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A Method for Accelerated Natural Weathering of Wood Subsurface and Its Multilevel Characterization. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The function of altering weathering factors and degradation mechanisms are essential for understanding the weathering process of materials. The goal of this work was to develop a method for the acceleration of natural weathering and to investigate the molecular, microstructure and macrostructure degradation of wood caused by the process. Tests were performed in the whole month of July, which, according to previous research, is considered as the most severe for weathering of wood micro-sections. Sample appearance was evaluated by colour measurement. Scanning electron microscopy was used for evaluation of the structural integrity and changes in the microstructure of wood morphological components. Changes on the molecular level were assessed by means of FT-IR spectroscopy. Observation of the effects of weathering allowed a better understanding of the degradation process. Typical structural damage, such as cracks on bordered pits and cross-field pits, and, as a consequence, their erosion, revealed the sequence of the degradation process. It was confirmed that earlywood was more susceptible to damage than latewood. Even if the weathering test was conducted for a relatively short time (28 days) the ultra-thin wood samples changed noticeably. The progress of alteration was similar as usually noticed for wood surfaces, but occurred at shorter exposure times. The estimated acceleration factor was ×3, compare to the natural weathering kinetics of wood. The research methodology presented can be used for the determination of the weather dose-response models essential to estimate the future service life performance of timber elements.
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Ehman NV, Ita-Nagy D, Felissia FE, Vallejos ME, Quispe I, Area MC, Chinga-Carrasco G. Biocomposites of Bio-Polyethylene Reinforced with a Hydrothermal-Alkaline Sugarcane Bagasse Pulp and Coupled with a Bio-Based Compatibilizer. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092158. [PMID: 32380693 PMCID: PMC7249044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-polyethylene (BioPE, derived from sugarcane), sugarcane bagasse pulp, and two compatibilizers (fossil and bio-based), were used to manufacture biocomposite filaments for 3D printing. Biocomposite filaments were manufactured and characterized in detail, including measurement of water absorption, mechanical properties, thermal stability and decomposition temperature (thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA)). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed to measure the glass transition temperature (Tg). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to assess the fracture area of the filaments after mechanical testing. Increases of up to 10% in water absorption were measured for the samples with 40 wt% fibers and the fossil compatibilizer. The mechanical properties were improved by increasing the fraction of bagasse fibers from 0% to 20% and 40%. The suitability of the biocomposite filaments was tested for 3D printing, and some shapes were printed as demonstrators. Importantly, in a cradle-to-gate life cycle analysis of the biocomposites, we demonstrated that replacing fossil compatibilizer with a bio-based compatibilizer contributes to a reduction in CO2-eq emissions, and an increase in CO2 capture, achieving a CO2-eq storage of 2.12 kg CO2 eq/kg for the biocomposite containing 40% bagasse fibers and 6% bio-based compatibilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanci Vanesa Ehman
- IMAM, UNaM, CONICET, FCEQYN, Programa de Celulosa y Papel (PROCYP), Misiones, Félix de Azara 1552, Posadas, Argentina; (F.E.F.); (M.E.V.); (M.C.A.)
- Correspondence: (N.V.E.); (G.C.-C.); Tel.: +47-908-36-045 (G.C.-C.)
| | - Diana Ita-Nagy
- Peruvian LCA and Industrial Ecology Network (PELCAN), Department of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), 1801 Avenida Universitaria, San Miguel, Lima 15088, Peru; (D.I.-N.); (I.Q.)
| | - Fernando Esteban Felissia
- IMAM, UNaM, CONICET, FCEQYN, Programa de Celulosa y Papel (PROCYP), Misiones, Félix de Azara 1552, Posadas, Argentina; (F.E.F.); (M.E.V.); (M.C.A.)
| | - María Evangelina Vallejos
- IMAM, UNaM, CONICET, FCEQYN, Programa de Celulosa y Papel (PROCYP), Misiones, Félix de Azara 1552, Posadas, Argentina; (F.E.F.); (M.E.V.); (M.C.A.)
| | - Isabel Quispe
- Peruvian LCA and Industrial Ecology Network (PELCAN), Department of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), 1801 Avenida Universitaria, San Miguel, Lima 15088, Peru; (D.I.-N.); (I.Q.)
| | - María Cristina Area
- IMAM, UNaM, CONICET, FCEQYN, Programa de Celulosa y Papel (PROCYP), Misiones, Félix de Azara 1552, Posadas, Argentina; (F.E.F.); (M.E.V.); (M.C.A.)
| | - Gary Chinga-Carrasco
- RISE PFI, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence: (N.V.E.); (G.C.-C.); Tel.: +47-908-36-045 (G.C.-C.)
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Božič M, Majerič M, Denac M, Kokol V. Mechanical and barrier properties of soy protein isolate films plasticized with a mixture of glycerol and dendritic polyglycerol. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Božič
- Institute for Engineering Materials and Design; University of Maribor; Smetanova Ulica 17 Maribor SI-2000 Slovenia
| | - Martina Majerič
- Institute for Engineering Materials and Design; University of Maribor; Smetanova Ulica 17 Maribor SI-2000 Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Denac
- Faculty of Economics and Business; University of Maribor; Razlagova 14 Maribor SI-2000 Slovenija
| | - Vanja Kokol
- Institute for Engineering Materials and Design; University of Maribor; Smetanova Ulica 17 Maribor SI-2000 Slovenia
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Kinnarinen T, Häkkinen A. Influence of enzyme loading on enzymatic hydrolysis of cardboard waste and size distribution of the resulting fiber residue. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 159:136-142. [PMID: 24650527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to sugars alters the properties of the cellulosic fibers. Several process variables, including enzyme loading, play an important role in these changes. Many physical properties of fibers are affected: their length and width, porosity, specific surface area, and degree of fibrillation, for instance, may undergo dramatic changes when subjected to enzymatic degradation. In this study, the influence of enzyme loading on the fiber size was investigated using milled cardboard waste as the raw material. The effect of cellulases and hemicellulases on the monosaccharide production and the resulting fiber size was studied using commercial enzyme products. It was shown that the cellulase loading largely determined the amount of sugars produced. The fiber length was reduced during the course of hydrolysis, although the size reduction was not especially dramatic. Based on the SEM images, no significant damage to the fiber surfaces occurred during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Kinnarinen
- Laboratory of Separation Technology, LUT Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Antti Häkkinen
- Laboratory of Separation Technology, LUT Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
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Singh AP, Anderson R, Park BD, Nuryawan A. A novel approach for FE-SEM imaging of wood-matrix polymer interface in a biocomposite. Micron 2013; 54-55:87-90. [PMID: 24063951 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interface between polymer and biomass in composite products is important for developing high performance products, as the quality of adhesion at the interface determines composite properties. For example, with greater stiffness compared to polymer matrix, such as that of high density polyethylene, the wood component enhances stiffness of wood-polymer composites, provided there is good adhesion between composite components. However, in composites made from wood flour (wood particles) and synthetic resins it is often difficult to clearly resolve particle-matrix interfaces in the conventionally employed microscopy method that involves SEM examination of fractured faces of composites. We developed a novel approach, where composites made from high density polyethylene and wood flour were examined and imaged with a FE-SEM (field emission scanning electron microscope) in transverse sections cut through the composites. Improved definition of the interface was achieved using this approach, which enabled a more thorough comparison to be made of the features of the interface between wood particles and the matrix in composites with and without a coupling agent, as it was possible to clearly resolve the interfaces for particles of all sizes, from large particles consisting of many cells down to tiny cell wall fragments, particularly in composites that did not incorporate the coupling agent used to enhance particle adhesion with the matrix polymer. The method developed would be suitable particularly for high definition SEM imaging of a wide range of composites made combining wood and agricultural residues with synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adya P Singh
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyug-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, South Korea; Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand.
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Chinga-Carrasco G, Yu Y, Diserud O. Quantitative electron microscopy of cellulose nanofibril structures from Eucalyptus and Pinus radiata kraft pulp fibers. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:563-571. [PMID: 21740618 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This work comprises the structural characterization of Eucalyptus and Pinus radiata pulp fibers and their corresponding fibrillated materials, based on quantitative electron microscopy techniques. Compared to hardwood fibers, the softwood fibers have a relatively open structure of the fiber wall outer layers. The fibrillation of the fibers was performed mechanically and chemi-mechanically. In the chemi-mechanical process, the pulp fibers were subjected to a TEMPO-mediated oxidation to facilitate the homogenization. Films were made of the fibrillated materials to evaluate some structural properties. The thicknesses and roughnesses of the films were evaluated with standardized methods and with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in backscattered electron imaging mode. Field-emission SEM (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to quantify the nanofibril morphology. In this study, we give additional and significant evidences about the suitability of electron microscopy techniques for quantification of nanofibril structures. In addition, we conclude that standard methods are not suitable for estimating the thickness of films having relatively rough surfaces. The results revealed significant differences with respect to the morphology of the fibrillated material. The differences are due to the starting raw material and to the procedure applied for the fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Chinga-Carrasco
- Paper and Fiber Research Institute (PFI AS), Høgskoleringen 6b, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Lif A, Stenstad P, Syverud K, Nydén M, Holmberg K. Fischer–Tropsch diesel emulsions stabilised by microfibrillated cellulose and nonionic surfactants. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 352:585-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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