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Esfandiari N, Aliofkhazraei M. Advances in the determination of trace amounts of iron cations through electrochemical methods: A comprehensive review of principles and their limits of detection. Talanta 2024; 277:126365. [PMID: 38964047 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Quantification of trace amounts of iron is of great importance in various fields. In the industrial sector, it is crucial to monitor the release of iron out of corrosion, pickling treatment, and steel manufacturing to address potential environmental and economic challenges. In biological systems, despite its indispensability, it is essential to maintain iron concentration below a specific threshold. Electrochemical (EC) methods provide significant analytical capabilities due to their simplicity, ease of use, and cost-effectiveness. This review focuses on the fundamental principles of EC methods for iron detection, including potentiometry, amperometry, coulometry, voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It further explains the process of obtaining calibration curves, and subsequently, determining the concentration of unknown ions. Additionally, technical notes are presented on selecting the initial signal value, reducing the duration of tests, excluding non-faradaic signals, and extending the linear region with the lowest detection limit. These notes are supported by key findings from relevant case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeemeh Esfandiari
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-143, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Aliofkhazraei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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2
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Zhao X, Zhou G, Qin S, Zhang J, Wang G, Gao J, Suo H, Zhao C. In Situ Preparation of Metallic Copper Nanosheets/Carbon Paper Sensitive Electrodes for Low-Potential Electrochemical Detection of Nitrite. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4247. [PMID: 39001026 PMCID: PMC11244116 DOI: 10.3390/s24134247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of electrochemical nitrite detection, the potent oxidizing nature of nitrite typically necessitates operation at high detection potentials. However, this study introduces a novel approach to address this challenge by developing a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor with a low reduction detection potential. Specifically, a copper metal nanosheet/carbon paper sensitive electrode (Cu/CP) was fabricated using a one-step electrodeposition method, leveraging the catalytic reduction properties of copper's high occupancy d-orbital. The Cu/CP sensor exhibited remarkable performance in nitrite detection, featuring a low detection potential of -0.05 V vs. Hg/HgO, a wide linear range of 10~1000 μM, an impressive detection limit of 0.079 μM (S/N = 3), and a high sensitivity of 2140 μA mM-1cm-2. These findings underscore the efficacy of electrochemical nitrite detection through catalytic reduction as a means to reduce the operational voltage of the sensor. By showcasing the successful implementation of this strategy, this work sets a valuable precedent for the advancement of electrochemical low-potential nitrite detection methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Guangfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Sitao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Guanda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hui Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Pengsomjit U, Alabdo F, Karuwan C, Kraiya C, Alahmad W, Ozkan SA. Innovative Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Improvement of Electrochemical Sensors: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38656227 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2343854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Graphene, renowned for its exceptional physicochemical attributes, has emerged as a favored substrate for integrating a wide array of inorganic and organic materials in scientific endeavors and innovations. Electrochemical graphene-based nanocomposite sensors have been developed by incorporating diverse nanoparticles into graphene, effectively immobilized onto electrodes through various techniques. These graphene-based nanocomposite sensors have effectively detected and quantified various electroactive species in samples. This review delves into using graphene nanocomposites to fabricate electrochemical sensors, leveraging the exceptional electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties inherent to graphene derivatives. These nanocomposites showcase electrocatalytic activity, substantial surface area, superior electrical conductivity, adsorption capabilities, and notable porosity, which are highly advantageous for sensing applications. A myriad of characterization techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), BET surface area analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), have proven effective in exploring the properties of graphene nanocomposites and validating the adjustable formation of these nanomaterials with graphene. The applicability of these sensors across various matrices, encompassing environmental, food, and biological domains, has been evaluated through electrochemical measurements, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). This review provides a comprehensive overview of synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and sensor applications pertinent to graphene-based nanocomposites. Furthermore, it deliberates on the challenges and future prospects within this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Untika Pengsomjit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fatima Alabdo
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Idlib University, Idlib, Syria
| | - Chanpen Karuwan
- Graphene Research Team (GRP), National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Charoenkwan Kraiya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waleed Alahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkiye
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Xhanari K, Finšgar M. Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review. Analyst 2023; 148:5805-5821. [PMID: 37697964 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01252b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
This review paper summarizes the research published in the last five years on using different compounds and/or materials as modifiers for electrodes employed in trace heavy metal analysis. The main groups of modifiers are identified, and their single or combined application on the surface of the electrodes is discussed. Nanomaterials, film-forming substances, and polymers are among the most used compounds employed mainly in the modification of glassy carbon, screen-printed, and carbon paste electrodes. Composites composed of several compounds and/or materials have also found growing interest in the development of modified electrodes. Environmentally friendly substances and natural products (mainly biopolymers and plant extracts) have continued to be included in the modification of electrodes for trace heavy metal analysis. The main analytical performance parameters of the modified electrodes as well as possible interferences affecting the determination of the target analytes, are discussed. Finally, a critical evaluation of the main findings from these studies and an outlook discussing possible improvements in this area of research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klodian Xhanari
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
- University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Boulevard "Zogu I", 1001 Tirana, Albania
| | - Matjaž Finšgar
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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Kalhori S, Ahour F, Aurang P. Determination of trace amount of iron cations using electrochemical methods at N, S doped GQD modified electrode. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1557. [PMID: 36707641 PMCID: PMC9883219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dot-modified glassy carbon electrodes (N, S-GQD/GCE) were used for the recognition of iron cations in aqueous solutions. The dissolved cations are detected based on the faradaic reduction or oxidation current of Fe(III) and Fe(II) obtained at the N, S-GQD/GCE surface. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), and hydrodynamic amperometry are used as suitable electrochemical techniques for studying electrochemical behavior and determination of Fe cations. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that the presence of free electrons in the structure of N, S-GQD could facilitate electron transfer reaction between Fe(III) and electrode surface which with increased surface area results in increased sensitivity and lower limit of detection. By performing suitable experiments, the best condition for preparing the modified electrode and determining Fe(III) was selected. Under optimized conditions, the amperometric response is linear from 1 to 100 nM of Fe(III) with a detection limit of 0.23 nM. The validity of the method and applicability of the sensor is successfully tested by the determination of Fe(III) in drug and water real samples. This sensor opened a new platform based on doped nanoparticles for highly sensitive and selective detection of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kalhori
- grid.412763.50000 0004 0442 8645Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - F. Ahour
- grid.412763.50000 0004 0442 8645Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran ,grid.412763.50000 0004 0442 8645Institute of Nanotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - P. Aurang
- grid.412763.50000 0004 0442 8645Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Yang X, Feng M, Zhang X, Huang Y. Co,N,S co-doped hollow carbon with efficient oxidase-like activity for the detection of Hg2+ and Fe3+ ions. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Screen-printed Gold Electrode Functionalized with Deferoxamine for Iron(III) Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10060214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deferoxamine (DFO), a hydroxamic siderophore with a high affinity for Fe(III), is immobilized as a functionalized self-assembled monolayer of a thiol (SAM) on the gold surface of a screen-printed cell to develop a voltammetric sensor for iron(III). The surface of the working electrode was characterized, before and after functionalization, by determining surface properties such as the area and the double-layer capacitance. The Fe(III) detection was performed by DPV analysis after preconcentration of the cation at the open circuit potential in solution at pH = 1 for two minutes. The method was applied to the iron(III) quantification in water samples giving promising results.
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Madhuvilakku R, Yen YK, Yan WM, Huang GW. Laser-scribed Graphene Electrodes Functionalized with Nafion/Fe 3O 4 Nanohybrids for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Neurotoxin Drug Clioquinol. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15936-15950. [PMID: 35571850 PMCID: PMC9096983 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of pharmaceutical active ingredients plays an important role in quality control and clinical trials because they have a significant physiological effect on the human body even at low concentrations. Herein, a flexible three-electrode system using laser-scribed graphene (LSG) technology, which consists of Nafion/Fe3O4 nanohybrids immobilized on LSG as the working electrode and LSG counter and reference electrodes on a single polyimide film, is presented. A Nafion/Fe3O4/LSG electrode is constructed by drop coating a solution of Nafion/Fe3O4, which is electrostatically self-assembled between positively charged Fe3O4 and negatively charged Nafion on the LSG electrode and is used for the first time to determine a neurotoxicity drug (clioquinol; CQL) in biological samples. Owing to their porous 3D structure, an enriched surface area at the active edges and polar groups (OH, COOH, and -SO3H) in Nafion/Fe3O4/LSG electrodes resulted in excellent wettability to facilitate electrolyte diffusion, which gave ∼twofold enhancement in electrocatalytic activity over LSG electrodes. The experimental parameters affecting the analytical performance were investigated. The quantification of clioquinol on the Nafion/Fe3O4/LSG electrode surface was examined using differential pulse voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques. The fabricated sensor displays preferable sensitivity (17.4 μA μM-1 cm-2), a wide linear range (1 nM to 100 μM), a very low detection limit (0.73 nM), and acceptable selectivity toward quantitative analysis of CQL. Furthermore, the reliability of the sensor was checked by CQL detection in spiked human blood serum and urine samples, and satisfactory recoveries were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Madhuvilakku
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei
University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Department
of Energy and Refrigeration Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Kuang Yen
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei
University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- . Phone: +886-2771-2171. Fax: +886-2731-7191
| | - Wei-Mon Yan
- Department
of Energy and Refrigeration Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Wei Huang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei
University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Song Y, Liu W, Mu X, Zhong X, Cui A, Sun Y, Crockett JR, Bao Y, Shan G, Chen Y. Photothermal-enhanced peroxidase-like activity of CDs/PBNPs for the detection of Fe 3+ and cholesterol in serum samples. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 189:30. [PMID: 34914009 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots/Prussian blue nanoparticles (CDs/PBNPs) with fluorescence (FL) performance and peroxidase-like activity are synthesized by a simple two-step method. The FL of CDs/PBNPs can be effectively quenched by Fe3+. Fe3+ can accelerate the peroxidase-like activity of CDs/PBNPs. More excitingly, the peroxidase-like activity of CDs/PBNPs could be further enhanced due to the influence of the photothermal effect. Based on the FL property and enhanced peroxidase-like activity, a cascade strategy is proposed for detection of Fe3+ and free cholesterol. CD/PBNPs act as FL probe for detection of Fe3+. The enhanced peroxidase-like activity of CDs/PBNPs can also be used as colorimetric probe for the detection of free cholesterol. The detection ranges of Fe3+ and free cholesterol are 4-128 μM and 2-39 μM, and the corresponding limit of detections are 2.0 μM and 1.63 μM, respectively. The proposed strategy has been verified by the feasibility determination of Fe3+ and free cholesterol, suggesting its potential in the prediction of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Song
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Wenquan Liu
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xin Mu
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xiahua Zhong
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Anni Cui
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - John R Crockett
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Ying Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Guiye Shan
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Yanwei Chen
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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