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Schneider TD, Kraemer T, Steuer AE. Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling for Determination of the Time since Deposition of Biofluids in a Forensic Context: A Proof-of-Concept for Urine, Saliva, and Semen in Addition to Blood. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16575-16584. [PMID: 37902306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
In a criminal trial, the reconstruction of a crime is one of the fundamental steps of the prosecution process. Common questions, such as what happened, where and how it happened, and who made it happen, need to be solved. Biological evidence at crime scenes can be crucial in the determination of these fundamental questions. One of the more challenging riddles to solve is the when? A trace left at a crime scene can prove a person's presence at the crime scene. Knowledge about when it was deposited there, the time since deposition (TsD), would allow linking the person in space and time to the site. This could fortify allegations against a suspect or discharge accusations if proven to be outside of the temporal boundaries where a suspected crime had occurred. Determining the TsD has yet to become routine forensic casework, despite recent research efforts, especially for blood traces. However, next to blood, other biological traces are also commonly encountered in crime scenes. We here present a study to profile the metabolomes of artificially aged dried body fluid spots of blood, semen, saliva, and urine over 4 weeks by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and data-dependent acquisition. All four body fluids (BFs) exhibited diverse time-dependent changes, and a large number of molecular features (MF) were associated with TsD. Still, significant differences between the BFs were observed, limiting universal interpretability independent of the BF and facilitating a need to further study time-dependent changes of different BFs individually toward the goal of TsD estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom D Schneider
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea E Steuer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Vale B, Orr A, Elliott C, Stotesbury T. Optical profilometry for forensic bloodstain imaging. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1401-1408. [PMID: 37133225 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the physical, chemical and biological changes that occur during the drying of a bloodstain is important in many aspects of forensic science including bloodstain pattern analysis and time since deposition estimation. This research assesses the use of optical profilometry to analyze changes in the surface morphology of degrading bloodstains created using three different volumes (4, 11, and 20 μL) up to 4 weeks after deposition. We analyzed six surface characteristics, including surface average roughness, kurtosis, skewness, maximum height, number of cracks and pits, and height distributions from the topographical scans obtained from bloodstains. Full and partial optical profiles were obtained to examine long-term (minimum of 1.5-h intervals) and short-term (5-min intervals) changes. The majority of the changes in surface characteristics occurred within the first 35 min after bloodstain deposition, in agreement with current research in bloodstain drying. Optical profilometry is a nondestructive and efficient method to obtain surface profiles of bloodstains, and can be integrated easily into additional research workflows including but not limited to time since deposition estimation. Optical profilometry is a non-contact tool to scan bloodstains in ambient conditions Drying phases are observable in small drip bloodstains Significant surface morphology changes occur within 35 min after deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayden Vale
- Forensic Science Undergraduate Program, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada
| | - Amanda Orr
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
| | - Colin Elliott
- Applied Bioscience Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada
| | - Theresa Stotesbury
- Faculty of Science, Forensic Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada
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3
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Ke R, Kucukal E, Gurkan UA, Li B. Characterization of fibronectin properties by integrated micro-fluidic experiments and fluid-structure interaction simulations. J Biomech 2023; 150:111505. [PMID: 36867952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin (Fn) has been observed to assemble in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cell culture and stretch in response to the external force. The alteration of molecule domain functions generally follows the extension of Fn. Several researchers have investigated fibronectin extensively in molecular architecture and conformation structure. However, the bulk material behavior of the Fn in the ECM has not been fully depicted at the cell scale, and many studies have ignored physiological conditions. Conversely, microfluidic techniques that explore cellular properties based on cell deformation and adhesion have emerged as a powerful and effective platform to study cell rheological transformation in a physiological environment. However, directly quantifying properties from microfluidic measurements remains a challenge. Therefore, it is an efficient way to combine experimental measurements with a robust and reliable numerical framework to calibrate the mechanical stress distribution in the test sample. In this paper, we present a monolithic Lagrangian fluid-structure interaction (FSI) approach within the Optimal Transportation Meshfree (OTM) framework that enables the investigation of the adherent Red Blood Cell (RBC) interacting with fluid and overcomes the drawbacks of the traditional computational tools such as the mesh entanglement and interface tracking, etc. This study aims to assess the material properties of the RBC and Fn fiber by calibrating the numerical predictions to experimental measurements. Moreover, a physical-based constitutive model will be proposed to describe the bulk behavior of the Fn fiber inflow, and the rate-dependent deformation and separation of the Fn fiber will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Ke
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve, University, Cleveland, 44106 OH, USA
| | - Erdem Kucukal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve, University, Cleveland, 44106 OH, USA
| | - Umut A Gurkan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve, University, Cleveland, 44106 OH, USA
| | - Bo Li
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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4
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Lee YR, Lee S, Kwon S, Lee J, Kang HG. Bloodstain Metabolite Markers: Discovery and Validation for Estimating Age of Bloodstain within 7 Days. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13377-13384. [PMID: 36125254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomic research using analytical chemistry methods has been carried out in a wide range of research fields. However, research combining forensic science and metabolomics is rare. Determining the age of bloodstains could provide key information regarding when a crime was committed. Currently, validated methods for estimating the age of bloodstains are unavailable. Metabolites are intermediate and final products of chemical reactions. Therefore, they are less likely to be degraded than other components of blood under field conditions. In this study, metabolites in bloodstains were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to discover and validate metabolic markers for determining the age of bloodstains within a week post-bleeding. Nontargeted analysis of bloodstain metabolites revealed statistically significant differences over time. Quantitative analysis of identified candidates via multiple reaction monitoring confirmed the statistical significance according to the age of bloodstain. Pyroglutamic acid, l-glutamine, acetylcarnitine, and adenosine 5'-monophosphate were selected as the final markers. The content of each marker exhibited a statistically significant and consistent tendency to decrease with the age of bloodstain. Furthermore, the effect of hemolysis was considered according to the blood fraction spots of the four markers. This study is the first to identify and validate metabolite markers that may help determine the age of bloodstains within a week post-bleeding. If applied to crime scenes as indicators of the age of bloodstains, they can be used as innovative and important tools for reconstructing crime scenes, suggesting initial investigative direction. This study highlights the forensic utility of blood metabolites ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Rim Lee
- Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Uijeongbu 11759, Korea
| | - Seungyeon Lee
- Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Uijeongbu 11759, Korea
| | - Sohyen Kwon
- Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Uijeongbu 11759, Korea
| | - Jiyeong Lee
- Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Uijeongbu 11759, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Uijeongbu 11759, Korea
| | - Hee-Gyoo Kang
- Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Uijeongbu 11759, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea
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Schneider TD, Roschitzki B, Grossmann J, Kraemer T, Steuer AE. Determination of the Time since Deposition of Blood Traces Utilizing a Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Approach. Anal Chem 2022; 94:10695-10704. [PMID: 35856936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about when a bloodstain was deposited at a crime scene can be of critical value in forensic investigation. A donor of a genetically identified bloodstain could be linked to a suspected time frame and the crime scene itself. Determination of the time since deposition (TsD) has been extensively studied before but has yet to reach maturity. We therefore conducted a proof-of-principle study to study time- and storage-dependent changes of the proteomes of dried blood stains. A bottom-up proteomics approach was employed, and high-resolution liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry (HR-LC-MS) and data-independent acquisition (DIA) were used to analyze samples aged over a 2 month period and two different storage conditions. In multivariate analysis, samples showed distinct clustering according to their TsD in both principal component analysis (PCA) and in partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS DA). The storage condition alters sample aging and yields different separation-driving peptides in hierarchical clustering and in TsD marker peptide selection. Certain peptides and amino acid modifications were identified and further assessed for their applicability in assessing passed TsD. A prediction model based on data resampling (Jackknife) was applied, and prediction values for selected peptide ratios were created. Depending on storage conditions and actual sample age, mean prediction performances ranges in between 70 and 130% for the majority of peptides and time points. This places this study as a first in investigating LC-MS based bottom-up proteomics approaches for TsD determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom D Schneider
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Roschitzki
- Functional Genomics Centre Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Centre Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 792 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea E Steuer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Unlocking the potential of forensic traces: Analytical approaches to generate investigative leads. Sci Justice 2022; 62:310-326. [PMID: 35598924 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Forensic investigation involves gathering the information necessary to understand the criminal events as well as linking objects or individuals to an item, location or other individual(s) for investigative purposes. For years techniques such as presumptive chemical tests, DNA profiling or fingermark analysis have been of great value to this process. However, these techniques have their limitations, whether it is a lack of confidence in the results obtained due to cross-reactivity, subjectivity and low sensitivity; or because they are dependent on holding reference samples in a pre-existing database. There is currently a need to devise new ways to gather as much information as possible from a single trace, particularly from biological traces commonly encountered in forensic casework. This review outlines the most recent advancements in the forensic analysis of biological fluids, fingermarks and hair. Special emphasis is placed on analytical methods that can expand the information obtained from the trace beyond what is achieved in the usual practices. Special attention is paid to those methods that accurately determine the nature of the sample, as well as how long it has been at the crime scene, along with individualising information regarding the donor source of the trace.
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Hughes DA, Szkuta B, van Oorschot RA, Yang W, Conlan XA. Impact of surface roughness on the deposition of saliva and fingerprint residue on non-porous substrates. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Huang X, Wang C, Wang N. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells strengthen cisplatin inhibition activity against breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells by disrupting mitochondrial function and cell ultrastructure. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:113. [PMID: 33593340 PMCID: PMC7885429 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer ranks second of new cases and fifth of death in 2018 worldwide. Cis-platinum (CDDP) has been used as a chemotherapy to treat breast cancer for years. However, CDDP can adversely disrupt immune function of host. Thus, development of new protocol that can minimize side effect and meanwhile elevate clinical efficacy of CDDP will eventually benefit cancer patients. Since Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can up-regulate immune function of cancer patients, therefore, our hypothesis is that introduction of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells could potentiate CDDP efficacy against breast cancer. METHODS We used breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 as model cell to test our hypothesis. The cancer cell viability in vitro in the context of different dose of CDDP was analyzed by flow cytometry. The cytoskeleton alteration was visualized by confocal microscopy, and the ultrastructure of cell membrane was observed by atomic force microscopy. The mitochondrial function of MDA-MB-231 cells was detected as well by flow cytometry. RESULTS Comparing to either Vγ9Vδ2 T cells or CDDP alone, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells plus CDDP could more strikingly induce MDA-MB-231 cell membrane ultrastructure disruption and cytoskeleton disorder, and more significantly enhance the inhibition of CDDP on proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. At the same time, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells strengthened CDDP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction of cancer cells. CONCLUSION This work revealed that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells could synergistically enhance the inhibition activity of CDDP against breast cancer cells. Meanwhile, this in vitro proof-of-concept study implied the clinical prospect of the combining application of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and CDDP in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cunchuan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningxia Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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9
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Yadavalli VK, Ehrhardt CJ. Atomic force microscopy as a biophysical tool for nanoscale forensic investigations. Sci Justice 2020; 61:1-12. [PMID: 33357821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) has found its way to the arsenal of tools available to the forensic practitioner for the analysis of samples at the nano and microscales. As a non-destructive probing tool that requires minimal sample preparation, the AFM is very attractive, particularly in the case of minimal or precious sample. To date, the use of the AFM has primarily been in the arena of imaging where it has been complementary to other microscopic examination tools. Forensic applications in the visual examination of evidence such as blood stains, questioned documents, and hair samples have been reported. While a number of reviews have focused on the use of AFM as an imaging tool for forensic analyses, here we not only discuss these works, but also point to a versatile enhancement in the capabilities of this nanoscale tool - namely its use for force spectroscopy. In this mode, the AFM can determine elastic moduli, adhesion forces, energy dissipation, and the interaction forces between cognate ligands, that can be spatially mapped to provide a unique spatial visualization of properties. Our goals in this review are to provide a context for this capability of the AFM, explain its workings, cover some exemplary works pertaining to forensic sciences, and present a critical analysis on the advantages and disadvantages of this modality. Equipped with this high-resolution tool, imaging and biophysical analysis by the AFM can provide a unique complement to other tools available to the researcher for the analysis and characterization of forensic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi K Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Christopher J Ehrhardt
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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10
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Das T, Harshey A, Nigam K, Yadav VK, Srivastava A. Analytical approaches for bloodstain aging by vibrational spectroscopy: Current trends and future perspectives. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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12
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Xiao H, Chen Y, Alnaggar M. Silver nanoparticles induce cell death of colon cancer cells through impairing cytoskeleton and membrane nanostructure. Micron 2019; 126:102750. [PMID: 31522088 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Globally, colon cancer is a predominant cause of increased morbidity and mortality annually; therefore, in addition to traditional treatments, new protocols are under continuous investigation. Nanotechnology-based cancer therapy is a new strategy and considered one of the most promising research directions for colon cancer. In this study, we used a silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-based methodology to treat colon cancer cells, and single cell approaches to examine how AgNPs exerted inhibiting effects on cells. We found that AgNPs could apparently destroy cytoskeleton and topography structures, alter cell membrane nanostructures, and thus increase membrane roughness, and depress cell membrane adhesion properties and cell stiffness. We also found that AgNPs caused mitochondrial dysfunctions including hyperpolarization of membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Notably, AgNPs altered all phenotypes or functions of cells in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, our research provided a new paradigm for revealing killing mechanisms of AgNPs against colon cancer cells from single cell biophysical aspects, which could advance AgNP-based nanotechnology cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefang Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The People's Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China.
| | - Yan Chen
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong, PR China
| | - Mohammed Alnaggar
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong, PR China; Tongji Chibi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Chibi, Hubei, PR China.
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13
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Cavalcanti D, Silva L. Application of atomic force microscopy in the analysis of time since deposition (TSD) of red blood cells in bloodstains: A forensic analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 301:254-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Dias A, Werner M, Ward KR, Fleury JB, Baulin VA. High-throughput 3D visualization of nanoparticles attached to the surface of red blood cells. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:2282-2288. [PMID: 30657510 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09960j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Blood circulation is the main distribution route for systemic delivery and the possibility to manipulate red blood cells (RBCs) by attaching nanoparticles to their surface provides a great opportunity for cargo delivery into tissues. Nanocarriers attached to RBCs can be delivered to specific organs orders of magnitude faster than if injected directly into the bloodstream. Another advantage is a shielding from recognition by the immune system, thereby increasing the efficiency of delivery. We present a high-throughput microfluidic method that can monitor the shape of drifting cells due to interactions with nanoparticles and characterize the 3D dispersion of fluorescent silica nanoparticles at the surface of RBCs. The combination of fluorescence microscopy with image analysis demonstrates that the adsorption of silica nanoparticles onto the surface of RBCs is strongly influenced by electrostatic interactions. A reduced number of intact RBCs with increasing nanoparticle concentration beyond a certain threshold points to a toxicity mechanism associated with the nanoparticle adsorption at the surface of RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Dias
- Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
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15
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Seok AE, Lee J, Lee YR, Lee YJ, Kim HJ, Ihm C, Sung HJ, Hyun SH, Kang HG. Estimation of Age of Bloodstains by Mass-Spectrometry: A Metabolomic Approach. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12431-12441. [PMID: 30350957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bloodstains are common evidence in crime scenes, containing significant information, including genetic information. Although efforts have been made to reliably determine the time of incident by analyzing the elapsed time of the bloodstain, there has been limited success. To identify candidate metabolites in bloodstains over time, we prepared bloodstain samples using filter paper and analyzed the metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS)/MS over a 21-day period. Using Venn diagrams and by multivariate analysis, we selected 62 candidate molecular features. We found by partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) that the group can be classified with an accuracy of 75.0%, and the R2 and Q2 values were 0.7513 and 0.6998, respectively. Five metabolites were successfully identified based on candidate molecular features. The level of two metabolites, l-tryptophan and ergothioneine, decreased with time. The concentration of candidate metabolites that we propose reliably increased or decreased with time, thus, enabling the measurement of elapsed time of the bloodstain. This study is the first to identify markers used to analyze the elapsed time of bloodstains through metabolomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Eun Seok
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School , Eulji University , Daejeon , 34824 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences , Eulji University , Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do 13135 , Republic of Korea
| | - You-Rim Lee
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School , Eulji University , Daejeon , 34824 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Jin Lee
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School , Eulji University , Daejeon , 34824 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School , Eulji University , Daejeon , 34824 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chunhwa Ihm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine , Eulji University Hospital , Daejeon , 35233 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Joong Sung
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School , Eulji University , Daejeon , 34824 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences , Eulji University , Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do 13135 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Hyun
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School , Eulji University , Daejeon , 34824 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science , Eulji University , Daejeon , 34824 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Gyoo Kang
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School , Eulji University , Daejeon , 34824 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences , Eulji University , Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do 13135 , Republic of Korea
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17
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In the pursuit of the holy grail of forensic science – Spectroscopic studies on the estimation of time since deposition of bloodstains. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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DelRio FW, Cook RF. Quantitative Scanning Probe Microscopy for Nanomechanical Forensics. EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS 2017; 57:1045-1055. [PMID: 29056752 PMCID: PMC5647587 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-016-0238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to assess the indentation modulus Ms and pull-off force Fpo in four case studies of distinct evidence types, namely hair, questioned documents, fingerprints, and explosive particle-surface interactions. In the hair study, Ms decreased and Fpo increased after adding conditioner and bleach to the hair. For the questioned documents, Ms and Fpo of two inks were markedly different; ballpoint pen ink exhibited smaller variations relative to the mean value than printer ink. The fingerprint case study revealed that both maximum height and Fpo decreased over a three-day period. Finally, the study on explosive particle-surface interactions illustrated that two fabrics exhibited similar Ms, but different Fpo. Overall, it was found that AFM addresses needs in forensic science as defined by several federal agencies, in particular an improved ability to expand the information extracted from evidence and to quantify its evidentiary value.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W DelRio
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - R F Cook
- Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Lee KH, Ha SJ, Woo JS, Lee GJ, Lee SR, Kim JW, Park HK, Kim W. Exenatide Prevents Morphological and Structural Changes of Mitochondria Following Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury. Heart Lung Circ 2017; 26:519-523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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Pandey G, Tharmavaram M, Rawtani D, Kumar S, Agrawal Y. Multifarious applications of atomic force microscopy in forensic science investigations. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 273:53-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cappella A, Bertoglio B, Castoldi E, Maderna E, Di Giancamillo A, Domeneghini C, Andreola S, Cattaneo C. The taphonomy of blood components in decomposing bone and its relevance to physical anthropology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:636-45. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Cappella
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche per La Salute, LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Sezione Di Medicina Legale; Università Degli Studi Di Milano; Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Barbara Bertoglio
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche per La Salute, LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Sezione Di Medicina Legale; Università Degli Studi Di Milano; Milan 20133 Italy
- Fellow of the Genetics; Molecular and Cellular Biology Ph.D. program of the University of Pavia
| | - Elisa Castoldi
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche per La Salute, LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Sezione Di Medicina Legale; Università Degli Studi Di Milano; Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Emanuela Maderna
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche per La Salute, LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Sezione Di Medicina Legale; Università Degli Studi Di Milano; Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Alessia Di Giancamillo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Università Degli Studi Di Milano; Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Cinzia Domeneghini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Università Degli Studi Di Milano; Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Salvatore Andreola
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche per La Salute, LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Sezione Di Medicina Legale; Università Degli Studi Di Milano; Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche per La Salute, LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Sezione Di Medicina Legale; Università Degli Studi Di Milano; Milan 20133 Italy
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Lee KH, Kwon SJ, Woo JS, Lee GJ, Lee SR, Jang HH, Kim HS, Kim JW, Park HK, Cho KS, Kim W. Effects of sildenafil on nanostructural and nanomechanical changes in mitochondria in an ischaemia-reperfusion rat model. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 41:763-8. [PMID: 25115773 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sildenafil exerts cardioprotective effects by activating the opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels to attenuate ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. In the present study, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate changes in mitochondrial morphology and properties to assess sildenafil-mediated cardioprotection in a rat myocardial infarction model. To investigate the cardioprotective effects of sildenafil, we used an in vivo Sprague-Dawley rat model of IR. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: (i) sham-operated rats (control; n = 5); (ii) IR-injured rats treated with vehicle (normal saline; IR; n = 10); and (iii) IR-injured rats treated with 0.75 mg/kg, i.p., sildenafil (IR + Sil; n = 10). Morphological and mechanical changes to mitochondria were analysed by AFM. Infarct areas were significantly reduced in sildenafil-treated rats (7.8 ± 3.9% vs 20.4 ± 7.0% in the sildenafil-treated and untreated IR groups, respectively; relative reduction 62%; P < 0.001). Analysis of mitochondria by AFM showed that IR injury significantly increased the areas of isolated mitochondria compared with control (24 150 ± 18 289 vs 1495 ± 1139 nm(2) , respectively; P < 0.001), indicative of mitochondrial swelling. Pretreatment with sildenafil before IR injury reduced the mitochondrial areas (7428 ± 3682 nm(2) ; P < 0.001; relative reduction 69.2% compared with the IR group) and ameliorated the adhesion force of mitochondrial surfaces. Together, these results suggest that sildenafil has cardioprotective effects against IR injury in a rat model by improving the morphological and mechanical characteristics of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hye Lee
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Zhou Y, Li J, Lu F, Deng J, Zhang J, Fang P, Peng X, Zhou SF. A study on the hemocompatibility of dendronized chitosan derivatives in red blood cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:2635-45. [PMID: 25999697 PMCID: PMC4437608 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s77105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers are hyperbranched macromolecules with well-defined topological structures and multivalent functionalization sites, but they may cause cytotoxicity due to the presence of cationic charge. Recently, we have introduced alkyne-terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrons of different generations (G=2,3) into chitosan to obtain dendronized chitosan derivatives [Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3)], which exhibited a better water solubility and enhanced plasmid DNA transfection efficiency. In this study, we attempted to examine the impact of Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3) at different concentrations (25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, and 100 μg/mL) on the morphology, surface structure, and viability of rat red blood cells (RBCs). The results showed that treatment of RBCs with Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3) at 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL induced a slightly higher hemolysis than Cs, and Cs-g-PAMAM (G=3) caused a slightly higher hemolysis than Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2), but all values were <5.0%. Optical microscopic and atomic force microscopic examinations indicated that Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3) caused slight RBC aggregation and lysis. Treatment of RBCs with 100 μg/mL Cs-g-PAMAM (G=3) induced echinocytic transformation, and RBCs displayed characteristic irregular contour due to the folding of the periphery. Drephanocyte-like RBCs were observed when treated with 100 μg/mL Cs-g-PAMAM (G=3). Erythrocytes underwent similar shape transition upon treatment with Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2) or Cs. The roughness values (Rms) of RBCs incubated with Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3) were significantly larger than those for RBCs incubated with physiological saline (P<0.01), but the Rms showed no difference for Cs and Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3) (P>0.05). Furthermore, Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3) exhibited a lower cytotoxicity in human kidney 293T cells. These results indicate that Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3) are hemocompatible but may disturb membrane and lipid structures at higher concentrations. Further safety and biocompatibility evaluations are warranted for Cs-g-PAMAM. Our findings prove helpful for a better understanding of the advantages of combining PAMAM dendrimers and chitosan to design and develop new, safe, and effective drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhou
- Guangdong Medical Universtity, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiemei Li
- Guangdong Medical Universtity, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Lu
- Guangdong Medical Universtity, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- Guangdong Medical Universtity, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peijie Fang
- Guangdong Medical Universtity, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- Guangdong Medical Universtity, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Mukherjee R, Saha M, Routray A, Chakraborty C. Nanoscale Surface Characterization of Human Erythrocytes by Atomic Force Microscopy: A Critical Review. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:625-33. [PMID: 25935044 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2015.2424674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs), the most common type of blood cells in humans are well known for their ability in transporting oxygen to the whole body through hemoglobin. Alterations in their membrane skeletal proteins modify shape and mechanical properties resulting in several diseases. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), a new emerging technique allows non-invasive imaging of cell, its membrane and characterization of surface roughness at micrometer/nanometer resolution with minimal sample preparation. AFM imaging provides direct measurement of single cell morphology, its alteration and quantitative data on surface properties. Hence, AFM studies of human RBCs have picked up pace in the last decade. The aim of this paper is to review the various applications of AFM for characterization of human RBCs topology. AFM has been used for studying surface characteristics like nanostructure of membranes, cytoskeleton, microstructure, fluidity, vascular endothelium, etc., of human RBCs. Various modes of AFM imaging has been used to measure surface properties like stiffness, roughness, and elasticity. Topological alterations of erythrocytes in response to different pathological conditions have also been investigated by AFM. Thus, AFM-based studies and application of image processing techniques can effectively provide detailed insights about the morphology and membrane properties of human erythrocytes at nanoscale.
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Tomaiuolo G. Biomechanical properties of red blood cells in health and disease towards microfluidics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:051501. [PMID: 25332724 PMCID: PMC4189537 DOI: 10.1063/1.4895755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) possess a unique capacity for undergoing cellular deformation to navigate across various human microcirculation vessels, enabling them to pass through capillaries that are smaller than their diameter and to carry out their role as gas carriers between blood and tissues. Since there is growing evidence that red blood cell deformability is impaired in some pathological conditions, measurement of RBC deformability has been the focus of numerous studies over the past decades. Nevertheless, reports on healthy and pathological RBCs are currently limited and, in many cases, are not expressed in terms of well-defined cell membrane parameters such as elasticity and viscosity. Hence, it is often difficult to integrate these results into the basic understanding of RBC behaviour, as well as into clinical applications. The aim of this review is to summarize currently available reports on RBC deformability and to highlight its association with various human diseases such as hereditary disorders (e.g., spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, ovalocytosis, and stomatocytosis), metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, obesity), adenosine triphosphate-induced membrane changes, oxidative stress, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Microfluidic techniques have been identified as the key to develop state-of-the-art dynamic experimental models for elucidating the significance of RBC membrane alterations in pathological conditions and the role that such alterations play in the microvasculature flow dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Tomaiuolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II , Piazzale Tecchio 80, Napoli 80125, Italy and CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate , Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, Napoli 80145, Italy
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Valle-Delgado JJ, Urbán P, Fernàndez-Busquets X. Demonstration of specific binding of heparin to Plasmodium falciparum-infected vs. non-infected red blood cells by single-molecule force spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:3673-3680. [PMID: 23306548 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32821f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play an important role in the sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (pRBCs) in the microvascular endothelium of different tissues, as well as in the formation of small clusters (rosettes) between infected and non-infected red blood cells (RBCs). Both sequestration and rosetting have been recognized as characteristic events in severe malaria. Here we have used heparin and pRBCs infected by the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum as a model to study GAG-pRBC interactions. Fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence-assisted cell sorting assays have shown that exogenously added heparin has binding specificity for pRBCs (preferentially for those infected with late forms of the parasite) vs. RBCs. Heparin-pRBC adhesion has been probed by single-molecule force spectroscopy, obtaining an average binding force ranging between 28 and 46 pN depending on the loading rate. No significant binding of heparin to non-infected RBCs has been observed in control experiments. This work represents the first approach to quantitatively evaluate GAG-pRBC molecular interactions at the individual molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona E08028, Spain
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Lee GJ, Jeong JH, Lee S, Choi S, Pak YK, Kim W, Park HK. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of heart mitochondria for evaluating the degree of myocardial injury utilizing atomic force microscopy. Micron 2012; 44:167-73. [PMID: 22809584 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in mediating both the necrotic and apoptotic components of reperfusion injury. Because mitochondrial swelling is one of the most important indicators of the beginning of mitochondrial permeability transition, quantification of morphological changes in mitochondria would be useful in evaluating the degree of IR injury, as well as the protective effects of various therapies. In this study, we characterized the morphological changes in heart mitochondria caused by the duration and severity of ischemia utilizing particle shape analysis on atomic force microscopy (AFM) topographic images. We also simultaneously investigated the nano-mechanical changes in rat heart mitochondria by injury using force-distance curve measurements. Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (n=3), myocardial ischemia without reperfusion (PI group, n=3), and myocardial ischemia with reperfusion (IR group, n=4). Normal mitochondria appeared ellipsoidal with a mean area of 3551±1559 nm(2) and mean perimeter of 217.54±52.09 nm (n=60). The mean area and perimeter of mitochondria in the IR groups increased to 28,181±21,248 nm(2) and 595.74±234.29 nm (n=40, p<0.0001 vs. control group, respectively), maintaining oval in shape. But, in the PI group, all parameters showed significant differences compared to parameters of the control group (n=35, p<0.0001). In particular, the mean axial ratio and roundness were significantly different from those in the IR group. Mitochondria in the PI group looked more spherical than those of control and IR groups. Adhesion force is the force before the last event on the retraction half of force-distance curve measurements, corresponding to the point where the tip and the surface loose contact. The adhesion forces of heart mitochondria in the IR and PI groups significantly decreased to 19.56±1.08 nN (n=30, p<0.0001) and 18.65±3.18 nN (n=30, p<0.0001), compared to normal mitochondria which had an adhesion force of 27.64±0.88 nN (n=30). Adhesion force is governed by the attractive portion of the interacting forces between the surface atoms of the contacts. From the morphological and nano-mechanical changes in heart mitochondria, we suggested that the outer membranes of mitochondria were broken by myocardial ischemic injury before they became swollen, and the swelling might be correlated with the ischemic injury. We inferred that the breakage of membranes leads to uptake of water and matrix swelling. As a result, shape measurement parameters for the quantitative analysis of mitochondrial swelling could be very effective for evaluating the myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Ja Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Healthcare Industry Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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29
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Bremmer RH, de Bruin KG, van Gemert MJ, van Leeuwen TG, Aalders MC. Forensic quest for age determination of bloodstains. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 216:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Chen SZ, Tsai TL, Chen YF. Forensic Application of Atomic Force Microscopy ― Questioned Document. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Honigstein DR, Weinroth J, Werman M, Lewis A. Noniterative exact solution to the phase problem in optical imaging implemented with scanning probe microscopy. ACS NANO 2012; 6:220-226. [PMID: 22082258 DOI: 10.1021/nn203427z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An object is characterized by its amplitude and phase. However, when acquiring optical data about such an object, using a recording medium such as a camera, phase information is lost. Crystallography experienced a breakthrough in phase retrieval for large molecular entities by Max Perutz's introduction of "heavy atoms" using the method of isomorphous replacement. The availability of scanning probe microscopy and its full integration with optical microscopy allows us to apply these X-ray concepts to implement "heavy atom" restoration of phase in optical phase retrieval. In analogy to the heavy atom method, we acquire Fourier intensities in place of an X-ray diffraction pattern, and in place of the heavy atom, we utilize a nanometrically translatable point source of light based on the propagating field of a cantilevered near-field scanning optical microscopic (NSOM) probe controlled by an atomic force microscope (AFM). This integration of NSOM/AFM technology with far-field imaging achieves robust phase retrieval independent of external parameters, leading to 3D optical imaging. The methodology has super-resolution potential, and thus, heavy atom restoration of phase with super-resolution (HARPS) shows the potential of transparently integrated scanning probe microscopy with optical and other imaging modalities such as electron or ion optical imaging.
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Nano-characterization of Jagged-1-educated dendritic cells. Open Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-011-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractJagged-1-educated dendritic cells (DCs) are of distinct phenotypes different from Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-educated DCs. However, to date, little is known as to nano-features of Jagged-1-educated DCs. In this study, nanostructure of Jagged-1-educated DCs was observed through atomic force microscopy. Our results showed that the volume, surface area and width of Jagged-1-educated DCs, and the number of protrusion, pseudopodia and lamellapodia on the surface of Jagged-1-educated DCs were significantly more than those of GM-CSF-induced DCs, but less than those of LPS-educated DCs. Compared with GM-CSF-induced DCs, the roughness on the surface of Jagged-1-educated DCs was greatly increased, similar to LPS-educated DCs, but the particle size and number of them on the membrane were markedly less than the latter. The change of DC nanostructure caused by Jagged-1 was abrogated with N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycinet-butyl ester, a γ-secretase inhibitor of Notch signaling pathway. Compared to LPS-educated DCs, Jagged-1-educated DCs highly expressed NICD, Deltex-1 and Hes-1 proteins, moderately produced IL-12, but not IFN-γ, and the level of CD40 molecules on the surface of them was much lower, suggesting that Jagged-1-educated DCs are in a semi-mature status and may have unique functions distinguished from LPS-educated DCs.
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Panin LE, Mokrushnikov PV, Kunitsyn VG, Zaitsev BN. Interaction Mechanism of Anabolic Steroid Hormones with Structural Components of Erythrocyte Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:14969-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2058854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lev Evgenjevich Panin
- State Research Institute of Biochemistry SB RAMS, 630117, Timakova str., 2, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Xing F, Wang J, Hu M, Yu Y, Chen G, Liu J. Comparison of immature and mature bone marrow-derived dendritic cells by atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2011; 6:455. [PMID: 21762525 PMCID: PMC3211875 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of immature and mature bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was first performed through an atomic force microscope (AFM) to clarify differences of their nanostructure and adhesion force. AFM images revealed that the immature BMDCs treated by granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor plus IL-4 mainly appeared round with smooth surface, whereas the mature BMDCs induced by lipopolysaccharide displayed an irregular shape with numerous pseudopodia or lamellapodia and ruffles on the cell membrane besides becoming larger, flatter, and longer. AFM quantitative analysis further showed that the surface roughness of the mature BMDCs greatly increased and that the adhesion force of them was fourfold more than that of the immature BMDCs. The nano-features of the mature BMDCs were supported by a high level of IL-12 produced from the mature BMDCs and high expression of MHC-II on the surface of them. These findings provide a new insight into the nanostructure of the immature and mature BMDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyue Xing
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiongkun Wang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mingqian Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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36
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Lee GJ, Chae SJ, Jeong JH, Lee SR, Ha SJ, Pak YK, Kim W, Park HK. Characterization of mitochondria isolated from normal and ischemic hearts in rats utilizing atomic force microscopy. Micron 2011; 42:299-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ebner A, Schillers H, Hinterdorfer P. Normal and pathological erythrocytes studied by atomic force microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 736:223-241. [PMID: 21660731 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-105-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) are the most common type of blood cells in vertebrates. Many diseases and dysfunctions directly affect their structure and function. Employing the atomic force microscope (AFM) physical, chemical, and biological/physiological properties of RBCs can be studied even under near-physiological conditions. In this chapter, we present the application of different AFM techniques to investigate and compare normal and pathological RBCs. We give a detailed description for nondestructive immobilization of whole intact RBCs and explain preparation techniques for isolated native RBC membranes. High-resolution imaging of morphological details and pathological differences are demonstrated with healthy and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) erythrocytes revealing substructural changes due to SLE. We also present the technique of simultaneous topography and recognition imaging, which was used to map the distribution of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator sites on erythrocyte membranes in healthy and cystic fibrosis-positive RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ebner
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Linz, Linz, Austria
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38
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Panin LE, Mokrushnikov PV, Kunitsyn VG, Zaitsev BN. Interaction mechanism of cortisol and catecholamines with structural components of erythrocyte membranes. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:9462-73. [PMID: 20597532 DOI: 10.1021/jp911917a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonspecific mechanisms of the stress hormones interaction with erythrocyte membranes were studied by means of atomic force microscopy, fluorescence analysis, and IR spectroscopy. It was shown that stress hormones (cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline) can bind to erythrocyte membranes with high affinity (K(b) approximately 10(6) M(-1)). The binding mechanism involves hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Active groups of the hormones (NH(2), NHCH(3), keto, and hydroxy groups) interact simultaneously with CO and NH groups both of proteins and phospholipids. This leads to the formation of complex protein-lipid domains that distort the surface of the erythrocyte membrane. Water dipoles are displaced from the domains to adjacent regions and facilitate membrane loosening. The interaction of hormones with the membrane is accompanied by structural transitions of disorder --> order (tangle --> alpha-helix, tangle --> beta-structure) in membrane proteins and structural transitions of order --> order in phospholipids. Formation of large domains (clusters) of the lipid-protein and lipid nature leads to distortion of membranes and deteriorates their elasticity and rheological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Evgenjevich Panin
- State Research Institute of Biochemistry SB RAMS, 630117, Timakova str., 2, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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39
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Joshi KB, Venkatesh V, Verma S. Biotin interaction with human erythrocytes: contact on membrane surface and formation of self-assembled fibrous structures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:3890-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c001924k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
AFM (atomic force microscopy) analysis, both of fixed cells, and live cells in physiological environments, is set to offer a step change in the research of cellular function. With the ability to map cell topography and morphology, provide structural details of surface proteins and their expression patterns and to detect pico-Newton force interactions, AFM represents an exciting addition to the arsenal of the cell biologist. With the explosion of new applications, and the advent of combined instrumentation such as AFM-confocal systems, the biological application of AFM has come of age. The use of AFM in the area of biomedical research has been proposed for some time, and is one where a significant impact could be made. Fixed cell analysis provides qualitative and quantitative subcellular and surface data capable of revealing new biomarkers in medical pathologies. Image height and contrast, surface roughness, fractal, volume and force analysis provide a platform for the multiparameter analysis of cell and protein functions. Here, we review the current status of AFM in the field and discuss the important contribution AFM is poised to make in the understanding of biological systems.
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