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Wei S, Xiao D, Bian C, Li Y. Phosphate and Nitrate Electrochemical Sensor Based on a Bifunctional Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20293-20303. [PMID: 38737065 PMCID: PMC11079899 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus and nitrogen are important elements in both environmental cycles and biological growth, and their imbalance can lead to serious environmental and biological problems. It is important to be able to monitor the concentration of nitrate and phosphate in the water online. In this paper, a bifunctional boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode with repeatable electrochemical renewal and modification ability has been developed and used as a shared working electrode for the determination of nitrate and phosphate. First, phosphate can be detected directly with a bare BDD electrode. After a thin copper (Cu) layer was electrodeposited on the BDD electrode, nitrate could be determined. The copper layer is then removed under a positive voltage, and the BDD electrode is renewed and can be used again for phosphate detection. This method enables the detection of both phosphate and nitrate while also improving the stability and repeatability through the renewal of the electrode surface. The segmented linear ranges for phosphate were 0.02-0.4 and 0.4-3 mg/L with a detection limit of 0.004 mg/L. The sensor detected nitrate in a wide concentration range, with segmented linear relationships in the ranges of 0.07-3 and 3-100 mg/L, with a detection limit of 0.065 mg/L. The electrochemical sensor based on the BDD electrode has a good reproducibility for phosphate and nitrate detection. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values of the current responses were 2.98, 2.79, 1.66, 1.81, and 1.23%, respectively, for 35 consecutive tests in 0.05, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/L phosphate solution. The RSD values of the current responses were 2.00, 0.97, and 1.03%, respectively, for 25 consecutive tests in 5, 7, and 10 mg/L nitrate solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Wei
- State
Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research
Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Danlin Xiao
- State
Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research
Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Bian
- State
Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research
Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yang Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research
Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Ahmad R, Abdullah, Rehman MT, AlAjmi MF, Alam S, Bhat KS, Mishra P, Lee BI. An Electroanalytical Enzymeless α-Fe 2O 3-ZnO Hybrid Nanostructure-Based Sensor for Sensitive Quantification of Nitrite Ions. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:706. [PMID: 38668200 PMCID: PMC11054654 DOI: 10.3390/nano14080706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Nitrite monitoring serves as a fundamental practice for protecting public health, preserving environmental quality, ensuring food safety, maintaining industrial safety standards, and optimizing agricultural practices. Although many nitrite sensing methods have been recently developed, the quantification of nitrite remains challenging due to sensitivity and selectivity limitations. In this context, we present the fabrication of enzymeless iron oxide nanoparticle-modified zinc oxide nanorod (α-Fe2O3-ZnO NR) hybrid nanostructure-based nitrite sensor fabrication. The α-Fe2O3-ZnO NR hybrid nanostructure was synthesized using a two-step hydrothermal method and characterized in detail utilizing x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These analyses confirm the successful synthesis of an α-Fe2O3-ZnO NR hybrid nanostructure, highlighting its morphology, purity, crystallinity, and elemental constituents. The α-Fe2O3-ZnO NR hybrid nanostructure was used to modify the SPCE (screen-printed carbon electrode) for enzymeless nitrite sensor fabrication. The voltammetric methods (i.e., cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV)) were employed to explore the electrochemical characteristics of α-Fe2O3-ZnO NR/SPCE sensors for nitrite. Upon examination of the sensor's electrochemical behavior across a range of nitrite concentrations (0 to 500 µM), it is evident that the α-Fe2O3-ZnO NR hybrid nanostructure shows an increased response with increasing nitrite concentration. The sensor demonstrates a linear response to nitrite concentrations up to 400 µM, a remarkable sensitivity of 18.10 µA µM-1 cm-2, and a notably low detection threshold of 0.16 µM. Furthermore, its exceptional selectivity, stability, and reproducibility make it an ideal tool for accurately measuring nitrite levels in serum, yielding reliable outcomes. This advancement heralds a significant step forward in the field of environmental monitoring, offering a potent solution for the precise assessment of nitrite pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiq Ahmad
- ‘New-Senior’ Oriented Smart Health Care Education Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Abdullah
- Future Energy Convergence Core Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Md. Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.T.R.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Mohamed F. AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.T.R.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Shamshad Alam
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA;
| | - Kiesar Sideeq Bhat
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, India;
| | - Prabhash Mishra
- Quantum Materials and Devices Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India;
| | - Byeong-Il Lee
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Digital Healthcare Research Center, Institute of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Zhang M, Yang Y, Guo W. Electrochemical sensor for sensitive nitrite and sulfite detection in milk based on acid-treated Fe 3O 4@SiO 2 nanoparticles. Food Chem 2024; 430:137004. [PMID: 37542964 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a simple electrochemical sensing platform based on acid-treated Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles was successfully prepared for nitrite and sulfite detection. Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized through the sol-gel and hydrothermal methods. Fe3O4@SiO2 presented positive charges after acid treatment, which could enhance the electrostatic attraction between Fe3O4@SiO2 and nitrite and sulfite. The Fe3O4@SiO2(acid-treated) modified magnetic glassy carbon electrode (MGCE) was applied to detect nitrite and sulfite using differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry. Under optimized conditions, the developed electrochemical sensor presented good analytical properties for nitrite and sulfite detection with detection limits of 3.33 μmol/L and 31.57 μmol/L, respectively. The good recoveries varied from 85.18% to 111.02%, with a relative standard deviation of 0.23-4.80%. Furthermore, the Fe3O4@SiO2(acid-treated) modified MGCE showed better selectivity, reproducibility, and repeatability in nitrite and sulfite detection. Therefore, this proposed electrochemical sensor provides a new method for developing a nitrite and sulfite detection sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosai Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ye Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenchuan Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Beatto TG, Gomes WE, Etchegaray A, Gupta R, Mendes RK. Dopamine levels determined in synthetic urine using an electrochemical tyrosinase biosensor based on ZnO@Au core-shell. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33424-33429. [PMID: 38025875 PMCID: PMC10644153 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06277e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents a biosensor based on core-shell nanostructure formed by zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles coated with gold (Au). The core-shell nanostructure served as a support for the immobilisation of tyrosinase on screen-printed carbon electrodes to measure dopamine using differential pulse voltammetry. While ZnO is a semiconductor with good electrical conductivity, Au offers high stability and biocompatibility, which is beneficial for maintaining enzyme activity. Atomic force microscopy (ATM), ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy measurements confirmed that the core-shell was successfully formed. The biosensor comprising of ZnO@Au core-shell nanostructures with immobilised tyrosinase allowed the detection of dopamine in real samples with remarkable selectivity and accuracy with a relative error of 3.8%. The limit of detection and dynamic range of the biosensor for dopamine in real samples were 86 nmol L-1 and 0.1 to 500 μmol L-1, respectively. Thus, the results indicate that the proposed miniaturized biosensor device is promising for the monitoring of dopamine in real samples and can be used for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, the reported electrochemical biosensor is of low-cost when compared to conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thainá G Beatto
- Pontíficia Universidade Católica de Campinas Campinas SP Brazil +55 19 33437656
| | - Wyllerson E Gomes
- Pontíficia Universidade Católica de Campinas Campinas SP Brazil +55 19 33437656
| | - Augusto Etchegaray
- Pontíficia Universidade Católica de Campinas Campinas SP Brazil +55 19 33437656
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Renata K Mendes
- Pontíficia Universidade Católica de Campinas Campinas SP Brazil +55 19 33437656
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Liu G, Guo H, Zhao W, Yan H, Zhang E, Gao L. Advancements in Preprocessing and Analysis of Nitrite and Nitrate since 2010 in Biological Samples: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:7122. [PMID: 37894601 PMCID: PMC10609401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a substance present in organisms, nitrite is a metabolite of nitric oxide and can also be ingested. Nitrate is the metabolite of nitrite. Therefore, it is necessary to measure it quickly, easily and accurately to evaluate the health status of humans. Although there have been several reviews on analytical methods for non-biological samples, there have been no reviews focused on both sample preparation and analytical methods for biological samples. First, rapid and accurate nitrite measurement has significant effects on human health. Second, the detection of nitrite in biological samples is problematic due to its very low concentration and matrix interferences. Therefore, the pretreatment plus measuring methods for nitrite and nitrate obtained from biological samples since 2010 are summarized in the present review, and their prospects for the future are proposed. The treatment methods include liquid-liquid microextraction, various derivatization reactions, liquid-liquid extraction, protein precipitation, solid phase extraction, and cloud point extraction. Analytical methods include spectroscopic methods, paper-based analytical devices, ion chromatography, liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, electrochemical methods, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. Derivatization reagents with rapid quantitative reactions and advanced extraction methods with high enrichment efficiency are also included. Nitrate and nitrate should be determined at the same time by the same analytical method. In addition, much exploration has been performed on formulating fast testing through microfluidic technology. In this review, the newest developments in nitrite and nitrate processing are a focus in addition to novel techniques employed in such analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China;
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-Evidence Sciences, Shenyang 110122, China
- Center of Forensic Investigation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Honghui Guo
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-Evidence Sciences, Shenyang 110122, China
- Center of Forensic Investigation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Forensic Analytical Toxicology Department, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Wanlin Zhao
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-Evidence Sciences, Shenyang 110122, China
- Center of Forensic Investigation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Forensic Analytical Toxicology Department, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hongmu Yan
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-Evidence Sciences, Shenyang 110122, China
- Center of Forensic Investigation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Forensic Analytical Toxicology Department, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Enze Zhang
- First Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Lina Gao
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-Evidence Sciences, Shenyang 110122, China
- Center of Forensic Investigation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Forensic Analytical Toxicology Department, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Lal K, Jaywant SA, Arif KM. Electrochemical and Optical Sensors for Real-Time Detection of Nitrate in Water. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7099. [PMID: 37631636 PMCID: PMC10457996 DOI: 10.3390/s23167099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The health and integrity of our water sources are vital for the existence of all forms of life. However, with the growth in population and anthropogenic activities, the quality of water is being impacted globally, particularly due to a widespread problem of nitrate contamination that poses numerous health risks. To address this issue, investigations into various detection methods for the development of in situ real-time monitoring devices have attracted the attention of many researchers. Among the most prominent detection methods are chromatography, colorimetry, electrochemistry, and spectroscopy. While all these methods have their pros and cons, electrochemical and optical methods have emerged as robust and efficient techniques that offer cost-effective, accurate, sensitive, and reliable measurements. This review provides an overview of techniques that are ideal for field-deployable nitrate sensing applications, with an emphasis on electrochemical and optical detection methods. It discusses the underlying principles, recent advances, and various measurement techniques. Additionally, the review explores the current developments in real-time nitrate sensors and discusses the challenges of real-time implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khalid Mahmood Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, SF&AT, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (K.L.); (S.A.J.)
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High performance of nitrite electrochemical sensing based on Au-poly(thionine)-tin oxide/graphene nanosheets nanocomposites. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Huanan G, Qiaoyan W, Shuping L. A smartphone-integrated dual-mode nanosensor based on Fe 3O 4@Au for rapid and highly selective detection of glutathione. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 271:120866. [PMID: 35033754 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and straightforward method for detecting reduced glutathione (GSH) was developed supported on smartphone analysis software package and a peroxide simulated catalyst nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Au) system. The nanocomposite was prepared by self-assembling technique, and the characterization was carried out using transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared, and X-ray diffractometer. Fe3O4@Au materials have catalyzed the oxidation of a typical colorimetric substrate in the presence of H2O2, with the color changes from colorless to green oxidized. A smartphone with a free self-developed app referred to as "Color Capture" was accustomed live the RGB (red-greenblue) values of color intensity within the Fe3O4@Au system and computationally convert them GSH concentrations. The smartphone detection system showed high property and sensitivity of GSH detection. It gave a constant correlation (R2 = 0.9973) between the colour intensity of I and the GSH concentration, with a linear vary of 0-0.25 mmol/L, and a detection limit of 0.013 μmol/L. The results obtained were most consistent with the results obtained in ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The colorimetric system is based on smartphone analysis software developed to detect GSH in actual samples with potential application values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Huanan
- College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wu Qiaoyan
- College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Shuping
- College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, People's Republic of China
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Kulpa-Koterwa A, Ossowski T, Niedziałkowski P. Functionalized Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles as Glassy Carbon Electrode Modifiers for Heavy Metal Ions Detection-A Mini Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7725. [PMID: 34947318 PMCID: PMC8709283 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, nanoparticles of iron oxide Fe3O4 (magnetite) gained significant attention in both basic studies and many practical applications. Their unique properties such as superparamagnetism, low toxicity, synthesis simplicity, high surface area to volume ratio, simple separation methodology by an external magnetic field, and renewability are the reasons for their successful utilisation in environmental remediation, biomedical, and agricultural applications. Moreover, the magnetite surface modification enables the successful binding of various analytes. In this work, we discuss the usage of core-shell nanoparticles and nanocomposites based on Fe3O4 for the modification of the GC electrode surface. Furthermore, this review focuses on the heavy metal ions electrochemical detection using Fe3O4-based nanoparticles-modified electrodes. Moreover, the most frequently used electrochemical methods, such as differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry and measurement conditions, including deposition potential, deposition time, and electrolyte selection, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kulpa-Koterwa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | | | - Paweł Niedziałkowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
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