potential of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the application fields has been increasingly excavated due to the advantages of simple operation, short analysis time, high-resolution, less sample consumption and low cost. This review examines the implementations and advancements of CE in different application fields (environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical and food analysis) covering the literature from 2019 to 2021. In addition, ultrasmall sample injection volume (nanoliter range) and short optical path lead to relatively low concentration sensitivity of the most frequently used UV-absorption spectrophotometric detection, so the pretreatment technology being developed has been gradually utilized to overcome this problem. Despite the review is focused on the development of CE in the fields of environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical and food analysis, the new sample pretreatment techniques of microextraction and enrichment which fit excellently to CE in recent three years are also described briefly. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Qian Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Cancer Hospital/ The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Wenfang Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Songwen Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
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Suntornsuk L, Anurukvorakun O. Sensitivity enhancement in capillary electrophoresis and their applications for analyses of pharmaceutical and related biochemical substances. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:939-954. [PMID: 34902168 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to illustrate sensitivity enhancement methods in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and their applications for pharmaceutical and related biochemical substance analyses. The first two parts of the article describe the introduction and principle of CE. The main part focuses on strategies for sensitivity improvement in CE including detector and capillary technologies and pre-concentration techniques. Applications of these techniques for pharmaceutical and biomedical substance analyses are surveyed during the years 2018-2021. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Suntornsuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Oraphan Anurukvorakun
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Phranakorn Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10220, Thailand
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