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Choudhury A, Barbora L, Arya D, Lal B, Subudhi S, Mohan SV, Ahammad SZ, Verma A. Effect of electrode surface properties on enhanced electron transfer activity in microbial fuel cells. Eng Life Sci 2016; 17:186-192. [PMID: 32624766 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of electrode surface chemistry over biofilm growth was evaluated for photo-bioelectrocatalytic fuel cell. A consortium of photosynthetic bacteria was grown onto different electrodes designed with polyethylenimine (PEI) and multiwall carbon nanotubes as hydrophilic and hydrophobic modifier, respectively. The designed electrodes were loaded with 0.08, 0.17, and 0.33 μg/cm2 of PEI to change the hydrophilicity. However, 0.56, 0.72, and 0.83 mg/cm2 of multiwall carbon nanotubes were used to alter the hydrophobicity of the electrodes. The surface chemistry of electrode and bio-interaction was evaluated as a function of contact angle and biofilm formation. The results were compared with those obtained with a carbon paper electrode. The contact angle on the untreated electrode (carbon paper) was 118°, whereas for hydrophobic and hydrophilic electrodes, the maximum and minimum contact angles were 170° and 0°, respectively. Interestingly, the maximum biofilm growth (0.2275 g, wet basis) was observed on highly hydrophobic surface; however, the maximum electrochemical performance (246 mV) was shown by the most hydrophilic electrode surface. PEI-based electrode with good biofilm formation showed comparatively higher electrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Choudhury
- Centre for Energy Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IIT Guwahati) Guwahati India
| | - Lepakshi Barbora
- Centre for Energy Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IIT Guwahati) Guwahati India
| | - Divyanshu Arya
- Sustainable Environergy Research Lab (SERL) Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) New Delhi India
| | - Banwari Lal
- Department of Environmental and Industrial Biotechnology The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) New Delhi India
| | - Sanjukta Subudhi
- Department of Environmental and Industrial Biotechnology The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) New Delhi India
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Hyderabad India
| | - Shaikh Z Ahammad
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) New Delhi India
| | - Anil Verma
- Sustainable Environergy Research Lab (SERL) Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) New Delhi India
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Al-Mailem DM, Eliyas M, Khanafer M, Radwan SS. Biofilms constructed for the removal of hydrocarbon pollutants from hypersaline liquids. Extremophiles 2014; 19:189-96. [PMID: 25293792 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocarbonoclastic biofilms were established on sterile glass plates vertically submerged for 1 month in a hypersaline soil/water suspension containing 0.3% crude oil. The culture-dependent analysis of the microbial community in those biofilms revealed hydrocarbonoclastic species in the magnitude of 10(3) cells cm(-2). Those species belonged to the halophilic bacterial genera Marinobacter, Halomonas, Dietzia, Bacillus, Arhodomonas, Aeromonas and Kocuria as well as to the haloarchaeal genera Haloferax and Halobacterium. Those organisms were not evenly distributed over the biofilm surface area. The culture-independent analysis revealed a different community composition, which was based on four uncultured and four cultured taxa. Depending on the culture conditions and the sort of chemical amendments, the biofilms succeeded in removing in 2 weeks up to about 60-70% of crude oil, pure n-hexadecane and pure phenanthrene in hypersaline pond water samples. The amendment with KCl, MgSO4 and a vitamin mixture composed of thiamin, pyridoxine, vitamin B12, biotin, riboflavin and folic acid was most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Al-Mailem
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, PO Box 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait
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Al-Mailem DM, Kansour MK, Radwan SS. Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons Contaminating Sewage Effluent Using Man-made Biofilms: Effects of Some Variables. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:1736-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gagnon ZR. Cellular dielectrophoresis: applications to the characterization, manipulation, separation and patterning of cells. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2466-87. [PMID: 21922493 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, dielectrophoresis (DEP) has evolved into a powerful, robust and flexible method for cellular characterization, manipulation, separation and cell patterning. It is a field with widely varying disciplines, as it is quite common to see DEP integrated with a host of applications including microfluidics, impedance spectroscopy, tissue engineering, real-time PCR, immunoassays, stem-cell characterization, gene transfection and electroporation, just to name a few. The field is finally at the point where analytical and numerical polarization models can be used to adequately describe and characterize the dielectrophoretic behavior of cells, and there is ever increasing evidence demonstrating that electric fields can safely be used to manipulate cells without harm. As such, DEP is slowly making its way into the biological sciences. Today, DEP is being used to manipulate individual cells to specific regions of space for single-cell assays. DEP is able to separate rare cells from a heterogeneous cell suspension, where isolated cells can then be characterized and dynamically studied using nothing more than electric fields. However, there is need for a critical report to integrate the many new features of DEP for cellular applications. Here, a review of the basic theory and current applications of DEP, specifically for cells, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Gagnon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Jesús-Pérez NM, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Dielectrophoretic monitoring of microorganisms in environmental applications. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2331-57. [PMID: 21823133 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia M Jesús-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Monterrey, Apodaca, Nuevo Leon, México
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Zhu K, Kaprelyants AS, Salina EG, Schuler M, Markx GH. Construction by dielectrophoresis of microbial aggregates for the study of bacterial cell dormancy. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:022810. [PMID: 20697590 PMCID: PMC2917868 DOI: 10.1063/1.3435336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A study of the effect of aggregate size on the resuscitation of dormant M. smegmatis was conducted by constructing cell aggregates with defined sizes and shapes using dielectrophoresis and monitoring the resuscitation process under controlled laboratorial conditions in a long-term cell feeding system. Differently sized cell aggregates were created on the surface of indium tin oxide coated microelectrodes, their heights and shapes controlled by the strength of the induced electric field and the shape of the microelectrodes. Both two-dimensional (ring-patterned) and three-dimensional cell aggregates were produced. The cell aggregates were maintained under sterile conditions at 37 degrees C for up to 14 days by continuously flushing Sauton's medium through the chamber. Resuscitation of dormant M. smegmatis was evaluated by the production of the fluorescent dye 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium chloride. The results confirm that the resuscitation of dormant M. smegmatis is triggered by the accumulation of a resuscitation promoting factor inside the aggregates by diffusion limitation.
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Andrews JS, Rolfe SA, Huang WE, Scholes JD, Banwart SA. Biofilm formation in environmental bacteria is influenced by different macromolecules depending on genus and species. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12:2496-507. [PMID: 20406292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation of biofilms by diverse bacteria isolated from contaminated soil and groundwater on model substrata with different surface properties was assessed in a multifactorial screen. Diverse attachment phenotypes were observed as measured by crystal violet dye retention and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Bulk measurements of cell hydrophobicity had little predictive ability in determining whether biofilms would develop on hydrophobic or hydrophilic substrata. Therefore selected pairs of bacteria from the genera Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas that exhibited different attachment phenotypes were examined in more detail using CLSM and the lipophilic dye, Nile Red. The association of Rhodococcus sp. cell membranes with lipids was shown to influence the attachment properties of these cells, but this approach was not informative for Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas sp. Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy of Rhodococcus biofilms confirmed the importance of lipids in their formation and indicated that in Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas biofilms, nucleic acids and proteins, respectively, were important in identifying the differences in attachment phenotypes of the selected strains. Treatment of biofilms with DNase I confirmed a determining role for nucleic acids as predicted for Pseudomonas. This work demonstrates that the attachment phenotypes of microbes from environmental samples to different substrata varies markedly, a diverse range of macromolecules may be involved and that these differ significantly between genera. A combination of CLSM and Raman spectroscopy distinguished between phenotypes and could be used to identify the key macromolecules involved in cell attachment to surfaces for the specific cases studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Andrews
- The Cell-Mineral Research Centre, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Thomspon
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Begbroke Science Park, Sandy Lane, Yarnton OX5 1PF, UK
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Markx GH, Carney L, Littlefair M, Sebastian A, Buckle AM. Recreating the hematon: microfabrication of artificial haematopoietic stem cell microniches in vitro using dielectrophoresis. Biomed Microdevices 2008; 11:143-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-008-9219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sebastian A, Venkatesh AG, Markx GH. Tissue engineering with electric fields: investigation of the shape of mammalian cell aggregates formed at interdigitated oppositely castellated electrodes. Electrophoresis 2008; 28:3821-8. [PMID: 17960834 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The shape of aggregates of cells formed by positive dielectrophoresis (DEP) at interdigitated oppositely castellated electrodes under different conditions was investigated and compared with calculations of the electric field gradient |nablaE(2)|, and the electric field E, and E(2). The results confirm that at low field strength the cells predominantly accumulate above the tips of the electrodes, but at higher electric field strengths the cells predominantly accumulate in the middle of the aggregate. For a given electrode size, a higher applied voltage significantly increases the aggregate footprint. Higher flow rates distort this pattern, with more cells accumulating at the electrodes that are upstream. Calculation of the electric field strength E, E(2) and the electric field strength gradient |nablaE(2)| in the interdigitated oppositely castellated electrode array shows that, at low flow rates, there is a strong correlation between the aggregate shape and the distribution of the electric field E and E(2), but not so between the aggregate shape and |nablaE(2)|. The results indicate that interparticle forces such as pearlchain formation strongly affect the aggregation process, but that, when positive DEP is used to make the aggregates, the distribution of the electric field E, or better E(2), can be used as a useful guide to the final aggregate shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Sebastian
- The University of Manchester, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Manchester, UK
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Allison DG, Sattenstall MA. The influence of green fluorescent protein incorporation on bacterial physiology: a note of caution. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:318-24. [PMID: 17650191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of green flourescent protein (GFP) incorporation on bacterial physiology. METHODS AND RESULTS Comparisons were made between four different isogenic pairings of non-GFP-containing parents and their GFP-containing transformants with respect to growth rate and antimicrobial susceptibility. For the latter, sensitivities to 12 different antibiotics were measured initially by disc-diffusion assay, and then subsequently by generation of dose-dependent survival curves for 1 h exposure to different concentrations of tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and cetrimide USP. Whilst no significant difference in growth rate was observed, GFP-containing strains were uniformly and significantly more sensitive to all antimicrobial agents tested, excluding the beta-lactams, than their respective non-GFP-containing counterparts. CONCLUSIONS GFP incorporation has a significant effect on bacterial physiology and can modulate antimicrobial susceptibility. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Transformation with GFP can affect the physiology of bacterial cells. This may therefore affect the quality and accuracy of data generated depending on the application for which GFP is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Allison
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK.
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Markx GH. The use of electric fields in tissue engineering: A review. Organogenesis 2008; 4:11-7. [PMID: 19279709 PMCID: PMC2634173 DOI: 10.4161/org.5799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of electric fields for measuring cell and tissue properties has a long history. However, the exploration of the use of electric fields in tissue engineering is only very recent. A review is given of the various methods by which electric fields may be used in tissue engineering, concentrating on the assembly of artificial tissues from its component cells using electrokinetics. A comparison is made of electrokinetic techniques with other physical cell manipulation techniques which can be used in the construction of artificial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard H Markx
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences; Heriot-Watt University; Riccarton; Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Abidin ZZ, Downes L, Markx GH. Large scale dielectrophoretic construction of biofilms using textile technology. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 96:1222-5. [PMID: 17054123 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Arrays of microelectrodes for AC electrokinetic experiments were fabricated by weaving together stainless steel wires (weft) and flexible polyester yarn (warp) in a plain weave pattern. The cloth produced can be used to collect cells in low conductivity media by dielectrophoresis (DEP). The construction of model biofilms consisting of a yeast layer on top of a layer of M. luteus is demonstrated, using polyethylenimine (PEI) as the flocculating agent. This technique offers an alternative to the formation of biofilms at microelectrodes made by photolithography, and would allow the construction of biofilms with defined internal architectures by DEP at much larger scales than was possible previously. Furthermore, the flexibility of the cloth would also allow it to be distorted or folded into various shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurina Z Abidin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street, P.O. Box 88, Manchester, M60 1QD, United Kingdom
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Voldman J. Engineered systems for the physical manipulation of single cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2006; 17:532-7. [PMID: 16889956 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Manipulating the physical location of cells is useful both to organize cells in vitro and to separate cells during screening. The quest to manipulate cells on length scales commensurate with their size has led to a host of technologies exploiting optical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, and other phenomena. Researchers interested in organizing cells are gaining the ability to pattern more than two cell types, to create dynamic surfaces, and to pattern cells in the third dimension. In the realm of cell separation for screening, there has been significant progress in miniaturized flow-based optical sorters as well as in sorting following static microscopic observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Voldman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 36-824, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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