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Brás MM, Cruz TB, Maia AF, Oliveira MJ, Sousa SR, Granja PL, Radmacher M. Mechanical Properties of Colorectal Cancer Cells Determined by Dynamic Atomic Force Microscopy: A Novel Biomarker. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205053. [PMID: 36291838 PMCID: PMC9600571 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is presently the third-most abundant and the second-most lethal cancer worldwide. Thus, there is a real and urgent need to investigate the processes behind the appearance, development, and proliferation of CRC cells. Several biochemical pathways have been investigated to understand their role in oncogene activation and tumor-suppressor gene inhibition. Despite the research increase in biochemistry, there is still a need to better understand the biophysical cues that drive the activation of signaling pathways relevant to mechanotransduction and cell transformation. The elucidation of these biological processes may help to hinder oncogenic mechanisms and to find biomarkers that could be used to design more personalized therapeutic strategies. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been addressed in the framework of molecular, cellular biology, and biochemical traits. A new approach to studying CRC is focused on the relationship between biochemical pathways and biophysical cues, which may contribute to disease understanding and therapy development. Herein, we investigated the mechanical properties of CRC cells, namely, HCT116, HCT15, and SW620, using static and dynamic methodologies by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The static method quantifies Young’s modulus; the dynamic method allows the determination of elasticity, viscosity, and fluidity. AFM results were correlated with confocal laser scanning microscopy and cell migration assay data. The SW620 metastatic cells presented the highest Young’s and storage moduli, with a defined cortical actin ring with distributed F-actin filaments, scarce vinculin expression, abundant total focal adhesions (FAK), and no filopodia formation, which could explain the lessened migratory behavior. In contrast, HCT15 cells presented lower Young’s and storage moduli, high cortical tubulin, less cortical F-actin and less FAK, and more filopodia formation, probably explaining the higher migratory behavior. HCT116 cells presented Young’s and storage moduli values in between the other cell lines, high cortical F-actin expression, intermediate levels of total FAK, and abundant filopodia formation, possibly explaining the highest migratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Manuela Brás
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia B. Cruz
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - André F. Maia
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana R. Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto (ISEP), Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro L. Granja
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manfred Radmacher
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Czerwińska-Główka D, Krukiewicz K. Guidelines for a Morphometric Analysis of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Cells 2021; 10:3304. [PMID: 34943812 PMCID: PMC8699492 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The invention of a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pushed the imaging methods and allowed for the observation of cell details with a high resolution. Currently, SEM appears as an extremely useful tool to analyse the morphology of biological samples. The aim of this paper is to provide a set of guidelines for using SEM to analyse morphology of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, taking as model cases Escherichia coli bacteria and B-35 rat neuroblastoma cells. Herein, we discuss the necessity of a careful sample preparation and provide an optimised protocol that allows to observe the details of cell ultrastructure (≥ 50 nm) with a minimum processing effort. Highlighting the versatility of morphometric descriptors, we present the most informative parameters and couple them with molecular processes. In this way, we indicate the wide range of information that can be collected through SEM imaging of biological materials that makes SEM a convenient screening method to detect cell pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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Applications of atomic force microscopy in modern biology. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:103-111. [PMID: 33600596 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) is an emerging tool to investigate mechanical properties of biomolecules and their responses to mechanical forces, and one of the most-used techniques for mechanical manipulation is the atomic force microscope (AFM). AFM was invented as an imaging tool which can be used to image biomolecules in sub-molecular resolution in physiological conditions. It can also be used as a molecular force probe for applying mechanical forces on biomolecules. In this brief review, we will provide exciting examples from recent literature which show how the advances in AFM have enabled us to gain deep insights into mechanical properties and mechanobiology of biomolecules. AFM has been applied to study mechanical properties of cells, tissues, microorganisms, viruses as well as biological macromolecules such as proteins. It has found applications in biomedical fields like cancer biology, where it has been used both in the diagnostic phases as well as drug discovery. AFM has been able to answer questions pertaining to mechanosensing by neurons, and mechanical changes in viruses during infection by the viral particles as well as the fundamental processes such as cell division. Fundamental questions related to protein folding have also been answered by SMFS like determination of energy landscape properties of variety of proteins and their correlation with their biological functions. A multipronged approach is needed to diversify the research, as a combination with optical spectroscopy and computer-based steered molecular dynamic simulations along with SMFS can help us gain further insights into the field of biophysics and modern biology.
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Borah A, Pillai SC, Rochani AK, Palaninathan V, Nakajima Y, Maekawa T, Kumar DS. GANT61 and curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for GLI1 and PI3K/Akt-mediated inhibition in breast adenocarcinoma. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:185102. [PMID: 31952056 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab6d20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Current conventional mono and combination therapeutic strategies often fail to target breast cancer tissue effectively due to tumor heterogeneity comprising cancer stem cells (CSCs) and bulk tumor cells. This is further associated with drug toxicity and resistivity in the long run. A nanomedicine platform incorporating combination anti-cancer treatment might overcome these challenges and generate synergistic anti-cancer effects and also reduce drug toxicity. GANT61 and curcumin were co-delivered via polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for the first time to elicit enhanced anti-tumor activity against heterogeneous breast cancer cell line MCF-7. We adopted the single-emulsion-solvent evaporation method for the preparation of the therapeutic NPs. The GANT61-curcumin PLGA NPs were characterized for their size, shape and chemical properties, and anti-cancer cell studies were undertaken for the plausible explanation of our hypothesis. The synthesized GANT61-curcumin PLGA NPs had a spherical, smooth surface morphology, and an average size of 347.4 d. nm. The NPs induced cytotoxic effects in breast cancer cells at a mid-minimal dosage followed by cell death via autophagy and apoptosis, reduction in their target protein expression along with compromising the self-renewal property of CSCs as revealed by their in vitro cell studies. The dual-drug NPs thus provide a novel perspective on aiding existing anti-cancer nanomedicine therapies to target a heterogeneous tumor mass effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Borah
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
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Andrei L, Kasas S, Ochoa Garrido I, Stanković T, Suárez Korsnes M, Vaclavikova R, Assaraf YG, Pešić M. Advanced technological tools to study multidrug resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 48:100658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Deng X, Xiong F, Li X, Xiang B, Li Z, Wu X, Guo C, Li X, Li Y, Li G, Xiong W, Zeng Z. Application of atomic force microscopy in cancer research. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:102. [PMID: 30538002 PMCID: PMC6288943 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows for nanometer-scale investigation of cells and molecules. Recent advances have enabled its application in cancer research and diagnosis. The physicochemical properties of live cells undergo changes when their physiological conditions are altered. These physicochemical properties can therefore reflect complex physiological processes occurring in cells. When cells are in the process of carcinogenesis and stimulated by external stimuli, their morphology, elasticity, and adhesion properties may change. AFM can perform surface imaging and ultrastructural observation of live cells with atomic resolution under near-physiological conditions, collecting force spectroscopy information which allows for the study of the mechanical properties of cells. For this reason, AFM has potential to be used as a tool for high resolution research into the ultrastructure and mechanical properties of tumor cells. This review describes the working principle, working mode, and technical points of atomic force microscopy, and reviews the applications and prospects of atomic force microscopy in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Can Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Guiyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Stable and sustained release liposomal formulations of celecoxib: In vitro and in vivo anti-tumor evaluation. Int J Pharm 2018; 540:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Qu Y, Wang Z, Zhao F, Liu J, Zhang W, Li J, Song Z, Xu H. AFM-detected apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells induced by American ginseng root water extract. Micron 2017; 104:1-7. [PMID: 29049926 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
American ginseng as a common and traditional herbal medicine has been used in cancer treatment for many years. However, the effect of American ginseng on the cancer cell response (i.e. apoptosis) has not been fully understood yet. Previous studies demonstrated that cellular apoptosis was associated with the changes of mechanical and morphological properties. Therefore, in this study, mechanical and morphological characterizations were carried out by both atomic force microscope (AFM) and inverted optical microscope to investigate the apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (SMMC-7721) cells affected by American ginseng root water extract (AGRWE). The results showed that the cells treated with AGRWE exhibited significantly larger surface roughness, height and elastic modulus values than control group. Moreover, those parameters were upregulated under the higher concentration of AGRWE and longer culture time. Consequently, it indicates that the mechanical and morphological properties can be used as the apoptotic characteristics of SMMC-7721 cells. Also, the increased surface roughness and elastic modulus of cells under the AGRWE treatment have shown that the apoptosis of SMMC-7721 cells can be enhanced by AGRWE. This will provide an important implication for hepatocelluar carcinoma treatment and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Qu
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zuobin Wang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China; Institute for Research in Applicable Computing, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK.
| | - Feihu Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - Jinyun Liu
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China; Institute for Research in Applicable Computing, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK
| | - Wenxiao Zhang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jingmei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhengxun Song
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
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Liu X, Tan X, Rao R, Ren Y, Li Y, Yang X, Liu W. Self-Assembled PAEEP-PLLA Micelles with Varied Hydrophilic Block Lengths for Tumor Cell Targeting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:23450-23462. [PMID: 27552479 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The properties of hydrophilic shell in micelles significantly affect the interaction between micelles and cells. Compared with frequently used polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the hydrophilic block, polyphosphoesters (PPEs) are superior in functionality, biocompatibility, and degradability. A series of amphiphilic poly(aminoethyl ethylene phosphate)/poly(l-lactide acid) (PAEEP-PLLA) copolymers were synthesized with hydrophilic PAEEP with different chain lengths. The corresponding self-assembled micelles were used for doxorubicin (Dox) entrapment. The length of hydrophilic PAEEP block on the shell affected the structure of micelles. PAEEPm-PLLA168 (m = 130 or 37) polymers formed vesicles, while PAEEPm-PLLA168 (m = 15 or 9) formed large compound micelles (LCMs), suggesting a difference in tumor cell uptake and intracellular trafficking. PAEEP15-PLLA168 polymer showed superiority on cellular uptake amount, intracellular drug release, and cell apoptosis. Lipid rafts and macropinocytosis are the leading endocytic pathways of PAEEP-PLLA micelles. The shape coupling between micelles and cell membrane facilitated cell surface features such as flattened protrusions (membrane protein) and inward-pointing hollows as well as efficient endocytosis. These results suggested that PAEEP-PLLA self-assembled block copolymer micelles may be an excellent drug delivery system for tumor treatment and that the hydrophilic chain length could regulate drug targeting to tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yinghuan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069, PR China
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Ghosh P, Singha Roy A, Chaudhury S, Jana SK, Chaudhury K, Dasgupta S. Preparation of albumin based nanoparticles for delivery of fisetin and evaluation of its cytotoxic activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:408-17. [PMID: 26820351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fisetin is a well known flavonoid that shows several properties such as antioxidant, antiviral and anticancer activities. Its use in the pharmaceutical field is limited due to its poor aqueous solubility which results in poor bioavailability and poor permeability. The aim of our present study is to prepare fisetin loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles to improve its bioavailability. The nanoparticles were prepared by a desolvation method and characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The particles were smooth and spherical in nature with an average size of 220 ± 8 nm. The encapsulation efficiency was found to be 84%. The in vitro release profile showed a biphasic pattern and the release rate increases with increase in ionic strength of solution. We have also confirmed the antioxidant activity of the prepared nanoparticles by a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Further its anticancer activity was evaluated using MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Our findings suggest that fisetin loaded HSA nanoparticles could be used to transfer fisetin to target areas under specific conditions and thus may find use as a delivery vehicle for the flavonoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Atanu Singha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | - Saikat Kumar Jana
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Swagata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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Jackson AL, Eisenhauer EL, Herzog TJ. Emerging therapies: angiogenesis inhibitors for ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2016; 20:331-46. [PMID: 26001052 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2015.1036739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) have a high rate of recurrence, and overall survival remains at ∼ 25%. There is a need for new treatments that can increase progression free survival and quality of life. Recent clinical trials focus on angiogenesis, VEGFs, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors that play a role in recurrence, metastasis, and ascites in EOC. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes clinical rationale, mechanisms of action, and clinical data for angiogenesis inhibitors under evaluation in Phase II and III trials for EOC. Anti-angiogenesis agents reviewed in this paper include aflibercept, bevacizumab, cediranib, fosbretabulin, imatinib, nintedanib, pazopanib, saracatinib, sorafenib, sunitinib, and trebananib. EXPERT OPINION These agents have particular rationale for potential use in EOC due to the molecular changes associated with EOC tumorigenesis, namely a significant increase in angiogenic activity. Due to the costs and toxicities associated with anti-angiogenics, biomarker or molecular signature selection strategy for patients who will most benefit would be ideal but no such strategy has been validated to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Jackson
- University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology , 222 Piedmont Ave, Suite 4100, Cincinnati, OH 45219 , USA
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Ren J, Huang H, Liu Y, Zheng X, Zou Q. An Atomic Force Microscope Study Revealed Two Mechanisms in the Effect of Anticancer Drugs on Rate-Dependent Young's Modulus of Human Prostate Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126107. [PMID: 25932632 PMCID: PMC4416805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical properties of cells have been recognized as a biomarker for cellular cytoskeletal organization. As chemical treatments lead to cell cytoskeletal rearrangements, thereby, modifications of cellular mechanical properties, investigating cellular mechanical property variations provides insightful knowledge to effects of chemical treatments on cancer cells. In this study, the effects of eight different anticancer drugs on the mechanical properties of human prostate cancer cell (PC-3) are investigated using a recently developed control-based nanoindentation measurement (CNM) protocol on atomic force microscope (AFM). The CNM protocol overcomes the limits of other existing methods to in-liquid nanoindentation measurement of live cells on AFM, particularly for measuring mechanical properties of live cells. The Young's modulus of PC-3 cells treated by the eight drugs was measured by varying force loading rates over three orders of magnitude, and compared to the values of the control. The results showed that the Young's modulus of the PC-3 cells increased substantially by the eight drugs tested, and became much more pronounced as the force load rate increased. Moreover, two distinct trends were clearly expressed, where under the treatment of Disulfiram, paclitaxel, and MK-2206, the exponent coefficient of the frequency- modulus function remained almost unchanged, while with Celebrex, BAY, Totamine, TPA, and Vaproic acid, the exponential rate was significantly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Huarong Huang
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Xi Zheng
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Qingze Zou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- * E-mail:
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In vitro ultrastructural changes of MCF-7 for metastasise bone cancer and induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial cytochrome C released by CaCO3/Dox nanocrystals. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:391869. [PMID: 25028650 PMCID: PMC4084513 DOI: 10.1155/2014/391869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bones are the most frequent site for breast cancer cells to settle and spread (metastasise); bone metastasis is considered to have a substantial impact on the quality of patients with common cancers. However, majority of breast cancers develop insensitivity to conventional chemotherapy which provides only palliation and can induce systemic side effects. In this study we evaluated the effect of free Dox and CaCO3/Dox nanocrystal on MCF-7 breast cancer using MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), neural red, and lactate dehydrogenase colorimetric assays while DNA fragmentation and BrdU genotoxicity were also examined. Apoptogenic protein Bax, cytochrome C, and caspase-3 protein were analysed. Morphological changes of MCF-7 were determined using contrast light microscope and scanning and transmission electron microscope (SEM and TEM). The findings of the analysis revealed higher toxicity of CaCO3/Dox nanocrystal and effective cells killing compared to free Dox, morphological changes such as formation of apoptotic bodies, membrane blebbing, and absent of microvilli as indicated by the SEM analysis while TEM revealed the presence of chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, cell shrinkage, and nuclear fragmentation. Results of TUNEL assay verified that most of the cells undergoes apoptosis by internucleosomal fragmentation of genomic DNA whereas the extent of apoptotic cells was calculated using the apoptotic index (AI). Therefore, the biobased calcium carbonate nanocrystals such as Dox carriers may serve as an alternative to conventional delivery system.
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Jana SK, Banerjee P, Das S, Seal S, Chaudhury K. Redox-active nanoceria depolarize mitochondrial membrane of human colon cancer cells. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH 2014; 16:2441. [DOI: 10.1007/s11051-014-2441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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15
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Wang L, Yu K, Zhou BB, Su ZH, Gao S, Chu LL, Liu JR. The inhibitory effects of a new cobalt-based polyoxometalate on the growth of human cancer cells. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:6070-8. [PMID: 24463531 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53030b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthesis of Functional Materials and Green Catalysis Colleges of Heilongjiang Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150025, the People's Republic of China.
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16
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Kim YS, Kim KS, Cho CH, Yoon KS, Park HK, Jung MH. Quantitative analysis with atomic force microscopy of cisplatin-induced morphological changes in HeLa and Ishikawa cells. J NIPPON MED SCH 2013; 79:320-6. [PMID: 23123387 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.79.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Because the cell membrane is an important regulator of cell function, its morphological changes are important markers of cell apoptosis. These changes can differ for each cell type, and depend on the treatment conditions, including the drug, doses, and treatment time. To quantify morphological changes, HeLa and Ishikawa cells were investigated with atomic force microscopy. Both cells were treated with cisplatin (1 mM) for 24 hours. The viability and proliferation of the cells were analyzed with methylthiazol tetrazolium method. The proliferation rates of both cells treated with cisplatin decreased more than 50%. The morphological changes induced by cisplatin were dependent on the cell type, and the results were determined quantitatively. The surface of HeLa cells became rougher with cisplatin treatment, whereas cisplatin-treated Ishikawa cells were smoother than untreated cells. In both cases, cell height was decreased with cisplatin treatment. These results suggest that atomic force microscopy can be used to analyze anticancer drug activity in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Kim
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee Medical Center, Korea.
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Pillet F, Chopinet L, Formosa C, Dague E. Atomic Force Microscopy and pharmacology: from microbiology to cancerology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1028-50. [PMID: 24291690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been extensively used to study biological samples. Researchers take advantage of its ability to image living samples to increase our fundamental knowledge (biophysical properties/biochemical behavior) on living cell surface properties, at the nano-scale. SCOPE OF REVIEW AFM, in the imaging modes, can probe cells morphological modifications induced by drugs. In the force spectroscopy mode, it is possible to follow the nanomechanical properties of a cell and to probe the mechanical modifications induced by drugs. AFM can be used to map single molecule distribution at the cell surface. We will focus on a collection of results aiming at evaluating the nano-scale effects of drugs, by AFM. Studies on yeast, bacteria and mammal cells will illustrate our discussion. Especially, we will show how AFM can help in getting a better understanding of drug mechanism of action. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrates that AFM is a versatile tool, useful in pharmacology. In microbiology, it has been used to study the drugs fighting Candida albicans or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The major conclusions are a better understanding of the microbes' cell wall and of the drugs mechanism of action. In cancerology, AFM has been used to explore the effects of cytotoxic drugs or as an innovative diagnostic technology. AFM has provided original results on cultured cells, cells extracted from patient and directly on patient biopsies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review enhances the interest of AFM technologies for pharmacology. The applications reviewed range from microbiology to cancerology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Pillet
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Louise Chopinet
- CNRS, IPBS-UMR 5089, BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Cécile Formosa
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; CNRS, UMR 7565, SRSMC, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, UMR 7565, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
| | - Etienne Dague
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; CNRS; ITAV-USR 3505; F31106 Toulouse, France.
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Venkatesan P, Bhutia SK, Singh AK, Das SK, Dash R, Chaudhury K, Sarkar D, Fisher PB, Mandal M. AEE788 potentiates celecoxib-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Life Sci 2012; 91:789-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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COX-2-independent induction of apoptosis by celecoxib and polyamine naphthalimide conjugate mediated by polyamine depression in colorectal cancer cell lines. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27:861-8. [PMID: 22159752 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-011-1379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyamine metabolism is an intriguing tumor therapeutic target. The present study was designed to assess the synergistic antitumor effects of NPC-16, a novel polyamine naphthalimide conjugate, with celecoxib and to elucidate the mechanism of these effects on human colorectal cancer cells. METHODS Cell proliferation was assessed by the MTT assay. Cell apoptosis and mitochondria membrane potential were evaluated by high content screening analysis. Intracellular polyamine content was detected by HPLC. Protein expression was detected by western blot analysis. RESULTS The co-treatment with celecoxib enhanced NPC-16-induced apoptosis in HCT116 (COX-2 no expression), HT29 (COX-2 higher expression) and Caco-2 (COX-2 higher expression) colorectal cancer cells, which was mediated by the elevated NPC-16 uptake via the effect of celecoxib on polyamine metabolism, including the up-regulated spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) activity and reduced intracellular polyamine levels. The presence of celecoxib does not result in obviously different effect on the NPC-16-triggered apoptosis in diverse COX-2 expressed colorectal cell lines, suggesting that COX-2 was not one vital factor in the apoptotic mechanism. Furthermore, this synergistic apoptosis was involved in the PKB/AKT signal pathway, Bcl-2 and caspase family members. Z-VAD-FMK, a cell permeable pan caspase inhibitor, almost completely inhibited celecoxib and NPC-16 co-induced apoptosis, indicating that this apoptosis was caspase dependent. CONCLUSIONS Co-treatment of celecoxib and NPC-16 could induce colorectal cancer cell apoptosis via COX-2-independent and caspase-dependent mechanisms. The combination therapy with these agents might provide a novel therapeutic model for colorectal cancer.
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Selenium nanoparticles inhibit the growth of HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells through induction of S phase arrest. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 94:304-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Recent advances in morphological cell image analysis. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2012; 2012:101536. [PMID: 22272215 PMCID: PMC3261466 DOI: 10.1155/2012/101536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarizes the recent advances in image processing methods for morphological cell analysis. The topic of morphological analysis has received much attention with the increasing demands in both bioinformatics and biomedical applications. Among many factors that affect the diagnosis of a disease, morphological cell analysis and statistics have made great contributions to results and effects for a doctor. Morphological cell analysis finds the cellar shape, cellar regularity, classification, statistics, diagnosis, and so forth. In the last 20 years, about 1000 publications have reported the use of morphological cell analysis in biomedical research. Relevant solutions encompass a rather wide application area, such as cell clumps segmentation, morphological characteristics extraction, 3D reconstruction, abnormal cells identification, and statistical analysis. These reports are summarized in this paper to enable easy referral to suitable methods for practical solutions. Representative contributions and future research trends are also addressed.
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22
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Physico-mechanical characterisation of cells using atomic force microscopy — Current research and methodologies. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 86:131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Perumal V, Banerjee S, Das S, Sen RK, Mandal M. Effect of liposomal celecoxib on proliferation of colon cancer cell and inhibition of DMBA-induced tumor in rat model. Cancer Nanotechnol 2011; 2:67-79. [PMID: 26069486 PMCID: PMC4451972 DOI: 10.1007/s12645-011-0017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, has shown potential anticancerous activity against majority of solid tumors especially on patients with colon cancer. However, associations of serious side effects limit the usage of celecoxib in colon cancer treatment. To address this issue and provide an alternative strategy to increase the efficacy of celecoxib, liposomal formulation of celecoxib was prepared and characterized. Anticancer activity of liposomal celecoxib on colon cancer cell HCT 15 was evaluated in vitro. Furthermore, tumor inhibition efficiency by liposomal celecoxib was studied on 7,12-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced tumor in rat model. In order to elucidate the antioxidant activity of celecoxib-loaded liposomes, antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) generation and lipid peroxide (LPx) formation in both liver and kidney tissues were examined. Characterization of the formed unilamellar liposomes revealed the formation of homogeneous suspension of neutral (empty) or anionic (celecoxib-loaded) liposomes with a well-defined spherical shape which have a mean size of 103.5 nm (empty liposome) and 169 nm (liposomal celecoxib). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and hemolytic assay demonstrated 46% of celecoxib entrapment efficiency and significantly low hemolysis, respectively. Liposomal celecoxib exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity against HCT 15 cells which are comparable to free celecoxib. In vivo study demonstrated inhibition of tumor growth. Biochemical analysis of the liposomal celecoxib-treated group significantly inhibited the LPx formation (oxygen-free radicals) and increased the activity of SOD. Our results present the potential of inhibiting colon cancer in vitro and DMBA-induced tumor in rat model in vivo by liposomal celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Perumal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India 721302 ; Nanotech Research Facility, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies (PSGIAS), Coimbatore, India 641 004
| | - Shubhadeep Banerjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India 721302
| | - Shubasis Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India 721302
| | - R K Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India 721302
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India 721302
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Venkatesan P, Puvvada N, Dash R, Prashanth Kumar B, Sarkar D, Azab B, Pathak A, Kundu SC, Fisher PB, Mandal M. The potential of celecoxib-loaded hydroxyapatite-chitosan nanocomposite for the treatment of colon cancer. Biomaterials 2011; 32:3794-806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Chen WL, Jiang LS, Li FY. Anti-proliferation activity of celecoxib in cholangitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:1761-1766. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i17.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the application value of celecoxib in treating chronic proliferative cholangitis (CPC).
METHODS: Thirty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operation group (n = 10), CPC model group (n = 10), and celecoxib therapy group (n = 10). CPC was induced in rats by inserting a 5-0 nylon suture into the common bile duct up to the porta hepatis retrogradely through the vater papilla. Rats in the sham-operation group only underwent abdominal wall incision and suturing. Celecoxib [50 mg/(kg·d)] was injected into the abdominal cavity of each rat in the therapy group from day 1 after operation. All rats were executed 1 wk after operation. The anti-proliferation activity of celecoxib was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, Masson staining and immunohistochemistry staining of the biliary epithelial mucosa, submucosal gland and collagen fiber in the bile duct wall of CPC rats.
RESULTS: The proliferative degree of the biliary epithelial mucosa and submucosal gland as well as the fibrotic degree of the biliary wall in the celecoxib therapy group were obviously lower than those in the CPC group, but still higher than those in the sham-operation group. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the expression intensity of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in the celecoxib therapy group was obviously inferior to that in the CPC model group (IA: 8.62 ± 0.19 vs 35.27 ± 0.43, P < 0.05), but close to that in the sham-operation group (IA: 8.62 ± 0.19 vs 8.41 ± 0.13, P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: By down-regulating COX-2 expression, celecoxib can effectively inhibit the hyperplasia of the biliary epithelial mucosa, submucosal gland, and collagen fiber and reduce the amount of mucous glycoprotein secreted by the submucosal gland, thus holding the promise for controlling CPC and reducing the recurrence of intrahepatic bile duct stones.
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