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Sustainable Production of Biodiesel Using UV Mutagenesis as a Strategy to Enhance the Lipid Productivity in R. mucilaginosa. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14159079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The future of petroleum-based fuel is biodiesel. Biodiesel is an eco-friendly fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without any alterations. Researchers have focused on biodiesel that can be produced from microbial lipids extracted from high lipid-yielding microbes. In this study, microbial cultures were screened for high lipid-yielding capabilities and mutated using UV radiation at three different time intervals of 30, 75, and 90 min. The Nile red fluorescence method was used to analyze high lipid-yielding microbes. An outstanding increase in biomass and lipid productivity was noted when the microbes were exposed to UV for 30 min. For example, an M30-8 UV-mutated strain produced a lipid yield of 68.5%. The lipids produced from the wild and mutated strains were analyzed using GCMS and FTIR spectrophotometric analysis. Then, the lipids extracted from both wild VS3 and UV-mutated M30-8 strains were transesterified using a base catalyst and the produced biodiesel was analyzed using ASTM standards. The aim and objective of the research was to mutate high lipid-yielding microbes by using UV radiation and produce biodiesel from the lipids extracted from both wild and UV-mutated strains.
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2
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Biochemical Interactions through Microscopic Techniques: Structural and Molecular Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142853. [PMID: 35890632 PMCID: PMC9318543 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many researchers and scientists have contributed significantly to provide structural and molecular characterizations of biochemical interactions using microscopic techniques in the recent decade, as these biochemical interactions play a crucial role in the production of diverse biomaterials and the organization of biological systems. The properties, activities, and functionalities of the biomaterials and biological systems need to be identified and modified for different purposes in both the material and life sciences. The present study aimed to review the advantages and disadvantages of three main branches of microscopy techniques (optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy) developed for the characterization of these interactions. First, we explain the basic concepts of microscopy and then the breadth of their applicability to different fields of research. This work could be useful for future research works on biochemical self-assembly, biochemical aggregation and localization, biological functionalities, cell viability, live-cell imaging, material stability, and membrane permeability, among others. This understanding is of high importance in rapid, inexpensive, and accurate analysis of biochemical interactions.
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3
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Cao JS, Xu RZ, Luo JY, Feng Q, Fang F. Rapid quantification of intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates via fluorescence techniques: A critical review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 350:126906. [PMID: 35227918 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are promising bioplastics with excellent physicochemical properties and biodegradability, whereas PHA products suffer from high manufacturing costs. To reduce costs of PHA production, experiments with mixed microbial cultures and low-cost substrates have been conducted widely, where rapid and robust PHA quantification methods are necessary. Compared with traditional gas chromatography methods, PHA fluorescence quantification (PHA-FQ) methods may be quicker, safer and more suitable for modern experiments with high throughput requirements. However, practical applications of PHA-FQ methods are still limited. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of PHA-FQ methods. Performance of PHA-staining fluorochromes, relevant spectral properties, and important staining procedures are summarized. Current developments of PHA-FQ protocols are critically reviewed. Main considerations needed to make PHA-FQ protocol reliable are comprehensively discussed. Finally, potential improvements in various aspects of PHA-FQ methods are highlighted. This review could help researchers develop more effective PHA-FQ methods and facilitate future experiments related to PHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Run-Ze Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jing-Yang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
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4
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In situ quantification of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and biomass in Cupriavidus necator by a fluorescence spectroscopic assay. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:635-645. [PMID: 35015141 PMCID: PMC8763931 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Fluorescence spectroscopy offers a cheap, simple, and fast approach to monitor poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) formation, a biodegradable polymer belonging to the biodegradable polyester class polyhydroxyalkanoates. In the present study, a fluorescence and side scatter-based spectroscopic setup was developed to monitor in situ biomass, and PHB formation of biotechnological applied Cupriavidus necator strain. To establish PHB quantification of C. necator, the dyes 2,2-difluoro-4,6,8,10,12-pentamethyl-3-aza-1-azonia-2-boranuidatricyclo[7.3.0.03,7]dodeca-1(12),4,6,8,10-pentaene (BODIPY493/503), ethyl 5-methoxy-1,2-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3-oxoindole-2-carboxylate (LipidGreen2), and 9-(diethylamino)benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one (Nile red) were compared with each other. Fluorescence staining efficacy was obtained through 3D-excitation-emission matrix and design of experiments. The coefficients of determination were ≥ 0.98 for all three dyes and linear to the high-pressure liquid chromatography obtained PHB content, and the side scatter to the biomass concentration. The fluorescence correlation models were further improved by the incorporation of the biomass-related side scatter. Afterward, the resulting regression fluorescence models were successfully applied to nitrogen-deficit, phosphor-deficit, and NaCl-stressed C. necator cultures. The highest transferability of the regression models was shown by using LipidGreen2. The novel approach opens a tailor-made way for a fast and simultaneous detection of the crucial biotechnological parameters biomass and PHB content during fermentation. Key points • Intracellular quantification of PHB and biomass using fluorescence spectroscopy. • Optimizing fluorescence staining conditions and 3D-excitation-emission matrix. • PHB was best obtained by LipidGreen2, followed by BODIPDY493/503 and Nile red. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11670-8.
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5
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Fast, inexpensive, and reliable HPLC method to determine monomer fractions in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4743-4749. [PMID: 34014345 PMCID: PMC8195778 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the monomer fractions in polyhydroxyalkanoates is of great importance for research on microbial-produced plastic material. The development of new process designs, the validation of mathematical models, and intelligent control strategies for production depend enormously on the correctness of the analyzed monomer fractions. Most of the available detection methods focus on the determination of the monomer fractions of the homopolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Only a few can analyze the monomer content in copolymers such as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), which usually require expensive measuring devices, a high preparation time or the use of environmentally harmful halogenated solvents such as chloroform or dichloromethane. This work presents a fast, simple, and inexpensive method for the analysis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with high-performance liquid chromatography. Samples from a bioreactor experiment for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with Cupriavidus necator H16 were examined regarding their monomer content using the new method and gas chromatography analysis, one of the most frequently used methods in literature. The results from our new method were validated using gas chromatography measurements and show excellent agreement. Key points ∙ The presented HPLC method is an inexpensive, fast and environmentally friendly alternative to existing methods for quantification of monomeric composition of PHBV. ∙ Validation with state of the art GC measurement exhibits excellent agreement over a broad range of PHBV monomer fractions.
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6
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Lange M, Wagner PV, Fedorova M. Lipid composition dictates the rate of lipid peroxidation in artificial lipid droplets. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:469-480. [PMID: 33866899 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1898603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellular and organismal redox imbalance leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species significantly enhances lipid peroxidation (LPO). LPO is relatively well studied for phospholipid membranes and to some extent for circulating lipoproteins. However, it is rarely addressed for intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). Here we optimized an in vitro model system to investigate oxidizability of different lipid classes within artificial LDs (aLDs). To this end, aLDs were reconstructed using differential centrifugation and characterized by a variety of analytical methods. Influence of different lipid compositions on aLDs size was studied and showed opposing effects of unsaturated phospholipids (PLs), triacyclglycerols (TAGs) and cholesteryl esters (CEs). To address aLDs oxidizability, the LPO sensitive ratiometric probe BODIPY-C11 was infused into aLDs, and lipid peroxidation kinetics, upon LPO activation either by copper/ascorbate or 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine), was followed up by fluorescence spectroscopy. Generated lipid peroxidation products were additionally identified and relatively quantified by high-resolution LC-MS/MS. It was demonstrated that lipid composition is detrimental to aLD's oxidation sensitivity. Increasing unsaturation levels in the PL monolayer or the TAG core increases oxidation sensitivity, whereas the presence of CEs in the LD core has a dual effect depending on the acylated fatty acid. Moreover, not only the total level of lipid unsaturation, but also the ratio between different lipid species was shown to play a significant role in LPO propagation. This shows that the lipid composition of aLD's determines their sensitivity to LPO. As LDs lipidome reflects and is dynamically influenced by cellular and organismal metabolic status, our findings provide an important observation linking LD lipid composition and their redox sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Lange
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pia Viktoria Wagner
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Ramírez-Castrillón M, Jaramillo-Garcia VP, Lopes Barros H, Pegas Henriques JA, Stefani V, Valente P. Nile Red Incubation Time Before Reading Fluorescence Greatly Influences the Yeast Neutral Lipids Quantification. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:619313. [PMID: 33746916 PMCID: PMC7969498 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.619313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening methodologies to estimate lipid content in oleaginous yeasts use Nile red fluorescence in a given solvent and optimized excitation/emission wavelengths. However, Nile red fluorescence stabilization has been poorly analyzed, and high variability occurs when relative fluorescence is measured immediately or a few minutes after dye addition. The aim of this work was to analyze the fluorescence of Nile red at different incubation times using a variety of solvents and oleaginous/non-oleaginous yeast strains. We showed that fluorescence stabilization occurs between 20 and 30 min, depending on the strain and solvent. Therefore, we suggest that fluorescence measurements should be followed until stabilization, where Relative Fluorescence Units should be considered after stabilization for lipid content estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Ramírez-Castrillón
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Research Group in Mycology (GIM), Universidad Santiago de Cali, Santiago de Cali, Colombia
| | - Victoria P. Jaramillo-Garcia
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Helio Lopes Barros
- New Organic Materials and Forensic Chemistry Laboratory (LNMO-QF), Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João A. Pegas Henriques
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valter Stefani
- New Organic Materials and Forensic Chemistry Laboratory (LNMO-QF), Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patricia Valente
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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8
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Optimization of high-throughput lipid screening of the microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica using BODIPY 505/515. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Nile Red assay development for the estimation of neutral lipids in Chlorella emersonii and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2020-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fluorescent dyes offer a useful method for the measurement of intracellular lipids. They are inexpensive and require simple optical measurement instrumentation, whilst simultaneously providing high throughput application. Nile Red is a hydrophobic, metachromatic dye which has been widely used for detection of intracellular lipids. However, Nile Red fluorescence depends on its concentration, microenvironment polarity, incubation time and, therefore, requires strain specific optimization. Hence, neutral lipids in Chlorella emersonii and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata cannot be quantified using existing Nile Red methods developed for other microalgae strains and, therefore an optimised procedure for these strains is required. In this method development, the optimal excitation and emission wavelengths were selected based on the solvent used for Nile Red dissolution. The effect of Nile Red concentration, microalgae cell concentration, incubation time on fluorescence intensity was explored and optimised. Quintuplet assay repeats were executed for increased assay robustness for two microalgae strains, Chlorella emersonii and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, with protocol reliability confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. In brief, 20% (v/v) DMSO containing 10μg/ml and 5μg/ml Nile red was found to be ideal concentration for neutral lipid estimation in Chlorella emersonii and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata respectively when an incubation time of 60mins and 40mins at 40°C was used. This optimised Nile Red protocol is a robust, simple and cost-effective method for neutral lipid quantification in Chlorella emersonii and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata.
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10
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Kettner A, Griehl C. The use of LipidGreen2 for visualization and quantification of intracellular Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in Cupriavidus necator. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100819. [PMID: 33024843 PMCID: PMC7528054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have been conducted to develop a rapid protocol for the quantification of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) during bacterial fermentation as an alternative to time-consuming gravimetric or analytical methods. Fluorescence spectroscopy is one of the most promising approaches. In this study, it could be demonstrated that the novel fluorescent probe LipidGreen2 is able to stain selectively poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in Cupriavidus necator. Optimal excitation and emission wavelengths were evaluated using 3D-Excitation-Emission-Matrix, displaying the best intensities between 440-460 nm and 490-520 nm for excitation and emission, respectively. The lipophilic fluorophore LipidGreen2 showed a high long-term stability even when incubated under ambient lighting. Due to a strong linear relationship between side scatter and biomass concentration, the influence of the inner filter effects could be incorporated, and adjusting the sample to a specific OD is thus superfluous. The developed method allows a very accurate quantification of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in just 15 min, following a comprehensible and simple protocol. It is also excellently suited for bioimaging of intracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kettner
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Department of Applied Biosciences and Process Engineering, Bernburger Strasse 55, 06366, Koethen, Germany
| | - Carola Griehl
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Department of Applied Biosciences and Process Engineering, Bernburger Strasse 55, 06366, Koethen, Germany
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11
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Reza AM, Tavakoli J, Zhou Y, Qin J, Tang Y. Synthetic fluorescent probes to apprehend calcium signalling in lipid droplet accumulation in microalgae—an updated review. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Hicks RH, Chuck CJ, Scott RJ, Leak DJ, Henk DA. Comparison of Nile Red and Cell Size Analysis for High‐Throughput Lipid Estimation Within Oleaginous Yeast. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Hicks
- Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Chemical TechnologiesDepartment of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of Bath Bath BA2 7AY United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Chuck
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Bath Bath BA2 7AY United Kingdom
| | - Roderick J. Scott
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of Bath Bath BA2 7AY United Kingdom
| | - David J. Leak
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of Bath Bath BA2 7AY United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Henk
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of Bath Bath BA2 7AY United Kingdom
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13
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Modiri S, Zahiri HS, Noghabi KA. Evaluation of Bacterial Lipid Production: Quantitative and Qualitative Measurements: Tips and Guidelines. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1995:395-403. [PMID: 31148141 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9484-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, finding bacterial strains with ability to accumulate high concentrations of lipids has gained increasing interest, since these lipids may be used in different industries. Here we describe two methods for evaluation of lipid accumulation in cyanobacteria, following by our personal reflection on issues surrounding the use of these methods. First, we present the Bligh and Dyer protocol as a traditional extraction method using organic solvents for quantitative determination of lipids and next Nile red, a selective fluorescent stain, that has been used as a rapid approach for both qualitative and quantitative measurement of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Modiri
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shahbani Zahiri
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kambiz Akbari Noghabi
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Bröker JN, Laibach N, Müller B, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. Taraxacum brevicorniculatum rubber elongation factor TbREF associates with lipid droplets and affects lipid turn-over in yeast. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 20:e00290. [PMID: 30568884 PMCID: PMC6288028 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
TbREF localizes to lipid droplets in yeast and tobacco leaves. TbREF affects lipid turn-over. Expression of TbREF leads to sterol and TAG accumulation in yeast.
A protein named TbREF that is localized on rubber particles of the rubber producing dandelion species Taraxacum brevicorniculatum was expressed in tobacco leaves and in yeast. TbREF fused to fluorescence proteins colocalized on globular, hydrophobic structures, most likely lipid droplets. Furthermore, triacylglycerol, sterol and total lipid content of TbREF expressing yeast was determined by photometric analyses of nile red stainings and GC–MS analyses. Therefore, yeast exposed an enhanced nile red fluorescence as well as an increased TAG and sterol content compared to wildtype and vector control. Altogether, these findings gave new insights into the putative function of TbREF that might be pushing rubber particle production due to its cytotoxic nature and/or shielding and preventing degradation of lipid droplets. Furthermore, these results highlight possible biotechnological applications regarding the accumulation of hydrophobic compounds in lipid droplet like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Niklas Bröker
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Natalie Laibach
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Boje Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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15
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Harchouni S, Field B, Menand B. AC-202, a highly effective fluorophore for the visualization of lipid droplets in green algae and diatoms. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:120. [PMID: 29713379 PMCID: PMC5913787 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid-specific live cell dyes are an important tool for the study of algal lipid metabolism, the monitoring of lipid production, and the identification of algal strains with high lipid yields. Nile Red and BODIPY have emerged as the principal dyes for these purposes. However, they suffer from a number of shortcomings including for specificity, penetration, interference from chlorophyll autofluorescence, and incompatibility with widely used genetically encoded reporters in the green and blue regions of the spectrum such as the green fluorescent protein and the red fluorescent protein. RESULTS We tested a new blue fluorescent dye, AC-202, in both the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. We show that AC-202 is effective in both algae and that after minimal sample preparation, it can label lipid droplets induced by nitrogen starvation or by inhibitors of the TOR (target of rapamycin) kinase. We found that AC-202 benefits from a low background signal and is therefore more sensitive than BODIPY for semiquantitative in vivo fluorescence measurements. Finally, a co-staining experiment indicated that AC-202 can be used for multicolor imaging in combination with both red and green fluorophores. CONCLUSIONS AC-202 is an alternative and highly effective fluorophore for algal research that resolves drawbacks encountered with other neutral lipid dyes. AC-202 can be used to rapidly and sensitively visualize lipid droplets, and will contribute to the identification of metabolic and signaling pathways involved in lipid droplet formation, monitoring lipid production, and in the development of screens for algal strains suitable for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seddik Harchouni
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BVME, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Ben Field
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BVME, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Benoît Menand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BVME, 13009 Marseille, France
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16
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Hena S, Znad H, Heong KT, Judd S. Dairy farm wastewater treatment and lipid accumulation by Arthrospira platensis. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 128:267-277. [PMID: 29107911 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dairy cattle treated wastewaters are potential resources for production of microalgae biofuels. A study was conducted to evaluate the capability of Arthrospira platensis cultivated in dairy farm wastewater for biodiesel production. The biomass of Arthrospira platensis was found to be 4.98 g L-1 and produced 30.23 wt% lipids to dry biomass cultivated in wastewater which was found nitrogen stressed in photo bioreactor. The extracted lipid displayed a suitable fatty acid profile for biodiesel, although the content of linolenic acid was found a little higher than the standard EN14214. It was found that nitrogen stressed medium increase the total lipid content but temperature and intensities of light were the most important factors to control the quantity of linolenic acid and hence the quality of biodiesel, while the optimum CO2 helped to achieve maximum biomass and triacylglycerols. The Arthrospira platensis offer a good option for the treatment of wastewater before final discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, 6845, Australia.
| | - H Znad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, 6845, Australia.
| | - K T Heong
- School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, George Town, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - S Judd
- Gas Processing Center, Qatar University, Qatar
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17
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Goh FQY, Jeyakani J, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Tipthara P, Yeo Z, Wenk M, Clarke ND. Core features of triacylglyceride production in Ettlia oleoabundans revealed by lipidomic and gene expression profiling under distinct induction conditions. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Imaging the accumulated intracellular microalgal lipids as a response to temperature stress. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:41. [PMID: 28439814 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, many scientists considered microalgae as promising actors for future biofuels because of the high lipid productivity inside their cells. Moreover, much attention has been paid to algal lipids as they can be used in biodiesel production. In this study, we optimized the different suitable conditions such as incubation time, incubation temperature, Dimethylesulfoxide and Nile red concentrations of the lipophilic fluorescence dye Nile red as an excellent and fast vital stain to detect and quantify intracellular lipids. This was achieved using the green alga Nannochloropsis salina. In addition, investigating the accumulation of lipid vesicles inside different isolated microalgal species as a response to temperature stress. Furthermore, the confocal laser scanning microscopy (LS510) for imaging and measuring the size and volume of the accumulated lipid vesicles was used.
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Alemán-Nava GS, Cuellar-Bermudez SP, Cuaresma M, Bosma R, Muylaert K, Ritmann BE, Parra R. How to use Nile Red, a selective fluorescent stain for microalgal neutral lipids. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 128:74-79. [PMID: 27432343 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of Nile Red for rapid monitoring of the neutral lipid content in microalgae has gained interest over the last decade, since neutral lipids are feedstock for renewable transportation fuel. In this review, we discuss the main considerations needed to make an NR protocol reliable for staining neutral lipids in microalgae. Cell wall permeability must be enhanced by using stain carriers: DMSO (5% v/v to 25% v/v), glycerol (0.1 to 0.125mg/mL), or EDTA (3.0 to 3.8mg/mL). Temperatures between 30 and 40°C facilitate the diffusion of NR through the cell wall without incurring excess quenching. Good NR-lipid interaction requires using a low NR/cell ratio; the NR concentration must be between 0.25μg/mL and 2.0μg/mL, and the cell concentration >5×10(4)cells/mL. In order to have the maximum and stable NR fluorescence, it is necessary to scan the excitation/emission wavelengths for up to a 40-min of incubation time. We outline a five-step method to customize the Nile Red protocol to a specific strain: 1) Evaluate the strain's suitability by checking for the presence of neutral lipid, 2) Select of the best excitation/emission wavelength, 3) Optimization of incubation time, stain carrier, dye concentration, and temperature, 4) Prepare single-strain algal cultures with different lipid contents to calibrate NR fluorescence with neutral-lipid content, and 5) Correlate NR fluorescence intensity to neutral lipid content for the same strain. Once the protocol is customized, the NR method allows for rapid and reliable monitoring of neutral lipid content of a microalgae strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibrán S Alemán-Nava
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, N.L., Mexico
| | | | - María Cuaresma
- Algal Biotechnology Group, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Recursos y Tecnologías Agroalimentarias (CIDERTA), Huelva University, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Huelva, Spain
| | - Rouke Bosma
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Koenraad Muylaert
- Laboratory Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven Kulak, E. Sabbelaan 53, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Bruce E Ritmann
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, N.L., Mexico; Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, PO Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Roberto Parra
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, N.L., Mexico.
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Chekanov K, Lukyanov A, Boussiba S, Aflalo C, Solovchenko A. Modulation of photosynthetic activity and photoprotection in Haematococcus pluvialis cells during their conversion into haematocysts and back. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 128:313-23. [PMID: 27002330 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The engagement of different photoprotective mechanisms in the cells of the carotenogenic astaxanthin-accumulating chlorophyte Haematococcus pluvialis (i) under favorable conditions, (ii) in the course of stress-induced haematocyst formation and (iii) during recovery from the stress was studied. To this end, we followed the changes in primary photochemistry, electron flow at the acceptor side of photosystem II, and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) using PAM chlorophyll fluorimetry. A general trend recorded in the stressed cells undergoing transition to haematocysts (and reversed during recovery from the stress) was a gradual reduction of the photosynthetic apparatus accompanied by down-regulation of energy-dependent photoprotective mechanisms such as NPQ, along with the accumulation of astaxanthin. On this background, a transient up-regulation of the photosynthetic activity was detected at the intermediated stages (20-50 h of the stress exposure) of haematocyst formation. This phenomenon was tentatively related with the peak of metabolic activity found earlier in the forming haematocysts. The role of secondary carotenogenesis coupled with a reversible transition from 'active' (energy-dependent) to 'passive' photoprotective mechanisms in the extremely high stress tolerance of carotenogenic phototrophs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Chekanov
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, Russia, 119234
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhi, Centre for Humanities Research and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Lukyanov
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, Russia, 119234
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Claude Aflalo
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Alexei Solovchenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, Russia, 119234.
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia.
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Hounslow E, Noirel J, Gilmour DJ, Wright PC. Lipid quantification techniques for screening oleaginous species of microalgae for biofuel production. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hounslow
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; ChELSI Institute; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Josselin Noirel
- Chaire de Bioinformatique; LGBA; Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers; Paris France
| | - D. James Gilmour
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Phillip C. Wright
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; ChELSI Institute; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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Optimization of a Nile Red method for rapid lipid determination in autotrophic, marine microalgae is species dependent. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 118:152-8. [PMID: 26388510 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have been conducted to develop rapid methods for quantification of lipid content in microalgae, as an alternative for time consuming gravimetric methods. Different studies showed that lipid staining with Nile Red in whole cell suspensions and subsequently quantification by the use of a spectrofluorometric device is a promising method, but a profound optimization and validation is rare. It has already been proven that the correlation curve for quantification is species dependent, but it has not yet been investigated whether this is also the case for the optimization of the Nile Red assay protocol. Therefore, two autotrophic, marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis oculata and T-Isochrysis lutea, strongly differing in e.g. cell wall structure, were selected in this study to investigate whether optimization of the Nile Red assay is species dependent. Besides this, it was checked for one of these species, Nannochloropsis, whether the lipid content, determined by the Nile Red assay, could indeed be correlated with the neutral and/or total lipid content determined by gravimetric methods. It was found that optimization of the Nile Red assay was strongly species dependent. Consequently, optimization has to be done for each species before using the assay. For Nannochloropsis, a good correlation was found between total and neutral lipid content obtained by the Nile Red assay and by gravimetric methods.
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Cabanelas ITD, Zwart MVD, Kleinegris DMM, Barbosa MJ, Wijffels RH. Rapid method to screen and sort lipid accumulating microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 184:47-52. [PMID: 25453436 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The present work established an efficient staining method for fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) with Chlorococcum littorale maintaining cellular viability. The method was designed to detect high-lipid cells and to guarantee cellular viability. BODIPY505/515 (BP) was more suitable to FACS when compared to Nile red. The optimum concentrations were 0.4 μg ml(-1) of BP, 0.1% DMSO or 0.35% ethanol. Both ethanol and DMSO were equally efficient and assured cellular viability after the staining and sorting. Here a method is presented to rapidly screen and sort lipid rich cells of C. littorale with FACS, which can be used to produce new inoculum with increased cellular lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago Teles Dominguez Cabanelas
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 EV Wageningen, Netherlands; Wageningen University and Research Center, Food and Biobased Research, AlgaePARC, Bornsesteeg 10, Building 112, 6721NG Bennekom, Netherlands.
| | - Mathijs van der Zwart
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 EV Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dorinde M M Kleinegris
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Food and Biobased Research, AlgaePARC, Bornsesteeg 10, Building 112, 6721NG Bennekom, Netherlands
| | - Maria J Barbosa
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Food and Biobased Research, AlgaePARC, Bornsesteeg 10, Building 112, 6721NG Bennekom, Netherlands
| | - René H Wijffels
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 EV Wageningen, Netherlands
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Rumin J, Bonnefond H, Saint-Jean B, Rouxel C, Sciandra A, Bernard O, Cadoret JP, Bougaran G. The use of fluorescent Nile red and BODIPY for lipid measurement in microalgae. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:42. [PMID: 25788982 PMCID: PMC4364489 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are currently emerging as one of the most promising alternative sources for the next generation of food, feed, cosmetics and renewable energy in the form of biofuel. Microalgae constitute a diverse group of microorganisms with advantages like fast and efficient growth. In addition, they do not compete for arable land and offer very high lipid yield potential. Major challenges for the development of this resource are to select lipid-rich strains using high-throughput staining for neutral lipid content in microalgae species. For this purpose, the fluorescent dyes most commonly used to quantify lipids are Nile red and BODIPY 505/515. Their fluorescent staining for lipids offers a rapid and inexpensive analysis tool to measure neutral lipid content, avoiding time-consuming and costly gravimetric analysis. This review collates and presents recent advances in algal lipid staining and focuses on Nile red and BODIPY 505/515 staining characteristics. The available literature addresses the limitations of fluorescent dyes under certain conditions, such as spectral properties, dye concentrations, cell concentrations, temperature and incubation duration. Moreover, the overall conclusion of the present review study gives limitations on the use of fluorochrome for screening of lipid-rich microalgae species and suggests improved protocols for staining recalcitrant microalgae and recommendations for the staining quantification.
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Hena S, Abida N, Tabassum S. Screening of facultative strains of high lipid producing microalgae for treating surfactant mediated municipal wastewater. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study discusses a novel approach to simultaneously remove two types of hazardous chemicals, surfactants and nutrients, from municipal wastewater by culturing selected microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hena
- School of Industrial Technology
- University Sains Malaysia
- George Town
- Malaysia
| | - N. Abida
- School of Industrial Technology
- University Sains Malaysia
- George Town
- Malaysia
| | - S. Tabassum
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
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Ren HY, Liu BF, Kong F, Zhao L, Ren NQ. Improved Nile red staining of Scenedesmus sp. by combining ultrasonic treatment and three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nile Red Staining for Oil Determination in Microalgal Cells: A New Insight through Statistical Modelling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/695061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the wake of global warming and rapid fossil fuel depletion, microalgae emerge as promising feedstocks for sustainable biofuel production. Nile red staining acts as a rapid diagnostic tool to measure the amount of biodiesel-convertible lipid that the cells accumulate. There is a need for the development of a more uniform staining procedure. In its first phase, this study examined the dependence of microalgal Nile red fluorescence (Tetraselmis suecica) in terms of its most pertinent staining variables. A quadratic surface model that successfully described the Nile red fluorescence intensity as a composite function of its variables was generated (r2=0.86). Cell concentration was shown to have a significant effect on the fluorescence intensity. Up to a certain threshold, fluorescence intensity was shown to increase with Nile red dye concentration. In its second phase, the study reviewed findings from previous Nile red studies to elucidate some of the fundamental mechanism underlying the diffusion of Nile red dye molecules into the microalgal cells and their subsequent interaction with intracellular lipids. Through the review process, we were able to develop a simple framework that provided a set of guidelines for the standardization of the Nile red staining procedure across different microalgal species.
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Chekanov K, Lobakova E, Selyakh I, Semenova L, Sidorov R, Solovchenko A. Accumulation of astaxanthin by a new Haematococcus pluvialis strain BM1 from the white sea coastal rocks (Russia). Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4504-20. [PMID: 25196836 PMCID: PMC4145328 DOI: 10.3390/md12084504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a novel arctic strain BM1 of a carotenogenic chlorophyte from a coastal habitat with harsh environmental conditions (wide variations in solar irradiance, temperature, salinity and nutrient availability) identified as Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow. Increased (25‰) salinity exerted no adverse effect on the growth of the green BM1 cells. Under stressful conditions (high light, nitrogen and phosphorus deprivation), green vegetative cells of H. pluvialis BM1 grown in BG11 medium formed non-motile palmelloid cells and, eventually, hematocysts capable of a massive accumulation of the keto-carotenoid astaxanthin with a high nutraceutical and therapeutic potential. Routinely, astaxanthin was accumulated at the level of 4% of the cell dry weight (DW), reaching, under prolonged stress, 5.5% DW. Astaxanthin was predominantly accumulated in the form of mono- and diesters of fatty acids from C16 and C18 families. The palmelloids and hematocysts were characterized by the formation of red-colored cytoplasmic lipid droplets, increasingly large in size and number. The lipid droplets tended to merge and occupied almost the entire volume of the cell at the advanced stages of stress-induced carotenogenesis. The potential application of the new strain for the production of astaxanthin is discussed in comparison with the H. pluvialis strains currently employed in microalgal biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Chekanov
- Biological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gori, Moscow 119234, Russia.
| | - Elena Lobakova
- Biological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gori, Moscow 119234, Russia.
| | - Irina Selyakh
- Biological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gori, Moscow 119234, Russia.
| | - Larisa Semenova
- Biological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gori, Moscow 119234, Russia.
| | - Roman Sidorov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 35, Botanicheskaya str., Moscow 127276, Russia.
| | - Alexei Solovchenko
- Biological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gori, Moscow 119234, Russia.
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Effect of Various Pretreatment for Extracting Intracellular Lipid from Nannochloropsis oculata under Nitrogen Replete and Depleted Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/536310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microalga is one of the most compelling microbial biomasses for biodiesel production. Various pretreatment processes, namely, enzyme treatment, lysis by acid, ultrasonicator, microwaves, autoclave, and 40% NaCl, for nitrogen replete and depleted algal cultures of Nannochloropsis oculata had been carried out to check the most feasible and effective technique to disrupt cells for procuring lipids, for which concentrations were determined. Fatty acid composition, essential functional groups, and cell disruption were analyzed by GC-MS, FT-IR Spectroscopy, and Nile Red fluorescent microscopy, respectively. The present investigation showed that lipid yield was higher in nitrogen depleted cells than that in normally nourished cells. GC-MS revealed the presence of major fatty acids—palmitic, oleic, stearic, arachidic, lauric, and linoleic acids. Highest efficiency was found when cells were pretreated using acid for 3 h. The lipid content was calculated as 33.18% and 54.26% for nitrogen rich cells and nitrogen starved cells, respectively. This work thus aided in identifying the most eligible pretreatment process to avail lipids from cells, to convert them to eco-friendly and nonpolluting biodiesel.
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Montalbo-Lomboy M, Kantekin MN, Wang T. Lipid Estimation of Surfactant-Extracted Microalgae Oil Using Nile Red. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Neu TR, Lawrence JR. Investigation of microbial biofilm structure by laser scanning microscopy. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 146:1-51. [PMID: 24840778 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microbial bioaggregates and biofilms are hydrated three-dimensional structures of cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Microbial communities associated with interfaces and the samples thereof may come from natural, technical, and medical habitats. For imaging such complex microbial communities confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is the method of choice. CLSM allows flexible mounting and noninvasive three-dimensional sectioning of hydrated, living, as well as fixed samples. For this purpose a broad range of objective lenses is available having different working distance and resolution. By means of CLSM the signals detected may originate from reflection, autofluorescence, reporter genes/fluorescence proteins, fluorochromes binding to specific targets, or other probes conjugated with fluorochromes. Recorded datasets can be used not only for visualization but also for semiquantitative analysis. As a result CLSM represents a very useful tool for imaging of microbiological samples in combination with other analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Neu
- Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Brueckstrasse 3a, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany,
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Improving the reliability of fluorescence-based neutral lipid content measurements in microalgal cultures. ALGAL RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jones J, Manning S, Montoya M, Keller K, Poenie M. Extraction of Algal Lipids and Their Analysis by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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