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Alegbeleye O, Sant'Ana AS. Microbiological quality of irrigation water for cultivation of fruits and vegetables: An overview of available guidelines, water testing strategies and some factors that influence compliance. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:114771. [PMID: 36586712 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated irrigation water is among many potential vehicles of human pathogens to food plants, constituting significant public health risks especially for the fresh produce category. This review discusses some available guidelines or regulations for microbiological safety of irrigation water, and provides a summary of some common methods used for characterizing microbial contamination. The goal of such exploration is to understand some of the considerations that influence formulation of water testing guidelines, describe priority microbial parameters particularly with respect to food safety risks, and attempt to determine what methods are most suitable for their screening. Furthermore, the review discusses factors that influence the potential for microbiologically polluted irrigation water to pose substantial risks of pathogenic contamination to produce items. Some of these factors include type of water source exploited, irrigation methods, other agro ecosystem features/practices, as well as pathogen traits such as die-off rates. Additionally, the review examines factors such as food safety knowledge, other farmer attitudes or inclinations, level of social exposure and financial circumstances that influence adherence to water testing guidelines and other safe water application practices. A thorough understanding of relevant risk metrics for the application and management of irrigation water is necessary for the development of water testing criteria. To determine sampling and analytical approach for water testing, factors such as agricultural practices (which differ among farms and regionally), as well as environmental factors that modulate how water quality may affect the microbiological safety of produce should be considered. Research and technological advancements that can improve testing approach and the determination of target levels for hazard characterization or description for the many different pollution contexts as well as farmer adherence to testing requirements, are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadara Alegbeleye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Hrdy J, Vasickova P. Virus detection methods for different kinds of food and water samples – The importance of molecular techniques. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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3
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Omatola CA, Olaniran AO. Epidemiological significance of the occurrence and persistence of rotaviruses in water and sewage: a critical review and proposal for routine microbiological monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:380-399. [PMID: 35174845 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00435b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, waterborne gastroenteritis attributable to rotaviruses is on the increase due to the rapid increase in population growth, poor socioeconomic conditions, and drastic changes in climatic conditions. The burden of diarrhea is quite alarming in developing nations where the majority of the populations still rely on untreated surface water that is usually polluted for their immediate water needs. Humans and animals of all ages are affected by rotaviruses. In humans, the preponderance of cases occurs in children under 5 years. Global efforts in advancing water/wastewater treatment technologies have not yet realized the objective of complete viral removal from wastewater. Most times, surface waters are impacted heavily by inadequately treated wastewater run-offs thereby exposing people or animals to preventable health risks. The relative stability of rotaviruses in aquatic matrices during wastewater treatment, poor correlation of bacteriological indicators with the presence of rotaviruses, and their infectiousness at a low dose informed the proposal for inclusion in the routine microbiological water screening panel. Environmental monitoring data have been shown to provide early warnings that can complement clinical data used to monitor the impact of current rotavirus vaccination in a community. This review was therefore undertaken to critically appraise rotavirus excretion and emission pathways, and the existence, viability and persistence in the receiving aquatic milieu. The efficiency of the current wastewater treatment modality for rotavirus removal, correlation of the current bacteriological water quality assessment strategy, public health risks and current laboratory methods for an epidemiological study were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius A Omatola
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa.
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa.
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4
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Detection of group A rotavirus in oyster tissues by in situ capture RT-qPCR. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Atabakhsh P, Kargar M, Doosti A. Detection and evaluation of rotavirus surveillance methods as viral indicator in the aquatic environments. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:811-820. [PMID: 33599964 PMCID: PMC8105488 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) have been introduced as the most important causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in the young children. One of every 260 children born globally will die due to rotavirus (RV) before 5 years old. The RV is widely known as a viral indicator for health (fecal contamination) because this pathogen has a high treatment resistance nature, which has been listed as a relevant waterborne pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, monitoring of environmental is important, and RV is one of the best-known indicators for monitoring. It has been proved that common standards for microbiological water quality do not guarantee the absence of viruses. On the other hand, in order to recover and determine RV quantity within water, standard methods are scarce. Therefore, dependable prediction of RV quantities in water sample is crucial to be able to improve supervision efficiency of the treatment procedure, precise quantitative evaluation of the microbial risks as well as microbiological water safety. Hence, this study aimed to introduce approaches to detecting and controlling RV in environmental waters, and discussed the challenges faced to enable a clear perception on the ubiquity of the RV within different types of water across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paymaneh Atabakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan Water and Wastewater Company, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Abbas Doosti
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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6
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El-Senousy WM, Shalaby M, Deeb AMM, Alhawary II. Thermal Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus, Noroviruses, and Simian Rotavirus in Cows' Milk. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:310-320. [PMID: 32930960 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09443-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of raw or unpasteurized milk is a risk for the consumers because indirect contaminations such as fecal-cross-contamination could occur and determine the presence of enteric viruses. In this study, milk was treated with several temperature and time combinations chosen by performing a preliminary experiment to evaluate the intervals needed to inactivate Hepatitis A virus (HAV) HM175 strain, noroviruses genogroups I and II (GI and GII), and simian rotavirus SA11 at different temperatures. Results were obtained by measuring the genome copies and infectious units by real-time PCR and plaque assays respectively. At 85 °C, one minute and two minutes were needed to achieve 6.6 log10 ± 0.2 and 8 log10 ± 0 reductions of genome copies of HAV respectively. Similar genome copies reduction was also observed for noroviruses (GI and GII) and simian rotavirus. At higher temperatures, 90 s (s) at 90 °C and 60 s at 95 °C were needed to achieve 8 log10 ± 0 reductions of the genome copies of all studied viruses. Significant higher sensitivity of the infectious units of both HAV and simian rotavirus to heat treatment of milk than their genome copies was observed. At boiling point of milk (100.5 °C), 40 s were needed to achieve 8 log10 ± 0 reductions of genome copies of all the studied viruses, while 10 s were needed to achieve 6 log10 ± 0 reductions of the infectious units of HAV and simian rotavirus. Significant higher reduction of infectious units than genome copies was observed confirming that genome copies reduction does not correspond to infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waled M El-Senousy
- Environmental Virology Lab, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division and Food-Borne Viruses Group, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth st., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Maha Shalaby
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr-El-Sheikh University, P.O. 33516, Kafr-El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Azza M M Deeb
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr-El-Sheikh University, P.O. 33516, Kafr-El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim I Alhawary
- Fish Processing and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafr-El-Sheikh University, P.O. 33516, Kafr-El-Sheikh, Egypt
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7
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang M, Yu L, Ma C, Li X, Guo T, Bao H, Kou K, Chen Y, Gong H, Zhou X. Establishment of a cell-based quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay for detection of multivalent rotavirus vaccine. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3157-3164. [PMID: 32492198 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Because of deficiencies of traditional potency tests in rotavirus detection, a one-step TaqMan probe-based quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay combined with cell-based method was established to determine the infectious potency of the target virus in multivalent live rotavirus vaccines in vitro. Series dilutions of rotavirus samples were inoculated into Vero cells and cultured for 24 hours. The cells were lysed and the potency was detected by RT-qPCR. The reference standards with a known titer (lgCCID50 /mL) were assayed in parallel, and the potencies of each sample were determined using parallel line method. The specificity, precision and accuracy of the assay were evaluated, respectively. The results showed that messenger RNA produced during rotavirus replication was the primary template of RT-qPCR and the primers and probes were specific to each strain. The coefficient of variation of different wells and different working days did not exceed 6% and the results of the assay were proved to be concordant with those of cell culture infective dose 50% with a relative deviation less than 5%. This assay is a more rapid, cost-effective and high-throughput way for detecting multivalent rotavirus vaccine, and will be a valuable tool in the quality control and stability monitoring of live multivalent rotavirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjin Wang
- The Second Department, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co, Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yueyue Liu
- Division of Enteric Virus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Mingqiang Wang
- The Second Department, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co, Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Yu
- The Second Department, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co, Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao Ma
- The Second Department, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co, Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiongxiong Li
- The Second Department, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co, Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tai Guo
- Division of Enteric Virus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Bao
- The Second Department, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co, Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kuiying Kou
- The Second Department, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co, Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yueru Chen
- The Second Department, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co, Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hanbo Gong
- Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xu Zhou
- General Manager's Office, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China
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8
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Clemens H, Pang L, Morgan LK, Weaver L. Attenuation of rotavirus, MS2 bacteriophage and biomolecule-modified silica nanoparticles in undisturbed silt loam over gravels dosed with onsite wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115272. [PMID: 31726397 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of potable groundwater by pathogenic viruses from on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) poses a serious health risk. This study investigated the attenuation and transport of rotavirus, bacteriophage MS2 and DNA-labelled-glycoprotein-coated silica nanoparticles (DGSnp) in 2 intact cores of silt loam over gravels dosed with wastewater from an OWTS at 3.53 L/day. To simulate a worst-case scenario, experiments were conducted under saturated conditions. The results from 6 experiments demonstrated that the rotavirus and DGSnp reductions were very similar and markedly greater than the MS2 reduction. This was reflected in the peak concentrations, relative mass recoveries, and temporal and spatial reduction rates. For a given log10 reduction, the estimated soil depth required for MS2 was over twice that required for rotavirus and DGSnp. This is the first study in which DGSnp was used as a rotavirus surrogate in soil under wastewater applications. Consistent with previous studies, DGSnp showed promise at mimicking rotavirus attenuation and transport in porous media. The results suggest DGSnp could be used to assess the attenuation capacity of subsurface media to rotavirus. However, DGSnp is not conservative and will underestimate the setback distances required for rotavirus reductions by 3%. On the other hand, separation distances determined using the rotavirus parameters and criteria but based on MS2 attenuation, can be too conservative in some subsurface media. To determine safe and realistic separation distances, it would be beneficial and complementary to apply both conservative virus surrogate using MS2 bacteriophage and representative but non-conservative new virus surrogates using biomolecule-modified silica nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Clemens
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch, 8540, New Zealand; Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Liping Pang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch, 8540, New Zealand.
| | - Leanne K Morgan
- Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Louise Weaver
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch, 8540, New Zealand
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9
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Zhang Y, Qu S, Xu L. Progress in the study of virus detection methods: The possibility of alternative methods to validate virus inactivation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2095-2102. [PMID: 31038205 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Virus inactivation validation studies have been widely applied in the risk assessment of biogenic material-based medical products, such as biological products, animal tissue-derived biomaterials, and allogeneic biomaterials, to decrease the risk of virus transmission. Traditional virus detection methods in an inactivation validation study utilize cell culture as a tool to quantify the infectious virus by observing cytopathic effects (CPEs) after virus inactivation. However, this is susceptible to subjective factors because CPEs must be observed by experts under a microscope during virus titration. In addition, this method is costly and time- and labor-consuming. Molecular biological technologies such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have been widely used for virus detection but cannot distinguish infectious and noninfectious viruses. Therefore, qPCR cannot be directly applied to virus inactivation validation studies. In this paper, methods to detect viruses and progress in the challenge of differentiating infectious and noninfectious viruses with the combination of pretreatment and qPCR techniques such as the integrated cell culture-qPCR (ICC-qPCR) method are reviewed. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each new method, as well as its prospect in virus inactivation validation studies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Institute for Medical Devices Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuxin Qu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liming Xu
- Institute for Medical Devices Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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10
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Hamza IA, Bibby K. Critical issues in application of molecular methods to environmental virology. J Virol Methods 2019; 266:11-24. [PMID: 30659861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases have significant public health and socioeconomic implications worldwide. Many viral pathogens are commonly associated with water-related diseases, namely enteric viruses. Also, novel recently discovered human-associated viruses have been shown to be a causative agent of gastroenteritis or other clinical symptoms. A wide range of analytical methods is available for virus detection in environmental water samples. Viral isolation is historically carried out via propagation on permissive cell lines; however, some enteric viruses are difficult or not able to propagate on existing cell lines. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) screening of viral nucleic acid is routinely used to investigate virus contamination in water due to the high sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, the introduction of metagenomic approaches into environmental virology has facilitated the discovery of viruses that cannot be grown in cell culture. This review (i) highlights the applications of molecular techniques in environmental virology such as PCR and its modifications to overcome the critical issues associated with the inability to discriminate between infectious viruses and nonviable viruses, (ii) outlines the strengths and weaknesses of Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification (NASBA) and microarray, (iii) discusses the role of digital PCR as an emerging water quality monitoring assay and its advantages over qPCR, (iv) addresses the viral metagenomics in terms of detecting emerging viral pathogens and diversity in aquatic environment. Indeed, there are many challenges for selecting methods to detect classic and emerging viruses in environmental samples. While the existing techniques have revealed the importance and diversity of viruses in the water environment, further developments are necessary to enable more rapid and accurate methodologies for viral water quality monitoring and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, USA
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11
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Haramoto E, Kitajima M, Hata A, Torrey JR, Masago Y, Sano D, Katayama H. A review on recent progress in the detection methods and prevalence of human enteric viruses in water. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 135:168-186. [PMID: 29471200 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne human enteric viruses, such as noroviruses and adenoviruses, are excreted in the feces of infected individuals and transmitted via the fecal-oral route including contaminated food and water. Since viruses are normally present at low concentrations in aquatic environments, they should be concentrated into smaller volumes prior to downstream molecular biological applications, such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This review describes recent progress made in the development of concentration and detection methods of human enteric viruses in water, and discusses their applications for providing a better understanding of the prevalence of the viruses in various types of water worldwide. Maximum concentrations of human enteric viruses in water that have been reported in previous studies are summarized to assess viral abundances in aquatic environments. Some descriptions are also available on recent applications of sequencing analyses used to determine the genetic diversity of viral genomes in water samples, including those of novel viruses. Furthermore, the importance and significance of utilizing appropriate process controls during viral analyses are discussed, and three types of process controls are considered: whole process controls, molecular process controls, and (reverse transcription (RT)-)qPCR controls. Although no standards have been established for acceptable values of virus recovery and/or extraction-(RT-)qPCR efficiency, use of at least one of these appropriate control types is highly recommended for more accurate interpretation of observed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science, Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Jason R Torrey
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yoshifumi Masago
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, 5-53-70 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Vietnam Japan University, Luu Huu Phuoc Road, My Dinh 1 Ward, Nam Tu Liem District, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
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12
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Abstract
Viruses represent the most abundant and diverse of the biological entities in environmental waters, including the seas and probably also freshwater systems. They are important players in ecological networks in waters and influence global biochemical cycling and community composition dynamics. Among the many diverse viruses from terrestrial environments found in environmental waters, some are plant, animal, and/or human pathogens. The majority of pathogenic viral species found in waters are very stable and can survive outside host cells for long periods. The occurrence of such viruses in environmental waters has raised concerns because of the confirmation of the infectivity of waterborne viruses even at very low concentrations. This chapter focuses mainly on the survival of human, animal, and plant pathogenic viruses in aqueous environments, the possibility of their water-mediated transmission, the ecological implications of viruses in water, the methods adapted for detecting such viruses, and how to minimize the risk of viruses spreading through water.
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13
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Quantitative reverse transcription PCR to determine the inactivation of Human Rotavirus by chlorine. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:719-725. [PMID: 28292642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human rotaviruses (HRVs) are the major cause of acute diarrhea in infants and young children. Here, a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the rotaviral VP4 gene (VP4-RT-qPCR) was established to evaluate the inactivation of HRV upon chlorine disinfection, based on a previous report that damage to the 1227-2354bp region of the VP4 gene was associated with eliminated HRV infectivity by chlorine. In this study, inactivation of HRV by 0.6mg/L free chlorine was assessed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2), and tap and river water samples, using both TCID50 and RT-qPCR (VP2- and VP4-RT-qPCR) assays, respectively. Among the samples tested, the VP2-RT-qPCR method did not show significant inactivation after chlorine disinfection; however, the reduction in VP4-RT-qPCR signal was correlated with decreased HRV infectivity. Moreover, the higher sensitivity of the VP4-RT-qPCR assay allowed for assessment of chlorine HRV inactivation at longer exposure times compared with the conventional TCID50 assay. Collectively, these results indicated that the VP4-RT-qPCR assay is a rapid, sensitive, and reliable tool to detect infectious HRV following chlorine inactivation, and highlights the potential for further development of qPCR/RT-qPCR assays to provide information regarding viral infectivity from drinking water plants.
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14
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Figas A, Wieczorek M, Litwińska B, Gut W. Detection of Polioviruses in Sewage Using Cell Culture and Molecular Methods. Pol J Microbiol 2017; 65:479-483. [PMID: 28735334 DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1227676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The work presented here demonstrates the utility of a two-step algorithm for environmental poliovirus surveillance based on: preselection of sewage samples tested for the presence of enteroviral genetic material-RT-PCR assay and detection of infectious viruses by cell culture technique (L20B for polioviruses and RD for polio and other non-polio enteroviruses). RD and L20B cell lines were tested to determine their sensitivity for isolation of viruses from environmental samples (sewage). Finally, we wanted to determine if sewage concentration affects the results obtained for RT-PCR and cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Figas
- National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Department of Virology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wieczorek
- National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Department of Virology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bogumiła Litwińska
- National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Department of Virology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Gut
- National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Department of Virology, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Barrett M, Fitzhenry K, O'Flaherty V, Dore W, Keaveney S, Cormican M, Rowan N, Clifford E. Detection, fate and inactivation of pathogenic norovirus employing settlement and UV treatment in wastewater treatment facilities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:1026-1036. [PMID: 27350093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It is accepted that discharged wastewaters can be a significant source of pathogenic viruses in receiving water bodies contributing to pollution and may in turn enter the human food chain and pose a risk to human health, thus norovirus (NoV) is often a predominant cause of gastroenteritis globally. Working with NoV poses particular challenges as it cannot be readily identified and detection by molecular methods does not assess infectivity. It has been proposed that the infectivity of NoV may be modelled through the use of an alternative virus; F-specific RNA (FRNA) bacteriophages; GA genotype and other FRNA bacteriophages have been used as a surrogate in studies of NoV inactivation. This study investigated the efficiency of novel pulsed ultraviolet irradiation and low pressure ultraviolet irradiation as a potential pathogen inactivation system for NoV and FRNA bacteriophage (GA) in secondary treated wastewaters. The role of UV dose and the impact of suspended solids concentration on removal efficiency were also examined. The study also investigated the role of settlement processes in wastewater treatment plants in removing NoV. While NoV inactivation could not be determined it was found that at a maximum UV dose of 6.9J/cm(2) (6900mJ/cm(2)) an average 2.4 log removal of FRNA bacteriophage (GA) was observed; indicating the potential need for high UV doses to remove NoV if FRNA bacteriophage prove a suitable indicator for NoV. The study found that increasing concentrations of suspended solids impacted on PUV efficiency however, it appears the extent of the impact may be site specific. Furthermore, the study found that settlement processes can play a significant role in the removal of FRNA bacteriophage, thus potentially NoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barrett
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Microbiology, School of Natural sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - K Fitzhenry
- Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - V O'Flaherty
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Microbiology, School of Natural sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - W Dore
- Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - M Cormican
- Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Centre for Health from Environment, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - N Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland
| | - E Clifford
- Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
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16
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Valverde EJ, Borrego JJ, Castro D. Evaluation of an integrated cell culture RT-PCR assay to detect and quantify infectious lymphocystis disease virus. J Virol Methods 2016; 238:62-65. [PMID: 27756548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV), a member of the Iridoviridae family, infects a wide range of fish species including gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), the most important species cultured in the Mediterranean. LCDV is difficult to propagate in cell culture and does not produce clear and consistent cytopathic effects (CPE), especially in samples collected from subclinically infected fish. An integrated cell culture reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (ICC-RT-PCR) assay, followed by dot-blot hybridization of the RT-PCR products, was developed to improve the detection of infectious LCDV. The sensitivity of the ICC-RT-PCR assay, which can be performed in 7 d, was at least 100-fold higher than viral diagnosis obtained by CPE development. The developed assay thus allows the determination of infectious titres in samples with low viral loads, including those from asymptomatic carrier fish, in which no CPE was recorded after a 14-d incubation period. The ICC-RT-PCR assay enables rapid, specific and sensitive detection and quantification of infectious LCDV, and may be a valuable tool in the study of aspects of LCDV infection including transmission or epizootiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Dolores Castro
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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17
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Fusion of the mouse IgG1 Fc domain to the VHH fragment (ARP1) enhances protection in a mouse model of rotavirus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30171. [PMID: 27439689 PMCID: PMC4954977 DOI: 10.1038/srep30171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A variable fragment of a heavy chain antibody (VHH) directed against rotavirus, also referred to as anti-rotavirus protein 1 (ARP1), was shown to confer protection against rotavirus induced diarrhea in infant mouse model of rotavirus induced diarrhea. In this study, we have fused the mouse IgG1 Fc to ARP1 to improve the protective capacity of ARP1 by inducing an Fc-mediated effector function. We have shown that the Fc-ARP1 fusion protein confers significantly increased protection against rotavirus in a neonatal mouse model of rotavirus-induced diarrhea by reducing the prevalence, duration and severity of diarrhea and the viral load in the small intestines, suggesting that the Fc part of immunoglobulins may be engaged in Fc-mediated neutralization of rotavirus. Engineered conventional-like antibodies, by fusion of the Fc part of immunoglobulins to antigen-specific heavy-chain only VHH fragments, might be applied to novel antibody-based therapeutic approaches to enhance elimination of pathogens by activation of distinct effector signaling pathways.
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18
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Bai J, Kim YT, Ryu S, Lee JH. Biocontrol and Rapid Detection of Food-Borne Pathogens Using Bacteriophages and Endolysins. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:474. [PMID: 27092128 PMCID: PMC4824769 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages have been suggested as natural food preservatives as well as rapid detection materials for food-borne pathogens in various foods. Since Listeria monocytogenes-targeting phage cocktail (ListShield) was approved for applications in foods, numerous phages have been screened and experimentally characterized for phage applications in foods. A single phage and phage cocktail treatments to various foods contaminated with food-borne pathogens including E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Cronobacter sakazakii, and Vibrio spp. revealed that they have great potential to control various food-borne pathogens and may be alternative for conventional food preservatives. In addition, phage-derived endolysins with high host specificity and host lysis activities may be preferred to food applications rather than phages. For rapid detection of food-borne pathogens, cell-wall binding domains (CBDs) from endolysins have been suggested due to their high host-specific binding. Fluorescence-tagged CBDs have been successfully evaluated and suggested to be alternative materials of expensive antibodies for various detection applications. Most recently, reporter phage systems have been developed and tested to confirm their usability and accuracy for specific detection. These systems revealed some advantages like rapid detection of only viable pathogenic cells without interference by food components in a very short reaction time, suggesting that these systems may be suitable for monitoring of pathogens in foods. Consequently, phage is the next-generation biocontrol agent as well as rapid detection tool to confirm and even identify the food-borne pathogens present in various foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Bai
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - You-Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee UniversityYongin, South Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National UniversityPyeongchang, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee UniversityYongin, South Korea
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19
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Romero-Maraccini OC, Shisler JL, Nguyen TH. Solar and temperature treatments affect the ability of human rotavirus wa to bind to host cells and synthesize viral RNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4090-7. [PMID: 25862222 PMCID: PMC4524135 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00027-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus, the leading cause of diarrheal diseases in children under the age of five, is often resistant to conventional wastewater treatment and thus can remain infectious once released into the aquatic environment. Solar and heat treatments can inactivate rotavirus, but it is unknown how these treatments inactivate the virus on a molecular level. To answer this question, our approach was to correlate rotavirus inactivation with the inhibition of portions of the virus life cycle as a means to identify the mechanisms of solar or heat inactivation. Specifically, the integrity of the rotavirus NSP3 gene, virus-host cell interaction, and viral RNA synthesis were examined after heat (57°C) or solar treatment of rotavirus. Only the inhibition of viral RNA synthesis positively correlated with a loss of rotavirus infectivity; 57°C treatment of rotavirus resulted in a decrease of rotavirus RNA synthesis at the same rate as rotavirus infectivity. These data suggest that heat treatment neutralized rotaviruses primarily by targeting viral transcription functions. In contrast, when using solar disinfection, the decrease in RNA synthesis was responsible for approximately one-half of the decrease in infectivity, suggesting that other mechanisms, including posttranslational, contribute to inactivation. Nevertheless, both solar and heat inactivation of rotaviruses disrupted viral RNA synthesis as a mechanism for inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia C Romero-Maraccini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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20
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Pérez-Méndez A, Chandler JC, Bisha B, Goodridge LD. Concentration of enteric viruses from tap water using an anion exchange resin-based method. J Virol Methods 2014; 206:95-8. [PMID: 24911889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Detecting low concentrations of enteric viruses in water is needed for public health-related monitoring and control purposes. Thus, there is a need for sensitive, rapid and cost effective enteric viral concentration methods compatible with downstream molecular detection. Here, a virus concentration method based on adsorption of the virus to an anion exchange resin and direct isolation of nucleic acids is presented. Ten liter samples of tap water spiked with different concentrations (10-10,000 TCID50/10 L) of human adenovirus 40 (HAdV-40), hepatitis A virus (HAV) or rotavirus (RV) were concentrated and detected by real time PCR or real time RT-PCR. This method improved viral detection compared to direct testing of spiked water samples where the ΔCt was 12.1 for AdV-40 and 4.3 for HAV. Direct detection of RV in water was only possible for one of the three replicates tested (Ct of 37), but RV detection was improved using the resin method (all replicates tested positive with an average Ct of 30, n=3). The limit of detection of the method was 10 TCID50/10 L for HAdV-40 and HAV, and 100 TCID50/10 L of water for RV. These results compare favorably with detection limits reported for more expensive and laborious methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - J C Chandler
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
| | - B Bisha
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
| | - L D Goodridge
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
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21
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Xue B, Jin M, Yang D, Guo X, Chen Z, Shen Z, Wang X, Qiu Z, Wang J, Zhang B, Li J. Effects of chlorine and chlorine dioxide on human rotavirus infectivity and genome stability. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:3329-38. [PMID: 23591108 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the health risks posed by waterborne human rotavirus (HRV), little information is available concerning the effectiveness of chlorine or chlorine dioxide (ClO2), two common disinfectants of public water sources, against HRV and their effects on its genome remain poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of chlorine and ClO2 on purified HRV by using cell culture and RT-PCR to assess virus infectivity and genetic integrity, respectively. The disinfection efficacy of ClO2 was found to be higher than that of chlorine. According to the efficiency factor Hom model, Ct value (mg/L min) ranges required for a 4-log reduction of HRV at 20 °C by chlorine and ClO2 were 5.55-5.59 and 1.21-2.47 mg/L min, respectively. Detection of the 11 HRV genome segments revealed that damage to the 1227-2354 bp of the VP4 gene was associated with the disappearance of viral infectivity by chlorine. However, no complete accordance between culturing and RT-PCR assays was observed after treatment of HRV with ClO2. These results collectively indicate that the current practice of chlorine disinfection may be inadequate to manage the risk of waterborne HRV infection, and offer the potential to monitor the infectivity of HRV adapting PCR-based protocols in chlorine disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- Department of Environment and Health, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
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22
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Two-day detection of infectious enteric and non-enteric adenoviruses by improved ICC-qPCR. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4159-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Gensberger ET, Kostić T. Novel tools for environmental virology. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 3:61-8. [PMID: 23246441 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Routine monitoring of relevant environmental viruses is of great importance for public health and quality assessment. Even though cell culture (i.e., viral infectivity assay) is still regarded as the golden standard, use of new strategies based on the molecular techniques significantly increased in the past years. Specific and rapid detection are main advantages of this alternative approach. Furthermore, integration of cell culture or propidium monoazide treatment with nucleic acid amplification allows for the differentiation of infectious particles. Additional recently reported approaches for the detection of viruses include, among others, whole transcriptome amplification and cell culture combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Noteworthy is also the fact, that regardless of the selected detection method, sample preparation still remains the major bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Theres Gensberger
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
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24
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Ventola H, Lehtoranta L, Madetoja M, Simonen-Tikka ML, Maunula L, Roivainen M, Korpela R, Holma R. Effects of the viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on rotavirus infection in neonatal rats. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5925-31. [PMID: 23139609 PMCID: PMC3491600 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i41.5925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effects of live and dead Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (GG) on rotavirus infection in a neonatal rat model.
METHODS: At the age of 2 d, suckling Lewis rat pups were supplemented with either live or dead GG and the treatment was continued daily throughout the experiment. At the age of 5 and 6 d the pups received oral rotavirus (RV) SA-11 strain. The pups were sacrificed at the age of 7 or 8 d by decapitation. The gastrointestinal tract was removed and macroscopic observations were done. The consistency of feces in the colon was classified using a four-tier system. RV was detected from the plasma, small intestine, colon and feces by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
RESULTS: In this neonatal rat model, RV induced a mild-to-moderate diarrhea in all except one pup of the RV-inoculated rats. RV moderately reduced body weight development from day 6 onwards. On day 7, after 2 d of RV infection, live and dead GG groups gained significantly more weight than the RV group without probiotics [36% (P = 0.001) and 28% (P = 0.031), respectively]. In addition, when compared with the RV control group, both live and dead GG reduced the weight ratio of colon/animal body weight to the same level as in the healthy control group, with reductions of 22% (P = 0.002) and 28% (P < 0.001), respectively. Diarrhea increased moderately in both GG groups. However, the diarrhea incidence and severity in the GG groups were not statistically significantly different as compared with the RV control group. Moreover, observed diarrhea did not provoke weight loss or death. The RV control group had the largest amount of RV PCR-positive samples among the RV-infected groups, and the live GG group had the smallest amount. Rats receiving live GG had significantly less RV in the colon (P = 0.027) when compared with the RV control group. Live GG was also more effective over dead GG in reducing the quantity of RV from plasma (P = 0.047).
CONCLUSION: Both live and dead GG have beneficial effects in RV infection. GG may increase RV clearance from the body and reduce colon swelling.
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25
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de Abreu Corrêa A, Souza DSM, Moresco V, Kleemann CR, Garcia LAT, Barardi CRM. Stability of human enteric viruses in seawater samples from mollusc depuration tanks coupled with ultraviolet irradiation. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1554-63. [PMID: 22967243 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the stability in seawater of human adenovirus (HAdV2), murine norovirus (MNV-1) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in a shellfish depuration system with and without ultraviolet (UV) treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS Seawater was seeded with viruses and disinfected using a 36 W lamp. Samples were collected at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h; viruses were concentrated and the viral decay was evaluated using molecular and cell culture methods. Based on the molecular results, at 120 h of disinfection, there was a reduction of more than 3 log(10) for HAdV2 and HAV; MNV-1, a 4.5 log(10) reduction was observed at 72 h. Infectious MNV-1 was not detected after 72 h of treatment; while HAdV2 remained infectious. Seawater not treated demonstrated a progressive viral reduction for the three viruses tested. CONCLUSIONS The UV reduced the number of viral particles, and the results indicate there is natural and gradual decrease of viral load and viability in seawater. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY UV irradiation is the method of choice for shellfish depuration in many countries; this work showed useful information about the viral stability in seawater and application of UV to water disinfection to be used in shellfish depuration tanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Abreu Corrêa
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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26
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Ming HX, Zhu L, Zhang Y. Rapid quantification of infectious enterovirus from surface water in Bohai Bay, China using an integrated cell culture-qPCR assay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:2047-2054. [PMID: 21889173 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To rapidly quantify infectious enteroviruses polluting the coastal seawaters, a newly developed integrated cell culture and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR) assay was used to identify the contamination by enteroviruses in winter seawater samples of Bohai Bay, Tianjin, China. The gene copies of enteroviral 5'UTRs correlated to the initial inoculum numbers across the concentration range of 0.05-500 PFU mL(-1) (correlation coefficient (R(2)) was 0.9667). ICC-qPCR revealed that five of seven samples (70.4%) were positive for infectious enteroviruses. The concentration of enteroviruses was estimated at 0.2-21 PFU L(-1). The result demonstrated that the contamination of enteroviruses in this coastal area may constitute a potential public health risk. This study established a practical assay for widespread monitoring studies of aquatic environments for viral contamination and provided meaningful data for human waterborne viral risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Ming
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Pollution and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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27
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Hamza IA, Jurzik L, Überla K, Wilhelm M. Methods to detect infectious human enteric viruses in environmental water samples. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011; 214:424-36. [PMID: 21920815 PMCID: PMC7106513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, a wide range of analytical methods is available for virus detection in environmental water samples. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) have the highest sensitivity and specificity to investigate virus contamination in water, so they are the most commonly used in environmental virology. Despite great sensitivity of PCR, the main limitation is the lack of the correlation between the detected viral genome and viral infectivity, which limits conclusions regarding the significance for public health. To provide information about the infectivity of the detected viruses, cultivation on animal cell culture is the gold standard. However, cell culture infectivity assays are laborious, time consuming and costly. Also, not all viruses are able to produce cytopathic effect and viruses such as human noroviruses have no available cell line for propagation. In this brief review, we present a summary and critical evaluation of different approaches that have been recently proposed to overcome limitations of the traditional cell culture assay and PCR assay such as integrated cell culture-PCR, detection of genome integrity, detection of capsid integrity, and measurement of oxidative damages on viral capsid protein. Techniques for rapid detection of infectious viruses such as fluorescence microscopy and automated flow cytometry have also been suggested to assess virus infectivity in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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28
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Li D, Gu AZ, Zeng SY, Yang W, He M, Shi HC. Monitoring and evaluation of infectious rotaviruses in various wastewater effluents and receiving waters revealed correlation and seasonal pattern of occurrences. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 110:1129-37. [PMID: 21276144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sewage systems are important nodes to monitor enteric pathogens transmitted via water. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of rotaviruses in effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and receiving streams in Beijing, China, to evaluate the reductions of rotaviruses in WWTPs and to provide viral fate and transport data for further epidemiological studies. METHODS AND RESULTS Two PCR-based methods, including an RT-qPCR and another quantitative RT-PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR), which was integrated with cell culturing, were applied to conduct a 1-year monitoring of infectious rotaviruses and viral genes in effluents from three WWTPs and the receiving waters in Beijing, China. The ICC-RT-qPCR was able to detect more positive samples than RT-qPCR, showing positive results for 67% of primary effluents, 47% of secondary effluents and 14% of tertiary effluents, in comparison with 44, 22 and 6% by RT-qPCR, respectively. Seasonal variations of rotaviruses were observed in all effluents with higher occurrences in winter than in summer, which correlated well with the seasonal pattern of rotaviruses in the river receiving wastewater effluents. The reduction efficiencies by different treatment processes were assessed. Secondary treatments can remove most of infectious rotaviruses in primary sewage, with annual average reduction values of 2·08 ± 0·63, 2·83 ± 0·49 and 2·00 ± 1·10 log(10) for the three WWTPs, respectively. Tertiary treatments were able to further remove infectious rotaviruses. CONCLUSIONS The results showed a year-round distribution of rotaviruses in three WWTPs in Beijing and provided important information regarding the transport and susceptibility of rotaviruses to different levels of wastewater treatment processes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study, for the first time, revealed the whole year prevalence and reductions of rotaviruses in WWTPs and the corresponding receiving waters in China, and demonstrated the impact of wastewater discharge on the potential spreading of infectious rotaviruses and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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29
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Li D, Gu AZ, Zeng S, Yang W, He M, Shi H. Evaluation of the infectivity, gene and antigenicity persistence of rotaviruses by free chlorine disinfection. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:1691-8. [PMID: 22432265 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of free chlorine disinfection of tap water and wastewater effluents on the infectivity, gene integrity and surface antigens of rotaviruses were evaluated by a bench-scale chlorine disinfection experiments. Plaque assays, integrated cell culture-quantitative RT-PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR), RT-qPCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively, were used to assess the influence of the disinfectant on virus infectivity as well as genetic and antigenic integrity of simian rotavirus SA11 as a surrogate for human rotaviruses. The ICC-RT-qPCR was able to detect rotaviruses survival from chlorine disinfection at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), which suggested a required chlorine dose of 5 folds (from 1 to 5 mg/L) higher than that indicated by the plaque assay to achieve 1.8 log10 reductions in tap water with 60 min exposing. The VP7 gene was more resistant than the infectivity and existed at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), while the antigencity was undetectable with chlorine dose more than 5 mg/L (60 min contact). The water quality also impacted the inactivation efficiencies, and rotaviruses have a relatively higher resistant in secondary effluents than in the tap water under the same chlorine disinfection treatments. This study indicated that rotaviruses have a higher infectivity, gene and antigencity resistance to chlorine than that previously indicated by plaque assay only, which seemed to underestimate the resistance of rotaviruses to chlorine and the risk of rotaviruses in environments. Present results also suggested that re-evaluation of resistance of other waterborne viruses after disinfections by more sensitive infectivity detection method (such as ICC-RT-qPCR) may be necessary, to determine the adequate disinfectant doses required for the inactivation of waterborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (ESPC) State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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