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Truta FM, Cruz AG, Dragan AM, Tertis M, Cowen T, Stefan MG, Topala T, Slosse A, Piletska E, Van Durme F, Kiss B, De Wael K, Piletsky SA, Cristea C. Design of smart nanoparticles for the electrochemical detection of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine to allow in field screening by law enforcement officers. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:865-878. [PMID: 37991112 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
A portable and highly sensitive sensor was designed for the specific detection of 3,4-methyl-enedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), in a range of field-testing situations. The sensor can detect MDMA in street samples, even when other controlled substances drugs, or adulterants are present. In this work, we report for the first time a sensor using electroactive molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles computationally designed to recognize MDMA and then produced using solid phase synthesis. A composite comprising chitosan, reduced graphene oxide, and molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles synthesized for MDMA for the first time was immobilized on screen-printed carbon electrodes. The sensors displayed a satisfactory sensitivity (106.8 nA × μM-1), limit of detection (1.6 nM; 0.31 ng/mL), and recoveries (92-99%). The accuracy of the results was confirmed through validation using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). This technology could be used in forensic analysis and make it possible to selectively detect MDMA in street samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina Maria Truta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Ana-Maria Dragan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Tertis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Todd Cowen
- Chemistry Department, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Maria-Geogia Stefan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tamara Topala
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Amorn Slosse
- Drugs and Toxicology Department, National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elena Piletska
- Chemistry Department, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Filip Van Durme
- Drugs and Toxicology Department, National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bela Kiss
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Karolien De Wael
- A-Sense Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Ctr Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Cecilia Cristea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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2
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de Faria LV, Macedo AA, Arantes LC, Matias TA, Ramos DLO, Richter EM, Dos Santos WTP, Muñoz RAA. Novel disposable and portable 3D-printed electrochemical apparatus for fast and selective screening of 25E-NBOH in forensic samples. Talanta 2024; 269:125476. [PMID: 38042144 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
The advent of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has caused enormous difficulty for legal control since they are rapidly commercialized, and their chemical structures are routinely altered. In this aspect, derivatives phenethylamines, such as 25E-NBOH, have received great attention in the forensic scenario. Hence, we propose portable and cost-effective (U$ 5.00) 3D-printed devices for the electrochemical screening of 25E-NBOH for the first time. The cell and all electrodes were printed using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene filament (insulating material) and conductive filament (graphite embedded in a polylactic acid matrix), respectively, both by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique. The electrochemical apparatus enables micro-volume analysis (50-2000 μL), especially important for low sample volumes. A mechanistic route for the electrochemical oxidation of 25E-NBOH is proposed based on cyclic voltammetric data, which showed two oxidation processes around +0.75 V and +1.00 V and a redox pair between +0.2 and -0.2 V (vs. graphite ink pseudo-reference). A fast and sensitive square-wave voltammetry method was developed, which exhibited a linear working range from 0.85 to 5.1 μmoL-1, detection limit of 0.2 μmol L-1, and good intra-electrode precision (n = 10, RSD <5.3 %). Inter-electrode measurements (n = 3, RSD <9.8 %) also attested that the electrode production process is reproducible. Interference tests in the presence of other drugs frequently found in blotting paper indicated high selectivity of the electrochemical method for screening of 25E-NBOH. Screening analysis of blotting paper confirmed the presence of 25E-NBOH in the seized samples. Moreover, a recovery percentage close to 100 % was found for a spiked saliva sample, suggesting the method's usefulness for quantitative purposes aimed at information on recent drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas V de Faria
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Anne A Macedo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Luciano C Arantes
- Forensic Chemistry and Physics Laboratory, Institute of Forensic Science, Civil Police of the Brazilian Federal District, Brasília, DF, 70610-907, Brazil
| | - Tiago A Matias
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil; Chemistry Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 29075-910, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - David L O Ramos
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCT-Bio), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wallans T P Dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCT-Bio), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Van Echelpoel R, Joosten F, Parrilla M, De Wael K. Progress on the Electrochemical Sensing of Illicit Drugs. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:413-442. [PMID: 38273206 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Illicit drugs are harmful substances, threatening both health and safety of societies in all corners of the world. Several policies have been developed over time to deal with this illicit drug problem, including supply reduction and harm reduction policies. Both policies require on-site detection tools to succeed, i.e. sensors that can identify illicit drugs in samples at the point-of-care. Electrochemical sensors are highly suited for this task, due to their short analysis times, low cost, high accuracy, portability and orthogonality with current technologies. In this chapter, we evaluate the latest trend in electrochemical sensing of illicit drugs, with a focus on detection of illicit drugs in seizures and body fluids. Furthermore, we will also provide an outlook on the potential of electrochemistry in wearable sensors for this purpose.
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Araújo DS, Arantes LC, Faria LV, Souza KA, Pimentel DM, Barbosa SL, Richter EM, Muñoz RA, dos Santos WT. Electrochemistry of 5F-MDMB-PICA synthetic cannabinoid using a boron-doped diamond electrode with short anodic-cathodic pretreatment: A simple screening method for application in forensic analysis. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Van Echelpoel R, Parrilla M, Sleegers N, Shanmugam ST, van Nuijs AL, Slosse A, Van Durme F, De Wael K. Validated portable device for the qualitative and quantitative electrochemical detection of MDMA ready for on-site use. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- David Love
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
| | - Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA,70113th Street, N.W., Suite 750, Washington, DC, 20005-3967, USA,Corresponding author. RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA.
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Kranenburg RF, Ramaker HJ, Weesepoel Y, Arisz PW, Keizers PH, van Esch A, Zieltjens – van Uxem C, van den Berg JD, Hulshof JW, Bakels S, Rijs AM, van Asten AC. The influence of water of crystallization in NIR-based MDMA∙HCl detection. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lugo Vargas AF, Quevedo Buitrago WG, Chaves Silva DC, Martínes Suárez JF. Voltammetric Responses of a CYP2D6‐Based Biosensor to 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and the Synthetic Cathinone α‐pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α‐PVP). ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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de Faria LV, Rocha RG, Arantes LC, Ramos DL, Lima CD, Richter EM, P dos Santos WT, Muñoz RA. Cyclic square-wave voltammetric discrimination of the amphetamine-type stimulants MDA and MDMA in real-world forensic samples by 3D-printed carbon electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Paraformaldehyde-coated electrochemical sensor for improved on-site detection of amphetamine in street samples. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Rapid On-Site Detection of Illicit Drugs in Smuggled Samples with a Portable Electrochemical Device. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The smuggling of illicit drugs urges the development of new tools for rapid on-site identification in cargos. Current methods rely on presumptive color tests and portable spectroscopic techniques. However, these methods sometimes exhibit inaccurate results due to commonly used cutting agents, the colorful nature of the sample or because the drugs are smuggled in common goods. Interestingly, electrochemical sensors can deal with these specific problems. Herein, an electrochemical device is presented that uses affordable screen-printed electrodes for the electrochemical profiling of several illicit drugs by square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The identification of the illicit compound is based on the oxidation potential of the analyte. Hence, a library of electrochemical profiles is built upon the analysis of illicit drugs and common cutting agents. This library allows the design of a tailor-made script that enables the identification of each drug through a user-friendly interface (laptop or mobile phone). Importantly, the electrochemical test is compared by analyzing 48 confiscated samples with other portable devices based on Raman and FTIR spectroscopy as well as a laboratory standard method (i.e., gas chromatography–mass spectrometry). Overall, the electrochemical results, obtained through the analysis of different samples from confiscated cargos at an end-user site, present a promising alternative to current methods, offering low-cost and rapid testing in the field.
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Tavana B, Chen A. Determination of Drugs in Clinical Trials: Current Status and Outlook. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22041592. [PMID: 35214505 PMCID: PMC8875021 DOI: 10.3390/s22041592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
All pharmaceutical drugs, vaccines, cosmetic products, and many medical breakthroughs must first be approved through clinical research and trials before advancing to standard practice or entering the marketplace. Clinical trials are sets of tests that are required to determine the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical compounds, drugs, and treatments. There is one pre-phase and four main clinical phase requirements that every drug must pass to obtain final approval. Analytical techniques play a unique role in clinical trials for measuring the concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds in biological matrices and monitoring the conditions of patients (or volunteers) during various clinical phases. This review focuses on recent analytical methods that are employed to determine the concentrations of drugs and medications in biological matrices, including whole blood, plasma, urine, and breast milk. Four primary analytical techniques (extraction, spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrochemical) are discussed, and their advantages and limitations are assessed. Subsequent to a survey of evidence and results, it is clear that microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based electrochemical sensor and biosensor technologies exhibit several notable advantages over other analytical methods, and their future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aicheng Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-8244120 (ext. 54764); Fax: +1-519-7661499
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14
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Novais ADS, Arantes LC, Almeida ES, Rocha RG, Lima CD, Melo LMDA, Richter EM, Munoz RAA, Pio dos Santos WT, da Silva RAB. Fast on-site screening of 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in forensic samples using carbon screen-printed electrode and square wave voltammetry. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Li C, Han D, Wu Z, Liang Z, Han F, Chen K, Fu W, Han D, Wang Y, Niu L. Polydopamine-based molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly selective determination of ecstasy components. Analyst 2022; 147:3291-3297. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polydopamine (MIP@PDA) for detecting the main components of ecstasy, MDA and MDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dongfang Han
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhifang Wu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhishan Liang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fangjie Han
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ke Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wencai Fu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510230, PR China
| | - Yukai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510230, PR China
| | - Li Niu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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Thiruvottriyur Shanmugam S, Van Echelpoel R, Boeye G, Eliaerts J, Samanipour M, Ching HYV, Florea A, Van Doorslaer S, Van Durme F, Samyn N, Parrilla M, De Wael K. Towards Developing a Screening Strategy for Ecstasy: Revealing the Electrochemical Profile. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Thiruvottriyur Shanmugam
- A-Sense Lab Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Robin Van Echelpoel
- A-Sense Lab Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Griet Boeye
- A-Sense Lab Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Joy Eliaerts
- National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC) Vilvoordsesteenweg 100 1120 Brussels Belgium
| | - Mohammad Samanipour
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Biomedical Physics University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - H. Y. Vincent Ching
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Biomedical Physics University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Anca Florea
- A-Sense Lab Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Sabine Van Doorslaer
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Biomedical Physics University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Filip Van Durme
- National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC) Vilvoordsesteenweg 100 1120 Brussels Belgium
| | - Nele Samyn
- National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC) Vilvoordsesteenweg 100 1120 Brussels Belgium
| | - Marc Parrilla
- A-Sense Lab Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- A-Sense Lab Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
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17
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Dragan AM, Parrilla M, Feier B, Oprean R, Cristea C, De Wael K. Analytical techniques for the detection of amphetamine-type substances in different matrices: A comprehensive review. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Silva WP, Rocha RG, Arantes LC, Lima CD, Melo LMA, Munoz RAA, Dos Santos WTP, Richter EM. Development of a simple and rapid screening method for the detection of 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine in forensic samples. Talanta 2021; 233:122597. [PMID: 34215085 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine (mCPP) is a synthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects that has often been found in seized samples. In this context, easy to use point-of-care tests can be of great value in preliminary forensic analysis. Herein, we proposed a simple, fast, and portable electrochemical method for the detection of mCPP in seized samples. The method is based on the use of disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) and rapid screening procedures by square-wave voltammetry using minimal sample sizes (100 μL). mCPP showed an irreversible electrochemical oxidation process at +0.65 V on SPCE (vs Ag) using 0.04 mol L-1 Britton Robinson (BR) buffer solution (pH 7) as the supporting electrolyte. The proposed method exhibited a linear correlation (r = 0.998) between peak current and mCPP concentration in the range of 1-30 μmol L-1 (LOD = 0.1 μmol L-1). Interference studies were performed for adulterants and other classes of drugs of abuse, which can also be found in seized samples containing mCPP, such as caffeine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 1-benzylpiperazine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methylone, mephedrone, ethylone and 3, 4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone. The developed method presents great potential as a rapid and simple screening tool to detect mCPP in forensic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weberson P Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-092, Brazil
| | - Raquel G Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-092, Brazil
| | - Luciano C Arantes
- Seção de Perícias e Análises Laboratoriais, Instituto de Criminalística, Polícia Civil do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF, 70610-970, Brazil
| | - Camila D Lima
- Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Larissa M A Melo
- Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Munoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-092, Brazil
| | - Wallans T P Dos Santos
- Departament of Pharmacy, Federal University of Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-092, Brazil.
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19
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Fast determination of amphetamine-type stimulants and synthetic cathinones in whole blood samples using protein precipitation and LC-MS/MS. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based on Pt nanoparticles/carbon nanohorns for simultaneous determination of morphine and MDMA in biological samples. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Abstract
According to the World Drug Report 2020, cocaine and ecstasy are the most consumed stimulant drugs, with 19 and 27 million estimated users in 2018. In this context, large efforts are being made to design fast and cost-effective analytical methods to track and monitor the distribution networks of these synthetic drugs. Here, we share two datasets of ecstasy pills seized in the northeast of Switzerland between 2010 and 2011. The first contains 621 forensic-grade images of pills, while the second one consists of 486 mid-infrared (mIR) spectra. While both sets are not covering the same seizure, both provide high-quality data with orthogonal information to evaluate clustering and dimension reduction methods.
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