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Sakaguchi H, Sato Y, Matsumoto R, Gomikawa J, Yoshida N, Suzuki T, Matsuda M, Iwanami N. Maturation of the medaka immune system depends on reciprocal interactions between the microbiota and the intestinal tract. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1259519. [PMID: 37767090 PMCID: PMC10520778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between the host immune system and intestinal microorganisms have been studied in many animals, including fish. However, a detailed analysis has not been performed in medaka, an established fish model for biological studies. Here, we investigated the effect of immunodeficiency on the microbiota composition and the effect of gut bacteria on intestinal epithelial development and immune responses in medaka. Chronological analysis of the intestinal microbiota of interleukin 2 receptor subunit gamma (il2rg) mutant medaka showed a gradual decrease in the evenness of operational taxonomic units, mainly caused by the increased abundance of the Aeromonadaceae family. Exposure of wild-type medaka to high doses of an intestine-derived opportunistic bacterium of the Aeromonadaceae family induced an inflammatory response, suggesting a harmful effect on adult il2rg mutants. In addition, we established germ-free conditions in larval medaka and observed large absorptive vacuoles in intestinal epithelial cells, indicating a block in epithelial maturation. Transcriptome analysis revealed a decrease in the expression of genes involved in the defense response, including the antimicrobial peptide gene hepcidin, whose expression is induced by lipopolysaccharide stimulation in normal larvae. These results show that reciprocal interactions between the microbiome and the intestinal tract are required for the maturation of the medaka immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
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2
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Barraza F, Montero R, Wong-Benito V, Valenzuela H, Godoy-Guzmán C, Guzmán F, Köllner B, Wang T, Secombes CJ, Maisey K, Imarai M. Revisiting the Teleost Thymus: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. BIOLOGY 2020; 10:biology10010008. [PMID: 33375568 PMCID: PMC7824517 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The thymus is the immune organ producing T lymphocytes that are essential to create immunity after encountering pathogens or vaccination. This review summarizes the thymus localization and histological studies, cell composition, and function in teleost fishes. We also describe how seasonal changes, photoperiod, water temperature fluctuations, and hormones can affect thymus development in fish species. Overall, the information helps identify future studies needed to understand thymus function in fish species and the immune system’s evolutionary origins. Since fish are exposed to pathogens, especially under aquaculture conditions, knowledge about the fish thymus and T lymphocyte can also help improve fish farming protocols, considering intrinsic and environmental conditions that can contribute to achieving the best vaccine responsiveness for disease resistance. Abstract The thymus in vertebrates plays a critical role in producing functionally competent T-lymphocytes. Phylogenetically, the thymus emerges early during evolution in jawed cartilaginous fish, and it is usually a bilateral organ placed subcutaneously at the dorsal commissure of the operculum. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the thymus localization, histology studies, cell composition, and function in teleost fishes. Furthermore, we consider environmental factors that affect thymus development, such as seasonal changes, photoperiod, water temperature fluctuations and hormones. Further analysis of the thymus cell distribution and function will help us understand how key stages for developing functional T cells occur in fish, and how thymus dynamics can be modulated by external factors like photoperiod. Overall, the information presented here helps identify the knowledge gaps and future steps needed for a better understanding of the immunobiology of fish thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Barraza
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile; (F.B.); (V.W.-B.); (H.V.)
| | - Ruth Montero
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (R.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Valentina Wong-Benito
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile; (F.B.); (V.W.-B.); (H.V.)
| | - Héctor Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile; (F.B.); (V.W.-B.); (H.V.)
| | - Carlos Godoy-Guzmán
- Center for Biomedical and Applied Research (CIBAP), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile;
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile;
| | - Bernd Köllner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (R.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; (T.W.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Christopher J. Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; (T.W.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile;
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile; (F.B.); (V.W.-B.); (H.V.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Iwanami N, Takeshita K, Lawir DF, Suetake I, Tajima S, Sikora K, Trancoso I, ÓMeara C, Siamishi I, Takahama Y, Furutani-Seiki M, Kondoh H, Yonezawa Y, Schorpp M, Boehm T. Epigenetic Protection of Vertebrate Lymphoid Progenitor Cells by Dnmt1. iScience 2020; 23:101260. [PMID: 32585597 PMCID: PMC7322073 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a universal epigenetic mechanism involved in regulation of gene expression and genome stability. The DNA maintenance methylase DNMT1 ensures that DNA methylation patterns are faithfully transmitted to daughter cells during cell division. Because loss of DNMT1 is lethal, a pan-organismic analysis of DNMT1 function is lacking. We identified new recessive dnmt1 alleles in medaka and zebrafish and, guided by the structures of mutant proteins, generated a recessive variant of mouse Dnmt1. Each of the three missense mutations studied here distorts the catalytic pocket and reduces enzymatic activity. Because all three DNMT1 mutant animals are viable, it was possible to examine their phenotypes throughout life. The consequences of genome-wide hypomethylation of DNA of somatic tissues in the Dnmt1 mutants are surprisingly mild but consistently affect the development of the lymphoid lineage. Our findings indicate that developing lymphocytes in vertebrates are sensitive to perturbations of DNA maintenance methylation. Genetic screens identified recessive viable missense alleles of dnmt1 in teleosts A viable mouse Dnmt1 mutant generated by structure-guided precision mutagenesis Missense mutations distort the catalytic pocket and reduce enzymatic activity DNA hypomethylation consistently affects development of the lymphoid lineage
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | - Divine-Fondzenyuy Lawir
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isao Suetake
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoji Tajima
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Inês Trancoso
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Connor ÓMeara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iliana Siamishi
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Furutani-Seiki
- Systems Biochemistry in Pathology and Regeneration, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hisato Kondoh
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushige Yonezawa
- High Pressure Protein Research Center, Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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4
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Zebrafish and Medaka: Two Teleost Models of T-Cell and Thymic Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174179. [PMID: 31454991 PMCID: PMC6747487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, studies have demonstrated that several features of T-cell and thymic development are conserved from teleosts to mammals. In particular, works using zebrafish (Danio rerio) and medaka (Oryzias latipes) have shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these biological processes. In particular, the ease of noninvasive in vivo imaging of these species enables direct visualization of all events associated with these processes, which are, in mice, technically very demanding. In this review, we focus on defining the similarities and differences between zebrafish and medaka in T-cell development and thymus organogenesis; and highlight their advantages as two complementary model systems for T-cell immunobiology and modeling of human diseases.
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5
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Aghaallaei N, Bajoghli B. Making Thymus Visible: Understanding T-Cell Development from a New Perspective. Front Immunol 2018; 9:375. [PMID: 29552011 PMCID: PMC5840141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell development is coupled with a highly ordered migratory pattern. Lymphoid progenitors must follow a precise journey; starting from the hematopoietic tissue, they move toward the thymus and then migrate into and out of distinct thymic microenvironments, where they receive signals and cues required for their differentiation into naïve T-cells. Knowing where, when, and how these cells make directional “decisions” is key to understanding T-cell development. Such insights can be gained by directly observing developing T-cells within their environment under various conditions and following specific experimental manipulations. In the last decade, several model systems have been developed to address temporal and spatial aspects of T-cell development using imaging approaches. In this perspective article, we discuss the advantages and limitations of these systems and highlight a particularly powerful in vivo model that has been recently established. This model system enables the migratory behavior of all thymocytes to be studied simultaneously in a noninvasive and quantitative manner, making it possible to perform systems-level studies that reveal fundamental principles governing T-cell dynamics during development and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Aghaallaei
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Baubak Bajoghli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Cao J, Chen Q, Lu M, Hu X, Wang M. Histology and ultrastructure of the thymus during development in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J Anat 2017; 230:720-733. [PMID: 28233306 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus in teleost fishes plays an important role in producing functionally competent T-lymphocytes. However, the thymus in tilapia is not well known, which greatly hampers investigations into the immune responses of tilapia infected by aquatic pathogens. The histological structure and ultrastructure of the thymus in Oreochromis niloticus, including embryos and larvae at different developmental stages, juveniles, and adult fish, were systematically investigated using whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH), and light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The position of the thymus primordium was first labeled in the embryo at 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) with the thymus marker gene recombination activating gene 1 (Rag1), when the water temperature was 27 °C. Obvious structures of the thymus were easily observed in 4-dpf embryos. At this stage, the thymus was filled with stem cells. At 6 dpf, the thymus differentiated into the cortex and medulla. The shape of the thymus was 'broad bean'-like during the early stages from 4 to 10 dpf, and became wedge-shaped in fish larvae at 20 dpf. At 6 months post-fertilization (mpf), the thymus differentiated into the peripheral zone, central zone, and inner zone. During this stage, myoid cells and adipocytes appeared in the inner zone following thymus degeneration. Then, the thymus displayed more advanced degeneration by 1 year post-fertilization (ypf), and the separation of cortex and medulla was not observed at this stage. The thymic trabecula and lobule were absent during the entire course of development. However, the typical Hassall's corpuscle was present and underwent degeneration. Additionally, TEM showed that the thymic tissues contained a wide variety of cell types, namely lymphocytes, macrophages, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and mastocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maixin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Iwanami N. Zebrafish as a model for understanding the evolution of the vertebrate immune system and human primary immunodeficiency. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:697-706. [PMID: 24824573 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish is an important vertebrate model that provides the opportunity for the combination of genetic interrogation with advanced live imaging in the analysis of complex developmental and physiologic processes. Among the many advances that have been achieved using the zebrafish model, it has had a great impact on immunology. Here, I discuss recent work focusing on the genetic underpinnings of the development and function of lymphocytes in fish. Lymphocytes play critical roles in vertebrate-specific acquired immune systems of jawless and jawed fish. The unique opportunities afforded by the ability to carry out forward genetic screens and the rapidly evolving armamentarium of reverse genetics in fish usher in a new immunologic research that complements the traditional models of chicken and mouse. Recent work has greatly increased our understanding of the molecular components of the zebrafish immune system, identifying evolutionarily conserved and fish-specific functions of immune-related genes. Interestingly, some of the genes whose mutations underlie the phenotypes in immunodeficient zebrafish were also identified in immunodeficient human patients. In addition, because of the generally conserved structure and function of immune facilities, the zebrafish also provides a versatile model to examine the functional consequences of genetic variants in immune-relevant genes in the human population. Thus, I propose that genetic approaches using the zebrafish hold great potential for a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of human primary immunodeficiencies and the evolution of vertebrate immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Iwanami
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
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8
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Boehm T, Iwanami N, Hess I. Evolution of the immune system in the lower vertebrates. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2012; 13:127-49. [PMID: 22703179 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-090711-163747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary emergence of vertebrates was accompanied by the invention of adaptive immunity. This is characterized by extraordinarily diverse repertoires of somatically assembled antigen receptors and the facility of antigen-specific memory, leading to more rapid and efficient secondary immune responses. Adaptive immunity emerged twice during early vertebrate evolution, once in the lineage leading to jawless fishes (such as lamprey and hagfish) and, independently, in the lineage leading to jawed vertebrates (comprising the overwhelming majority of extant vertebrates, from cartilaginous fishes to mammals). Recent findings on the immune systems of jawless and jawed fishes (here referred to as lower vertebrates) impact on the identification of general principles governing the structure and function of adaptive immunity and its coevolution with innate defenses. The discovery of conserved features of adaptive immunity will guide attempts to generate synthetic immunological functionalities and thus provide new avenues for intervening with faulty immune functions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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9
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Renshaw SA, Trede NS. A model 450 million years in the making: zebrafish and vertebrate immunity. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5:38-47. [PMID: 22228790 PMCID: PMC3255542 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.007138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first splash 30 years ago, the use of the zebrafish model has been extended from a tool for genetic dissection of early vertebrate development to the functional interrogation of organogenesis and disease processes such as infection and cancer. In particular, there is recent and growing attention in the scientific community directed at the immune systems of zebrafish. This development is based on the ability to image cell movements and organogenesis in an entire vertebrate organism, complemented by increasing recognition that zebrafish and vertebrate immunity have many aspects in common. Here, we review zebrafish immunity with a particular focus on recent studies that exploit the unique genetic and in vivo imaging advantages available for this organism. These unique advantages are driving forward our study of vertebrate immunity in general, with important consequences for the understanding of mammalian immune function and its role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Renshaw
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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10
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Moriyama A, Inohaya K, Maruyama K, Kudo A. Bef medaka mutant reveals the essential role of c-myb in both primitive and definitive hematopoiesis. Dev Biol 2010; 345:133-43. [PMID: 20621080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate hematopoiesis is characterized by two evolutionally conserved phases of development, i.e., primitive hematopoiesis, which is a transient phenomenon in the early embryo, and definitive hematopoiesis, which takes place in the later stages. Beni fuji (bef) was originally isolated as a medaka mutant that has an apparently reduced number of erythrocytes in its peripheral blood. Positional cloning revealed that the bef mutant has a nonsense mutation in the c-myb gene. Previous studies have shown that c-myb is essential for definitive hematopoiesis, and c-myb is now widely used as a marker gene for the onset of definitive hematopoiesis. To analyze the phenotypes of the bef mutant, we performed whole-mount in situ hybridization with gene markers of hematopoietic cells. The bef embryos showed decreased expression of alpha-globin and l-plastin, and a complete loss of mpo1 and rag1 expression, suggesting that the bef embryos had defects not only in erythrocytes but also in other myeloid cells, which indicates that their definitive hematopoiesis was aberrant. Interestingly, we observed a diminution in the number of primitive erythrocytes and a delay in the emergence of primitive macrophages in the bef embryos. These results suggest that c-myb also functions in the primitive hematopoiesis, potentially demonstrating a link between primitive and definitive hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Moriyama
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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11
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Iwanami N, Okada M, Hoa VQ, Seo Y, Mitani H, Sasaki T, Shimizu N, Kondoh H, Furutani-Seiki M, Takahama Y. Ethylnitrosourea-induced thymus-defective mutants identify roles of KIAA1440, TRRAP, and SKIV2L2 in teleost organ development. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2606-16. [PMID: 19670383 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is an organ where T lymphocytes develop. Thymus development requires interactions of cells derived from three germ layers. However, the molecular mechanisms that control thymus development are not fully understood. To identify the genes that regulate thymus development, we previously carried out a large-scale screening for ethylnitrosourea-induced mutagenesis using medaka, Oryzias latipes, and established a panel of recessive thymus-lacking mutants. Here we report the identification of three genes responsible for these mutations. We found that the mutations in KIAA1440, TRRAP, and SKIV2L2 caused the defects in distinct steps of thymus development. We also found that these genes were widely expressed in many organs and that the mutations in these genes caused defects in the development of various other organs. These results enabled us to identify previously unknown roles of widely expressed genes in medaka organ development. The possible reasons why thymus-defective teleost mutants could be used to identify widely expressed genes and future strategies to increase the likelihood of identifying genes that specifically regulate thymus development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Iwanami
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
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12
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Trede NS, Ota T, Kawasaki H, Paw BH, Katz T, Demarest B, Hutchinson S, Zhou Y, Hersey C, Zapata A, Amemiya CT, Zon LI. Zebrafish mutants with disrupted early T-cell and thymus development identified in early pressure screen. Dev Dyn 2009; 237:2575-84. [PMID: 18729230 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of mature T lymphocytes requires an intact hematopoietic stem cell compartment and functional thymic epithelium. We used the zebrafish (Danio rerio) to isolate mutations that affect the earliest steps in T lymphopoiesis and thymic organogenesis. Here we describe the results of a genetic screen in which gynogenetic diploid offspring from heterozygous females were analyzed by whole-mount in situ hybridization for the expression of rag-1. To assess immediately if a global defect in hematopoiesis resulted in the mutant phenotype, alpha-embryonic globin expression was simultaneously assayed for multilineage defects. In this report, we present the results obtained with this strategy and show representative mutant phenotypes affecting early steps in T-cell development and/or thymic epithelial cell development. We discuss the advantage of this strategy and the general usefulness of the zebrafish as a model system for vertebrate lymphopoiesis and thymic organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus S Trede
- Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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13
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Iwanami N, Higuchi T, Sasano Y, Fujiwara T, Hoa VQ, Okada M, Talukder SR, Kunimatsu S, Li J, Saito F, Bhattacharya C, Matin A, Sasaki T, Shimizu N, Mitani H, Himmelbauer H, Momoi A, Kondoh H, Furutani-Seiki M, Takahama Y. WDR55 is a nucleolar modulator of ribosomal RNA synthesis, cell cycle progression, and teleost organ development. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000171. [PMID: 18769712 PMCID: PMC2515640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a vertebrate-specific organ where T lymphocytes are generated. Genetic programs that lead to thymus development are incompletely understood. We previously screened ethylnitrosourea-induced medaka mutants for recessive defects in thymus development. Here we report that one of those mutants is caused by a missense mutation in a gene encoding the previously uncharacterized protein WDR55 carrying the tryptophan-aspartate-repeat motif. We find that WDR55 is a novel nucleolar protein involved in the production of ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Defects in WDR55 cause aberrant accumulation of rRNA intermediates and cell cycle arrest. A mutation in WDR55 in zebrafish also leads to analogous defects in thymus development, whereas WDR55-null mice are lethal before implantation. These results indicate that WDR55 is a nuclear modulator of rRNA synthesis, cell cycle progression, and embryonic organogenesis including teleost thymus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Iwanami
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Higuchi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yumi Sasano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Fujiwara
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Vu Q. Hoa
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Minoru Okada
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sadiqur R. Talukder
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sanae Kunimatsu
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Jie Li
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Fumi Saito
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chitralekha Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Genetics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Angabin Matin
- Department of Cancer Genetics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- GSP Center, The Leading Institute of Keio University, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- GSP Center, The Leading Institute of Keio University, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Momoi
- Developmental Mutants Group, Kondoh Differentiation Signaling Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisato Kondoh
- Developmental Mutants Group, Kondoh Differentiation Signaling Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Furutani-Seiki
- Developmental Mutants Group, Kondoh Differentiation Signaling Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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14
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Sonmez MF, Colakoglu N, Kukner A, Ozan E, Dabak DO. Immunolocalization of TGF-beta2 in the rat thymus during late stages of prenatal development. Acta Histochem 2008; 111:68-73. [PMID: 18554691 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the immunolocalization of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta2) in rat thymic stromal cells and thymocytes and investigate the roles of TGF-beta2 in thymopoiesis during the late stages of fetal development. Twelve adult pregnant female Wistar rats weighing 250-270 g were used in this study. The rats were killed by cervical dislocation on gestation days 16 (GD16), 18 (GD18) and 20 (GD20). Fetal thymus glands were prepared and examined by an immunohistochemical technique to reveal binding of an anti-TGF-beta2 rabbit polyclonal antibody. The thymic primordium was surrounded with a connective tissue capsule at GD16 and at this stage TGF-beta2 immunoreactivity was not observed. At GD18, the connective tissue capsule had formed septa which subdivided the tissue into lobules and at this stage TGF-beta2 immunolocalization was detected in the capsule and in thymocytes. Lobulation was more evident at GD20 and TGF-beta2 immunoreactivity of thymocytes was more extensive than on GD18. Results indicate that TGF-beta2 may play an important role in the organization or development of thymocytes in the late stages of thymopoiesis.
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15
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Boehm T. Thymus development and function. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Selected papers on zebrafish and other aquarium fish models. Zebrafish 2008; 1:165-72. [PMID: 18248227 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2004.1.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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17
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Meeker ND, Trede NS. Immunology and zebrafish: spawning new models of human disease. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:745-57. [PMID: 18222541 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish has emerged as a powerful new vertebrate model of human disease. Initially prominent in developmental biology, the zebrafish has now been adopted into varied fields of study including immunology. In this review, we describe the characteristics of the zebrafish, which make it a versatile model, including a description of its immune system with its remarkable similarities to its mammalian counterparts. We review the zebrafish disease models of innate and adaptive immunity. Models of immune system malignancies are discussed that are either based on oncogene over-expression or on our own forward-genetic screen that was designed to identify new models of immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Meeker
- The Department of Pediatrics and the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Suite 4265, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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18
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Li J, Iwanami N, Hoa VQ, Furutani-Seiki M, Takahama Y. Noninvasive intravital imaging of thymocyte dynamics in medaka. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1605-15. [PMID: 17641027 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In vivo imaging of thymocytes has not been accomplished due to their localization deep within opaque body and high susceptibility to surgical stress. To overcome these problems, medaka is useful because of transparency and ex-uterine development. We report the noninvasive detection of thymocytes in transgenic medaka that express fluorescent protein under the control of immature-lymphocyte-specific rag1. We show that lymphoid progenitor cells colonize the thymus primordium in an anterior-to-posterior orientation-specific manner, revealing that extrathymic anterior components guide prevascular thymus colonization. We also show that developing thymocytes acquire "random walk motility" along with the expression of Ag receptors and coreceptors, suggesting that thymocyte walking is initiated at the developmental stage for repertoire selection. Thus, transgenic medaka enables real-time intravital imaging of thymocytes without surgical invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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19
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Fujita M, Isogai S, Kudo A. Vascular anatomy of the developing medaka, Oryzias latipes: a complementary fish model for cardiovascular research on vertebrates. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:734-46. [PMID: 16450400 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish has become a very useful vertebrate model for cardiovascular research, but detailed morphogenetic studies have revealed that it differs from mammals in certain aspects of the primary circulatory system, in particular, the early vitelline circulation. We searched for another teleost species that might serve as a complementary model for the formation of these early primary vessels. Here (and online at http://www.shigen.nig.ac.jp/medaka/atlas/), we present a detailed characterization of the vascular anatomy of the developing medaka embryo from the stage 24 (1 day 20 hr) through stage 30 (3 days 10 hr). Three-dimensional images using confocal microangiography show that the medaka, Oryzias latipes, follows the common embryonic circulatory pattern consisting of ventral aorta, aortic arches, dorsal aorta, transverse vessels, vitelline capillary plexus, and marginal veins. The medaka, thus, may serve as a valuable model system for genetic analysis of the primary vasculature of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Fujita
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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20
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Holländer G, Gill J, Zuklys S, Iwanami N, Liu C, Takahama Y. Cellular and molecular events during early thymus development. Immunol Rev 2006; 209:28-46. [PMID: 16448532 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The thymic stromal compartment consists of several cell types that collectively enable the attraction, survival, expansion, migration, and differentiation of T-cell precursors. The thymic epithelial cells constitute the most abundant cell type of the thymic microenvironment and can be differentiated into morphologically, phenotypically, and functionally separate subpopulations of the postnatal thymus. All thymic epithelial cells are derived from the endodermal lining of the third pharyngeal pouch. Very soon after the formation of a thymus primordium and prior to its vascularization, thymic epithelial cells orchestrate the first steps of intrathymic T-cell development, including the attraction of lymphoid precursor cells to the thymic microenvironment. The correct segmentation of pharyngeal epithelial cells and their subsequent crosstalk with cells in the pharyngeal arches are critical prerequisites for the formation of a thymus anlage. Mutations in several transcription factors and their target genes have been informative to detail some of the complex mechanisms that control the development of the thymus anlage. This review highlights recent findings related to the genetic control of early thymus organogenesis and provides insight into the molecular basis by which lymphocyte precursors are attracted to the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Holländer
- Pediatric Immunology, The Center for Biomedicine, Department of Clinical-Biological Sciences, University of Basel, and The University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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21
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Abstract
T-cell and thymic development are processes that have been highly conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. Mammals, birds, reptiles and fish share common molecular signalling pathways that regulate the development of the adaptive immune system. This Review article focuses on defining the similarities and differences between zebrafish and mammalian T-cell immunobiology, and it highlights the advantages of using the zebrafish as a genetic model to uncover mutations that affect T-cell and thymic development. Finally, we summarize the use of the zebrafish as a new model for assessing stem-cell function and for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Langenau
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 1 Blackfan Circle, Karp Building, Seventh floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5713, USA
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22
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Furutani-Seiki M, Sasado T, Morinaga C, Suwa H, Niwa K, Yoda H, Deguchi T, Hirose Y, Yasuoka A, Henrich T, Watanabe T, Iwanami N, Kitagawa D, Saito K, Asaka S, Osakada M, Kunimatsu S, Momoi A, Elmasri H, Winkler C, Ramialison M, Loosli F, Quiring R, Carl M, Grabher C, Winkler S, Del Bene F, Shinomiya A, Kota Y, Yamanaka T, Okamoto Y, Takahashi K, Todo T, Abe K, Takahama Y, Tanaka M, Mitani H, Katada T, Nishina H, Nakajima N, Wittbrodt J, Kondoh H. A systematic genome-wide screen for mutations affecting organogenesis in Medaka, Oryzias latipes. Mech Dev 2005; 121:647-58. [PMID: 15210174 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2004.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale mutagenesis screen was performed in Medaka to identify genes acting in diverse developmental processes. Mutations were identified in homozygous F3 progeny derived from ENU-treated founder males. In addition to the morphological inspection of live embryos, other approaches were used to detect abnormalities in organogenesis and in specific cellular processes, including germ cell migration, nerve tract formation, sensory organ differentiation and DNA repair. Among 2031 embryonic lethal mutations identified, 312 causing defects in organogenesis were selected for further analyses. From these, 126 mutations were characterized genetically and assigned to 105 genes. The similarity of the development of Medaka and zebrafish facilitated the comparison of mutant phenotypes, which indicated that many mutations in Medaka cause unique phenotypes so far unrecorded in zebrafish. Even when mutations of the two fish species cause a similar phenotype such as one-eyed-pinhead or parachute, more genes were found in Medaka than in zebrafish that produced the same phenotype when mutated. These observations suggest that many Medaka mutants represent new genes and, therefore, are important complements to the collection of zebrafish mutants that have proven so valuable for exploring genomic function in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Furutani-Seiki
- Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kondoh Differentiation Signaling Project, Kawaaracho 14, Yoshida, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8305, Japan.
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23
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Schartl M, Nanda I, Kondo M, Schmid M, Asakawa S, Sasaki T, Shimizu N, Henrich T, Wittbrodt J, Furutani-Seiki M, Kondoh H, Himmelbauer H, Hong Y, Koga A, Nonaka M, Mitani H, Shima A. Current status of medaka genetics and genomics. The Medaka Genome Initiative (MGI). Methods Cell Biol 2004; 77:173-99. [PMID: 15602912 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(04)77010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schartl
- Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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