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Lawir DF, Soza-Ried C, Iwanami N, Siamishi I, Bylund GO, O Meara C, Sikora K, Kanzler B, Johansson E, Schorpp M, Cauchy P, Boehm T. Author Correction: Antagonistic interactions safeguard mitotic propagation of genetic and epigenetic information in zebrafish. Commun Biol 2024; 7:247. [PMID: 38424361 PMCID: PMC10904371 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Divine-Fondzenyuy Lawir
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cristian Soza-Ried
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iliana Siamishi
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Göran O Bylund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Connor O Meara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Bioinformatic Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benoît Kanzler
- Transgenic Mouse Core Facility, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erik Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Cauchy
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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O'Meara CP, Guerri L, Lawir DF, Mateos F, Iconomou M, Iwanami N, Soza-Ried C, Sikora K, Siamishi I, Giorgetti O, Peter S, Schorpp M, Boehm T. Author Correction: Genetic landscape of T cells identifies synthetic lethality for T-ALL. Commun Biol 2024; 7:182. [PMID: 38355822 PMCID: PMC10866859 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Connor P O'Meara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lucia Guerri
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Divine-Fondzenyuy Lawir
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, Developmental Biology Unit, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fernando Mateos
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mary Iconomou
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Cristian Soza-Ried
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Fundacion Oncoloop & Center for Nuclear Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iliana Siamishi
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Orlando Giorgetti
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Peter
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Nusser A, Sagar, Swann JB, Krauth B, Diekhoff D, Calderon L, Happe C, Grün D, Boehm T. Publisher Correction: Developmental dynamics of two bipotent thymic epithelial progenitor types. Nature 2024; 626:E17. [PMID: 38302744 PMCID: PMC10881382 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Nusser
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sagar
- Quantitative Single Cell Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy B Swann
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Krauth
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Diekhoff
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lesly Calderon
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Happe
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominic Grün
- Quantitative Single Cell Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Lawir DF, Soza-Ried C, Iwanami N, Siamishi I, Bylund GO, O Meara C, Sikora K, Kanzler B, Johansson E, Schorpp M, Cauchy P, Boehm T. Antagonistic interactions safeguard mitotic propagation of genetic and epigenetic information in zebrafish. Commun Biol 2024; 7:31. [PMID: 38182651 PMCID: PMC10770094 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The stability of cellular phenotypes in developing organisms depends on error-free transmission of epigenetic and genetic information during mitosis. Methylation of cytosine residues in genomic DNA is a key epigenetic mark that modulates gene expression and prevents genome instability. Here, we report on a genetic test of the relationship between DNA replication and methylation in the context of the developing vertebrate organism instead of cell lines. Our analysis is based on the identification of hypomorphic alleles of dnmt1, encoding the DNA maintenance methylase Dnmt1, and pole1, encoding the catalytic subunit of leading-strand DNA polymerase epsilon holoenzyme (Pole). Homozygous dnmt1 mutants exhibit genome-wide DNA hypomethylation, whereas the pole1 mutation is associated with increased DNA methylation levels. In dnmt1/pole1 double-mutant zebrafish larvae, DNA methylation levels are restored to near normal values, associated with partial rescue of mutant-associated transcriptional changes and phenotypes. Hence, a balancing antagonism between DNA replication and maintenance methylation buffers against replicative errors contributing to the robustness of vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divine-Fondzenyuy Lawir
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cristian Soza-Ried
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iliana Siamishi
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Göran O Bylund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Connor O Meara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Bioinformatic Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benoît Kanzler
- Transgenic Mouse Core Facility, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erik Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Cauchy
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Schorpp M, Swann JB, Hess I, Ho HC, Pietsch TW, Boehm T. Foxn1 is not essential for T-cell development in teleosts. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350725. [PMID: 37724048 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, T-cell development depends on the activity of the Foxn1 transcription factor in the thymic epithelium; mutations in the vertebrate-specific Foxn1 gene are associated with profound T-cell lymphopenia and fatal immunodeficiency. Here, we examined the extent of T-cell development in teleosts lacking a functional foxn1 gene. In zebrafish carrying a deleterious internal deletion of foxn1, reduced but robust lymphopoietic activity is maintained in the mutant thymus. Moreover, pseudogenization or loss of foxn1 in the genomes of deep-sea anglerfishes is independent of the presence or absence of the canonical signatures of the T-cell lineage. Thus, in contrast to the situation in mammals, the teleost thymus can support foxn1-independent lymphopoiesis, most likely through the activity of the Foxn4, an ancient metazoan paralog of Foxn1. Our results imply that during the early stages of vertebrate evolution, genetic control of thymopoiesis was functionally redundant and thus robust; in mammals, the genetic network was reorganized to become uniquely dependent on the FOXN1 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy B Swann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Hess
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hsuan-Ching Ho
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institution of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Theodore W Pietsch
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Zhang G, Swann JB, Felder M, O'Meara C, Boehm T. Lymphocyte pathway analysis using naturally lymphocyte-deficient fish. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350577. [PMID: 37593947 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Comparative phylogenetic analyses are of potential value to establish the essential components of genetic networks underlying physiological traits. For species that naturally lack particular lymphocyte lineages, we show here that this strategy readily distinguishes trait-specific actors from pleiotropic components of the genetic network governing lymphocyte differentiation. Previously, three of the four members of the DNA polymerase X family have been implicated in the junctional diversification process during the somatic assembly of antigen receptors. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that the presence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is strictly associated with the facility of V(D)J recombination, whereas PolL and PolM genes are retained even in species lacking Rag-mediated somatic diversification of antigen receptor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoqun Zhang
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy B Swann
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marius Felder
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Connor O'Meara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Boehm T. The chilling origin of germinal centers. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadl1470. [PMID: 38039380 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adl1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Germinal center-like structures have been identified in ectothermic vertebrates, establishing germinal centers as a universal component of humoral immunity (see related Research Article by Shibasaki et al.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Weiss-Tessbach M, Reiter B, Gludovacz E, Boehm T, Jilma B, Rager-Resch M. Recombinant human diamine oxidase prevents hemodynamic effects of continuous histamine infusion in guinea pigs. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:2013-2022. [PMID: 37812220 PMCID: PMC10611646 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01783-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether recombinant human diamine oxidase (rhDAO) with a mutated heparin-binding motif (mHBM), which shows an increased alpha-distribution half-life, prevents histamine-induced hemodynamic effects. MATERIAL Thirty-eight female guinea pigs were either pretreated with rhDOA_mHBM or buffer. TREATMENT AND METHODS Guinea pigs received a continuous infusion of histamine. Heart rate (HR), body core temperature and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured and blood was collected. RESULTS Continuous intravenous infusion of 8 µg/kg/min histamine increased mean peak plasma histamine levels from 5 (± 0.3 SEM) to 28 ng/mL (± 4.9 SEM) after 30 min but had no effect on oxygen saturation. Guinea pigs pretreated with 4 mg/kg rhDAO_mHBM showed lower mean HR (p = 0.008), histamine plasma concentrations (p = 0.002), and higher body core temperatures at the end of the histamine challenge (p = 0.02) compared to controls. Cessation of histamine infusion led to a rebound increase in MAP, but this hemodynamic instability was prevented by rhDAO_mHBM. Pretreatment with 4 mg/kg rhDAO_mHBM reduced urinary histamine (p = 0.004) and 1-Methylhistamine (p < 0.0001) concentrations compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic infusion of rhDAO_mHBM prevents hemodynamic effects in a guinea pig model of continuous histamine infusion. These findings might help in the translation from animals to humans and in the selection of the optimal dosing of rhDAO_mHBM during human histamine challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Weiss-Tessbach
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Reiter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gludovacz
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marlene Rager-Resch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Das S, Boehm T, Holland SJ, Rast JP, Fontenla-Iglesias F, Morimoto R, Valadez JG, Heimroth RD, Hirano M, Cooper MD. Evolution of two distinct variable lymphocyte receptors in lampreys: VLRD and VLRE. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112933. [PMID: 37542721 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Jawless vertebrates possess an alternative adaptive immune system in which antigens are recognized by variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) generated by combinatorial assembly of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) cassettes. Three types of receptors, VLRA, VLRB, and VLRC, have been previously identified. VLRA- and VLRC-expressing cells are T cell-like, whereas VLRB-expressing cells are B cell-like. Here, we report two types of VLRs in lampreys, VLRD and VLRE, phylogenetically related to VLRA and VLRC. The germline VLRD and VLRE genes are flanked by 39 LRR cassettes used in the assembly of mature VLRD and VLRE, with cassettes from chromosomes containing the VLRA and VLRC genes also contributing to VLRD and VLRE assemblies. VLRD and VLRE transcription is highest in the triple-negative (VLRA-/VLRB-/VLRC-) population of lymphocytes, albeit also detectable in VLRA+ and VLRC+ populations. Tissue distribution studies suggest that lamprey VLRD+ and VLRE+ lymphocytes comprise T-like sublineages of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Das
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA.
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Stephen J Holland
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan P Rast
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA
| | - Francisco Fontenla-Iglesias
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Gerardo Valadez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA
| | - Ryan D Heimroth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA
| | - Masayuki Hirano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA
| | - Max D Cooper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA.
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Pircher H, Pinschewer DD, Boehm T. MHC I tetramer staining tends to overestimate the number of functionally relevant self-reactive CD8 T cells in the preimmune repertoire. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350402. [PMID: 37179469 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies that used peptide-MHC (pMHC) tetramers (tet) to identify self-specific T cells have questioned the effectiveness of thymic-negative selection. Here, we used pMHCI tet to enumerate CD8 T cells specific for the immunodominant gp33 epitope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein (GP) in mice transgenically engineered to express high levels of GP as a self-antigen in the thymus. In GP-transgenic mice (GP+ ), monoclonal P14 TCR+ CD8 T cells that express a GP-specific TCR could not be detected by gp33/Db -tet staining, indicative of their complete intrathymic deletion. By contrast, in the same GP+ mice, substantial numbers of polyclonal CD8 T cells identifiable by gp33/Db -tet were present. The gp33-tet staining profiles of polyclonal T cells from GP+ and GP-negative (GP- ) mice were overlapping, but mean fluorescence intensities were ∼15% lower in cells from GP+ mice. Remarkably, the gp33-tet+ T cells in GP+ mice failed to clonally expand after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, whereas those of GP- mice did so. In Nur77GFP -reporter mice, dose-dependent responses to gp33 peptide-induced TCR stimulation revealed that gp33-tet+ T cells with high ligand sensitivity are lacking in GP+ mice. Hence, pMHCI tet staining identifies self-specific CD8 T cells but tends to overestimate the number of truly self-reactive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanspeter Pircher
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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11
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Swann JB, Grammer C, Schorpp M, Boehm T. A survey of the adaptive immune genes of the polka-dot batfish Ogcocephalus cubifrons. BMC Immunol 2023; 24:20. [PMID: 37480016 PMCID: PMC10362645 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anglerfish, belonging to the teleost order Lophiiformes, are a diverse and species-rich group of fish that are known to exhibit a number of unique morphological, reproductive and immunological adaptations. Work to date has identified the loss of specific adaptive immune components in two of the five Lophiiformes sub-orders (Lophioidei and Ceratioidei), while no anomalies have been identified to date in two other sub-orders, Antennaroidei and Chaunacoidei. The immunogenome of the fifth sub-order, Ogcocephaloidei has not yet been investigated, and we have therefore used whole genome shotgun sequencing, combined with RNA-seq, to survey the adaptive immune capabilities of the polka-dot batfish, O. cubifrons, as a representative of this as yet unexplored sub-order. RESULTS We find that the O. cubifrons genome encodes the core genes needed to mount adaptive T and B cell responses. These genes include those necessary for rearranging and editing antigen receptors, the antigen receptors themselves; as well as the co-receptors, signalling molecules, and antigen presenting molecules (both class I and class II) needed for B cell and T cell development and activation. CONCLUSIONS From an immune perspective, the polka-dot batfish has a canonical complement of adaptive immune genes, and does not exhibit any of the adaptive immune changes previously identified in monkfish and oceanic anglerfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Swann
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Christiane Grammer
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Boehm T, Sednev M, Gludovacz E, Weiss-Tessbach M, Brankovic J, Klavins K, Jilma B. Incubation of protonated NADH or NADPH with ortho-aminobenzaldehyde generates a novel fluorescent nicotinamide dihydroquinazoline condensate. Anal Biochem 2023; 676:115246. [PMID: 37451419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) but not oxidized NAD+ with ortho-aminobenzaldehyde (oABA) generated an uncharacterized chromophore with an absorption peak characteristic of a dihydroquinazoline condensate. This chromophore is responsible for a non-specific signal in a diamine oxidase (DAO) activity assay based on the generation of fluorescent dihydroquinazoline structures directly from DAO substrates. Herein we show that at pH values below 3.0 the glycosidic bond of NADH/NADPH is broken releasing double protonated dihydro-nicotinamide (dihydro-NAM), which consequently condensates with oABA to a novel dihydroquinazoline chromophore and fluorophore, namely the 6- or 8-carbamoyl-5H,7H,8H,9H-10λ⁵-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolin-10-ylium isomer (CMPQ). The second protonation event closely correlates with the pKa of the N1 nitrogen of C5-protonated dihydro-NAM and fluorophore stability. The fusion partner of oABA is likely the iminium of the primary acid product of dihydro-NAM after glycosidic bond hydrolysis and before irreversible cyclization. Trapping of protonated dihydro-NAM from NADH or NADPH with oABA allows quantification of these dinucleotides. Despite almost a century of research studying acid-catalyzed molecular rearrangements of NADH and NADPH, new and surprising details can be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maksim Sednev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Gludovacz
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Weiss-Tessbach
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jelena Brankovic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristaps Klavins
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka St 3, LV-1007, Riga, Latvia
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Giorgetti OB, O'Meara CP, Schorpp M, Boehm T. Origin and evolutionary malleability of T cell receptor α diversity. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06218-x. [PMID: 37344590 PMCID: PMC10322711 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes of vertebrate adaptive immune systems acquired the capability to assemble, from split genes in the germline, billions of functional antigen receptors1-3. These receptors show specificity; unlike the broadly tuned receptors of the innate system, antibodies (Ig) expressed by B cells, for instance, can accurately distinguish between the two enantiomers of organic acids4, whereas T cell receptors (TCRs) reliably recognize single amino acid replacements in their peptide antigens5. In developing lymphocytes, antigen receptor genes are assembled from a comparatively small set of germline-encoded genetic elements in a process referred to as V(D)J recombination6,7. Potential self-reactivity of some antigen receptors arising from the quasi-random somatic diversification is suppressed by several robust control mechanisms8-12. For decades, scientists have puzzled over the evolutionary origin of somatically diversifying antigen receptors13-16. It has remained unclear how, at the inception of this mechanism, immunologically beneficial expanded receptor diversity was traded against the emerging risk of destructive self-recognition. Here we explore the hypothesis that in early vertebrates, sequence microhomologies marking the ends of recombining elements became the crucial targets of selection determining the outcome of non-homologous end joining-based repair of DNA double-strand breaks generated during RAG-mediated recombination. We find that, across the main clades of jawed vertebrates, TCRα repertoire diversity is best explained by species-specific extents of such sequence microhomologies. Thus, selection of germline sequence composition of rearranging elements emerges as a major factor determining the degree of diversity of somatically generated antigen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando B Giorgetti
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Connor P O'Meara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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14
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Iwanami N, Richter AS, Sikora K, Boehm T. Tnpo3 controls splicing of the pre-mRNA encoding the canonical TCR α chain of iNKT cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3645. [PMID: 37339974 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Unconventional T cells, such as innate natural killer T cells (iNKT) cells, are an important part of vertebrate immune defences. iNKT recognise glycolipids through a T cell receptor (TCR) that is composed of a semi-invariant TCR α chain, paired with a restricted set of TCR β chains. Here, we show that splicing of the cognate Trav11-Traj18-Trac pre-mRNA encoding the characteristic Vα14Jα18 variable region of this semi-invariant TCR depends on the presence of Tnpo3. The Tnpo3 gene encodes a nuclear transporter of the β-karyopherin family whose cargo includes various splice regulators. The block of iNKT cell development in the absence of Tnpo3 can be overcome by transgenic provision of a rearranged Trav11-Traj18-Trac cDNA, indicating that Tnpo3 deficiency does not interfere with the development of iNKT cells per se. Our study thus identifies a role for Tnpo3 in regulating the splicing of the pre-mRNA encoding the cognate TCRα chain of iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Andreas S Richter
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Genedata AG, Margarethenstrasse 38, 4053, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Lackner AI, Haslinger P, Bohaumilitzky L, Höbler AL, Vondra S, Oblin VM, Knöfler M, Kiss H, Binder J, Haider S, Boehm T, Pollheimer J. Generation of extracellular fluids from first-trimester decidual tissues and their validation by detecting tissue-specific secreted proteins. Placenta 2023; 139:134-137. [PMID: 37390517 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The human placenta comes in direct contact with maternal cells and blood at two interfaces. The syncytiotrophoblast layer is surrounded by maternal blood at the intervillous space, and extravillous trophoblasts breach the vascular endothelial cells layer upon spiral artery remodeling and invasion of decidual veins. However, little knowledge exists about EVT-derived secreted factors, which may serve as predictive markers for obstetrical syndromes or shape the local environment at the maternal-fetal interface. Here, we define secreted EVT-associated genes and describe a method that yields interstitial fluids from patient-matched first-trimester decidua basalis and parietalis tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ian Lackner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Maternal-fetal Immunology Group, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Digital Health Center, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Haslinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Maternal-fetal Immunology Group, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Bohaumilitzky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Maternal-fetal Immunology Group, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Austria
| | - Anna-Lena Höbler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Maternal-fetal Immunology Group, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrid Vondra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Maternal-fetal Immunology Group, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Maria Oblin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Maternal-fetal Immunology Group, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Knöfler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Placental Development Group, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Kiss
- Department of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Binder
- Department of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Haider
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Placental Development Group, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Maternal-fetal Immunology Group, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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16
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Boehm T, Morimoto R, Trancoso I, Aleksandrova N. Genetic conflicts and the origin of self/nonself-discrimination in the vertebrate immune system. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:372-383. [PMID: 36941153 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Genetic conflicts shape the genomes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Here, we argue that some of the key evolutionary novelties of adaptive immune systems of vertebrates are descendants of prokaryotic toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems. Cytidine deaminases and RAG recombinase have evolved from genotoxic enzymes to programmable editors of host genomes, supporting the astounding discriminatory capability of variable lymphocyte receptors of jawless vertebrates, as well as immunoglobulins and T cell receptors of jawed vertebrates. The evolutionarily recent lymphoid lineage is uniquely sensitive to mutations of the DNA maintenance methylase, which is an orphaned distant relative of prokaryotic restriction-modification systems. We discuss how the emergence of adaptive immunity gave rise to higher order genetic conflicts between genetic parasites and their vertebrate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Inês Trancoso
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Boehm T, Martin-Higueras C, Friesser E, Zitta C, Wallner S, Walli A, Kovacevic K, Hubmann H, Klavins K, Macheroux P, Hoppe B, Jilma B. Simple, fast and inexpensive quantification of glycolate in the urine of patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Urolithiasis 2023; 51:49. [PMID: 36920530 PMCID: PMC10017573 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-023-01426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
In primary hyperoxaluria type 1 excessive endogenous production of oxalate and glycolate leads to increased urinary excretion of these metabolites. Although genetic testing is the most definitive and preferred diagnostic method, quantification of these metabolites is important for the diagnosis and evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions. Current metabolite quantification methods use laborious, technically highly complex and expensive liquid, gas or ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, which are available only in selected laboratories worldwide. Incubation of ortho-aminobenzaldehyde (oABA) with glyoxylate generated from glycolate using recombinant mouse glycolate oxidase (GO) and glycine leads to the formation of a stable dihydroquinazoline double aromatic ring chromophore with specific peak absorption at 440 nm. The urinary limit of detection and estimated limit of quantification derived from eight standard curves were 14.3 and 28.7 µmol glycolate per mmol creatinine, respectively. High concentrations of oxalate, lactate and L-glycerate do not interfere in this assay format. The correlation coefficient between the absorption and an ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method is 93% with a p value < 0.00001. The Bland-Altmann plot indicates acceptable agreement between the two methods. The glycolate quantification method using conversion of glycolate via recombinant mouse GO and fusion of oABA and glycine with glyoxylate is fast, simple, robust and inexpensive. Furthermore this method might be readily implemented into routine clinical diagnostic laboratories for glycolate measurements in primary hyperoxaluria type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Eva Friesser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Clara Zitta
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Adam Walli
- Laboratory Dr. Wisplinghoff, Forensic and Clinical Toxicology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katarina Kovacevic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Holger Hubmann
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Paediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kristaps Klavins
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Nagakubo D, Hirakawa M, Iwanami N, Boehm T. Limits to in vivo fate changes of epithelia in thymus and parathyroid by ectopic expression of transcription factors Gcm2 and Foxn1. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13554. [PMID: 35941210 PMCID: PMC9360016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the parathyroid and the thymus from the third pharyngeal pouch depends on the activities of the Gcm2 and Foxn1 transcription factors, respectively, whose expression domains sharply demarcate two regions in the developing third pharyngeal pouch. Here, we have generated novel mouse models to examine whether ectopic co-expression of Gcm2 in the thymic epithelium and of Foxn1 in the parathyroid perturbs the establishment of organ fates in vivo. Expression of Gcm2 in the thymic rudiment does not activate a parathyroid-specific expression programme, even in the absence of Foxn1 activity. Co-expression of Foxn1 in the parathyroid fails to impose thymopoietic capacity. We conclude that the actions of Foxn1 and Gcm2 transcription factors are cell context-dependent and that they each require permissive transcription factor landscapes in order to successfully interfere with organ-specific cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nagakubo
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Health and Hygienic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 7-2-1 Kamiohno, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-8524, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hirakawa
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Immunology and Allergy, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda-City, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.
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19
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Bayer M, Boller S, Ramamoothy S, Zolotarev N, Cauchy P, Iwanami N, Mittler G, Boehm T, Grosschedl R. Tnpo3 enables EBF1 function in conditions of antagonistic Notch signaling. Genes Dev 2022; 36:901-915. [PMID: 36167471 PMCID: PMC9575695 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349696.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor EBF1 (early B cell factor 1) acts as a key regulator of B cell specification. The transcriptional network in which EBF1 operates has been extensively studied; however, the regulation of EBF1 function remains poorly defined. By mass spectrometric analysis of proteins associated with endogenous EBF1 in pro-B cells, we identified the nuclear import receptor Transportin-3 (Tnpo3) and found that it interacts with the immunoglobulin-like fold domain of EBF1. We delineated glutamic acid 271 of EBF1 as a critical residue for the association with Tnpo3. EBF1E271A showed normal nuclear localization; however, it had an impaired B cell programming ability in conditions of Notch signaling, as determined by retroviral transduction of Ebf1 -/- progenitors. By RNA-seq analysis of EBF1E271A-expressing progenitors, we found an up-regulation of T lineage determinants and down-regulation of early B genes, although similar chromatin binding of EBF1E271A and EBF1wt was detected in pro-B cells expressing activated Notch1. B lineage-specific inactivation of Tnpo3 in mice resulted in a block of early B cell differentiation, accompanied by a down-regulation of B lineage genes and up-regulation of T and NK lineage genes. Taken together, our observations suggest that Tnpo3 ensures B cell programming by EBF1 in nonpermissive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bayer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sören Boller
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Senthilkumar Ramamoothy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikolay Zolotarev
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Cauchy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Mittler
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Grosschedl
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Boehm T, Alix M, Petroczi K, Vakal S, Gludovacz E, Borth N, Salminen TA, Jilma B. Nafamostat is a potent human diamine oxidase inhibitor possibly augmenting hypersensitivity reactions during nafamostat administration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:113-122. [PMID: 35688477 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nafamostat is an approved short acting serine protease. However, its administration is also associated with anaphylactic reactions. One mechanism to augment hypersensitivity reactions could be inhibition of diamine oxidase (DAO). The chemical structure of nafamostat is related to the potent DAO inhibitors pentamidine and diminazene. Therefore we tested whether nafamostat is a human DAO inhibitor. Using different activity assays nafamostat reversibly inhibited recombinant human DAO with an IC50 of 300 to 400 nM using 200 µM substrate concentrations. The Ki of nafamostat for the inhibition of putrescine and histamine deamination is 27 nM and 138 nM respectively. For both substrates nafamostat is a mixed mode inhibitor with p-values <0.01 compared to other inhibition types. Using 80% to 90% EDTA plasma the IC50 of nafamostat inhibition was approximately 360 nM using 20 µM cadaverine. In 90% EDTA plasma the IC50 concentrations were 2-3 µM using 0.9 µM and 0.18 µM histamine as substrate. In silico modeling showed a high overlap compared to published diminazene crystallography data, with a preferred orientation of the guanidine group towards topaquinone. In conclusion, nafamostat is a potent human DAO inhibitor and might increase severity of anaphylactic reaction by interfering with DAO‑mediated extracellular histamine degradation. Significance Statement Treatment with the short-acting anticoagulant nafamostat during hemodialysis, leukocytapheresis, extracorporeal membrane oxygenator procedures and disseminated intravascular coagulation is associated with severe anaphylaxis in humans. Histamine is a central mediator in anaphylaxis. Potent inhibition of the only extracellular histamine-degrading enzyme diamine oxidase could augment anaphylaxis reactions during nafamostat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Borth
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria
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21
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Nusser A, Sagar, Swann JB, Krauth B, Diekhoff D, Calderon L, Happe C, Grün D, Boehm T. Developmental dynamics of two bipotent thymic epithelial progenitor types. Nature 2022; 606:165-171. [PMID: 35614226 PMCID: PMC9159946 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
T cell development in the thymus is essential for cellular immunity and depends on the organotypic thymic epithelial microenvironment. In comparison with other organs, the size and cellular composition of the thymus are unusually dynamic, as exemplified by rapid growth and high T cell output during early stages of development, followed by a gradual loss of functional thymic epithelial cells and diminished naive T cell production with age1-10. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has uncovered an unexpected heterogeneity of cell types in the thymic epithelium of young and aged adult mice11-18; however, the identities and developmental dynamics of putative pre- and postnatal epithelial progenitors have remained unresolved1,12,16,17,19-27. Here we combine scRNA-seq and a new CRISPR-Cas9-based cellular barcoding system in mice to determine qualitative and quantitative changes in the thymic epithelium over time. This dual approach enabled us to identify two principal progenitor populations: an early bipotent progenitor type biased towards cortical epithelium and a postnatal bipotent progenitor population biased towards medullary epithelium. We further demonstrate that continuous autocrine provision of Fgf7 leads to sustained expansion of thymic microenvironments without exhausting the epithelial progenitor pools, suggesting a strategy to modulate the extent of thymopoietic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Nusser
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sagar
- Quantitative Single Cell Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy B Swann
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Krauth
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Diekhoff
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lesly Calderon
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Happe
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominic Grün
- Quantitative Single Cell Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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22
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Gludovacz E, Resch M, Schuetzenberger K, Petroczi K, Maresch D, Hofbauer S, Jilma B, Borth N, Boehm T. Glycosylation site Asn168 is important for slow in vivo clearance of recombinant human diamine oxidase heparin-binding motif mutants. Glycobiology 2022; 32:404-413. [PMID: 35088086 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma and tissues histamine concentrations can cause severe symptoms in mast cell activation syndrome, mastocytosis or anaphylaxis. Endogenous and recombinant human diamine oxidase (rhDAO) can rapidly and completely degrade histamine, and administration of rhDAO represents a promising new treatment approach for diseases with excess histamine release from activated mast cells. We recently generated heparin-binding motif mutants of rhDAO with considerably increased in vivo half-lives in rodents compared with the rapidly cleared wildtype protein. Herein, we characterize the role of an evolutionary recently added glycosylation site asparagine 168 in the in vivo clearance and the influence of an unusually solvent accessible free cysteine 123 on the oligomerization of diamine oxidase (DAO). Mutation of the unpaired cysteine 123 strongly reduced oligomerization without influence on enzymatic DAO activity and in vivo clearance. Recombinant hDAO produced in ExpiCHO-S™ cells showed a 15-fold reduction in the percentage of glycans with terminal sialic acid at Asn168 compared with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells. Capping with sialic acid was also strongly reduced at the other glycosylation sites. The high abundance of terminal mannose and N-acetylglucosamine residues in the four glycans expressed in ExpiCHO-S™ cells compared with CHO-K1 cells resulted in rapid in vivo clearance. Mutation of Asn168 or sialidase treatment also significantly increased clearance. Intact N-glycans at Asn168 seem to protect DAO from rapid clearance in rodents. Full processing of all glycoforms is critical for preserving the improved in vivo half-life characteristics of the rhDAO heparin-binding motif mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gludovacz
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Resch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kornelia Schuetzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Petroczi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Boehm T, Ristl R, Mühlbacher J, Valent P, Wahrmann M, Jilma B. Massive release of Th2 cytokines induced a cytokine storm during a severe mast cell activation event in an indolent systemic mastocytosis patient. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:406-414.e16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Karer M, Rager-Resch M, Haider T, Petroczi K, Gludovacz E, Borth N, Jilma B, Boehm T. Diamine oxidase knockout mice are not hypersensitive to orally or subcutaneously administered histamine. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:497-511. [PMID: 35303133 PMCID: PMC8989821 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the contribution of endogenous diamine oxidase (DAO) in the inactivation of exogenous histamine, to find a mouse strain with increased histamine sensitivity and to test the efficacy of rhDAO in a histamine challenge model. Methods Diamine oxidase knockout (KO) mice were challenged with orally and subcutaneously administered histamine in combination with the β-adrenergic blocker propranolol, with the two histamine-N-methyltransferase (HNMT) inhibitors metoprine and tacrine, with folic acid to mimic acute kidney injury and treated with recombinant human DAO. Core body temperature was measured using a subcutaneously implanted microchip and histamine plasma levels were quantified using a homogeneous time resolved fluorescence assay. Results Core body temperature and plasma histamine levels were not significantly different between wild type (WT) and DAO KO mice after oral and subcutaneous histamine challenge with and without acute kidney injury or administration of HNMT inhibitors. Treatment with recombinant human DAO reduced the mean area under the curve (AUC) for core body temperature loss by 63% (p = 0.002) and the clinical score by 88% (p < 0.001). The AUC of the histamine concentration was reduced by 81%. Conclusions Inactivation of exogenous histamine is not driven by enzymatic degradation and kidney filtration. Treatment with recombinant human DAO strongly reduced histamine-induced core body temperature loss, histamine concentrations and prevented the development of severe clinical symptoms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00011-022-01558-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Karer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Rager-Resch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Teresa Haider
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Petroczi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gludovacz
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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O'Meara CP, Guerri L, Lawir DF, Mateos F, Iconomou M, Iwanami N, Soza-Ried C, Sikora K, Siamishi I, Giorgetti O, Peter S, Schorpp M, Boehm T. Genetic landscape of T cells identifies synthetic lethality for T-ALL. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1201. [PMID: 34671088 PMCID: PMC8528931 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To capture the global gene network regulating the differentiation of immature T cells in an unbiased manner, large-scale forward genetic screens in zebrafish were conducted and combined with genetic interaction analysis. After ENU mutagenesis, genetic lesions associated with failure of T cell development were identified by meiotic recombination mapping, positional cloning, and whole genome sequencing. Recessive genetic variants in 33 genes were identified and confirmed as causative by additional experiments. The mutations affected T cell development but did not perturb the development of an unrelated cell type, growth hormone-expressing somatotrophs, providing an important measure of cell-type specificity of the genetic variants. The structure of the genetic network encompassing the identified components was established by a subsequent genetic interaction analysis, which identified many instances of positive (alleviating) and negative (synthetic) genetic interactions. Several examples of synthetic lethality were subsequently phenocopied using combinations of small molecule inhibitors. These drugs not only interfered with normal T cell development, but also elicited remission in a model of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Our findings illustrate how genetic interaction data obtained in the context of entire organisms can be exploited for targeted interference with specific cell types and their malignant derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor P O'Meara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lucia Guerri
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Divine-Fondzenyuy Lawir
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, Developmental Biology Unit, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fernando Mateos
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mary Iconomou
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Cristian Soza-Ried
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Fundacion Oncoloop & Center for Nuclear Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iliana Siamishi
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Orlando Giorgetti
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Peter
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Gludovacz E, Schuetzenberger K, Resch M, Tillmann K, Petroczi K, Schosserer M, Vondra S, Vakal S, Klanert G, Pollheimer J, Salminen TA, Jilma B, Borth N, Boehm T. Heparin-binding motif mutations of human diamine oxidase allow the development of a first-in-class histamine-degrading biopharmaceutical. eLife 2021; 10:68542. [PMID: 34477104 PMCID: PMC8445614 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive plasma histamine concentrations cause symptoms in mast cell activation syndrome, mastocytosis, or anaphylaxis. Anti-histamines are often insufficiently efficacious. Human diamine oxidase (hDAO) can rapidly degrade histamine and therefore represents a promising new treatment strategy for conditions with pathological histamine concentrations. Methods Positively charged amino acids of the heparin-binding motif of hDAO were replaced with polar serine or threonine residues. Binding to heparin and heparan sulfate, cellular internalization and clearance in rodents were examined. Results Recombinant hDAO is rapidly cleared from the circulation in rats and mice. After mutation of the heparin-binding motif, binding to heparin and heparan sulfate was strongly reduced. The double mutant rhDAO-R568S/R571T showed minimal cellular uptake. The short α-distribution half-life of the wildtype protein was eliminated, and the clearance was significantly reduced in rodents. Conclusions The successful decrease in plasma clearance of rhDAO by mutations of the heparin-binding motif with unchanged histamine-degrading activity represents the first step towards the development of rhDAO as a first-in-class biopharmaceutical to effectively treat diseases characterized by excessive histamine concentrations in plasma and tissues. Funding Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Hertha Firnberg program grant T1135 (EG); Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Medicinska Understödsförening Liv och Hälsa rft (TAS and SeV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gludovacz
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kornelia Schuetzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Resch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Tillmann
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Petroczi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schosserer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrid Vondra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Serhii Vakal
- Strutural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Gerald Klanert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tiina A Salminen
- Strutural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Boehm T, Karer M, Matzneller P, Buchtele N, Ratzinger F, Petroczi K, Schoergenhofer C, Schwameis M, Burgmann H, Zeitlinger M, Jilma B. Human diamine oxidase is readily released from activated neutrophils ex vivo and in vivo but is rarely elevated in bacteremic patients. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 34:2058738420954945. [PMID: 32997559 PMCID: PMC7533923 DOI: 10.1177/2058738420954945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During human diamine oxidase (DAO) ELISA development we noticed that in serum DAO concentrations appear to be higher when compared to plasma. Neutrophils contain DAO in the specific granules and we hypothesized that DAO is released from neutrophils during serum coagulation. If activation of neutrophils can release DAO, its concentrations might be elevated in vivo after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration and in bacteremic patients. Using blood from healthy volunteers DAO concentrations were measured ex vivo in serum, citrate, EDTA and heparin plasma over several hours and after activation of neutrophils. Lipopolysaccharide and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) were administered to 15 and 8 healthy volunteers, respectively and DAO concentrations were measured at different timepoints. DAO antigen levels were also determined in three different subcohorts of patients with culture-proven bacteremia and high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. DAO concentrations were elevated in a time-dependent manner in serum but not in EDTA or citrate plasma (P < 0.01). Neutrophil activation using phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and zymosan dose-dependently caused DAO concentrations to be elevated more than 10-fold at both 22°C and 37°C (both P-values <0.001). Administration of LPS to healthy volunteers released DAO from neutrophils (P < 0.001). Of the 55 different bacteremic patients selected from three independent cohorts only 3 (5.4%) showed highly elevated DAO concentrations. Serum DAO concentrations do not accurately reflect circulating enzyme levels but coagulation-induced neutrophil activation and consequently DAO release. Only a few bacteremic patients show high DAO concentrations able to degrade histamine rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Karer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Matzneller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Buchtele
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Ratzinger
- Division of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Petroczi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Schwameis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Burgmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Gludovacz E, Schuetzenberger K, Resch M, Tillmann K, Petroczi K, Vondra S, Vakal S, Schosserer M, Virgolini N, Pollheimer J, Salminen TA, Jilma B, Borth N, Boehm T. Human diamine oxidase cellular binding and internalization in vitro and rapid clearance in vivo are not mediated by N-glycans but by heparan sulfate proteoglycan interactions. Glycobiology 2021; 31:444-458. [PMID: 32985651 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human diamine oxidase (hDAO) rapidly inactivates histamine by deamination. No pharmacokinetic data are available to better understand its potential as a new therapeutic modality for diseases with excess local and systemic histamine, like anaphylaxis, urticaria or mastocytosis. After intravenous administration of recombinant hDAO to rats and mice, more than 90% of the dose disappeared from the plasma pool within 10 min. Human DAO did not only bind to various endothelial and epithelial cell lines in vitro, but was also unexpectedly internalized and visible in granule-like structures. The uptake of rhDAO into cells was dependent on neither the asialoglycoprotein-receptor (ASGP-R) nor the mannose receptor (MR) recognizing terminal galactose or mannose residues, respectively. Competition experiments with ASGP-R and MR ligands did not block internalization in vitro or rapid clearance in vivo. The lack of involvement of N-glycans was confirmed by testing various glycosylation mutants. High but not low molecular weight heparin strongly reduced the internalization of rhDAO in HepG2 cells and HUVECs. Human DAO was readily internalized by CHO-K1 cells, but not by the glycosaminoglycan- and heparan sulfate-deficient CHO cell lines pgsA-745 and pgsD-677, respectively. A docked heparin hexasaccharide interacted well with the predicted heparin binding site 568RFKRKLPK575. These results strongly imply that rhDAO clearance in vivo and cellular uptake in vitro is independent of N-glycan interactions with the classical clearance receptors ASGP-R and MR, but is mediated by binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans followed by internalization via an unknown receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gludovacz
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Kornelia Schuetzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Marlene Resch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Katharina Tillmann
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Karin Petroczi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sigrid Vondra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Serhii Vakal
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Markus Schosserer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Virgolini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Tiina A Salminen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
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Boehm T, Ristl R, Joseph S, Petroczi K, Klavins K, Valent P, Jilma B. Metabolome and lipidome derangements during a severe mast cell activation event in a patient with indolent systemic mastocytosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:1533-1544. [PMID: 33864889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of mast cells in various organs is elevated manifold in individuals with systemic mastocytosis. Degranulation can lead to life-threatening symptomatology. No data about the alterations of the metabolome and lipidome during an attack have been published. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to analyze changes in metabolomics and lipidomics during the acute phase of a severe mast cell activation event. METHODS A total of 43 metabolites and 11 lipid classes comprising 200 subvariants from multiple plasma samples in duplicate, covering 72 hours of a severe mast cell activation attack with nausea and vomiting, were compared with 2 baseline samples by using quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS A strong enterocyte dysfunction reflected in an almost 20-fold reduction in the functional small bowel length was extrapolated from strongly reduced ornithine and citrulline concentrations and was very likely secondary to severe endothelial cell dysfunction with hypoperfusion and extensive vascular leakage. Highly increased histamine and lactate concentrations accompanied the peak in clinical symptoms. Elevated asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine levels combined with reduced arginine levels compromised endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and nitric oxide signaling. Specific and extensive depletion of many lysophosphatidylcholine variants indicates localized autotaxin activation and lysophosphatidic acid release. A strong correlation of clinical parameters with histamine concentrations and symptom reduction after 100-fold elevated plasma diamine oxidase concentrations implies that histamine is the key driver of the acute phase. CONCLUSIONS Rapid elimination of elevated histamine concentrations through use of recombinant human diamine oxidase, supplementation of lysophosphatidylcholine for immunomodulation, inhibition of autotaxin activity, and/or blockade of lysophosphatidic acid receptors might represent new treatment options for life-threatening mast cell activation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Robin Ristl
- Section for Medical Statistics, Center of Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saijo Joseph
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Petroczi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristaps Klavins
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology and Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
In vertebrates, the development of lymphocytes from undifferentiated haematopoietic precursors takes place in so-called primary lymphoid organs, such as the thymus. Therein, lymphocytes undergo a complex differentiation and selection process that culminates in the generation of a pool of mature T cells that collectively express a self-tolerant repertoire of somatically diversified antigen receptors. Throughout this entire process, the microenvironment of the thymus in large parts dictates the sequence and outcome of the lymphopoietic activity. In vertebrates, direct genetic evidence in some species and circumstantial evidence in others suggest that the formation of a functional thymic microenvironment is controlled by members of the Foxn1/4 family of transcription factors. In teleost fishes, both Foxn1 and Foxn4 contribute to thymopoietic activity, whereas Foxn1 is both necessary and sufficient in the mammalian thymus. The evolutionary history of Foxn1/4 genes suggests that an ancient Foxn4 gene lineage gave rise to the Foxn1 genes in early vertebrates, raising the question of the thymopoietic capacity of the ancestor common to all vertebrates. Recent attempts to reconstruct the early events in the evolution of thymopoietic tissues by replacement of the mouse Foxn1 gene by Foxn1-like genes isolated from various chordate species suggest a plausible scenario. It appears that the primordial thymus was a bi-potent lymphoid organ, supporting both B cell and T cell development; however, during the course of vertebrate, evolution B cell development was gradually diminished converting the thymus into a site specialized in T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Morimoto
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy Swann
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Nusser
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Inês Trancoso
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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Gahr CL, Boehm T, Milinski M. Male validation factor for three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus) mate choice likely evolutionarily conserved since 50 thousand years. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2020.1789748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph L. Gahr
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Milinski
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
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Giorgetti OB, Shingate P, O'Meara CP, Ravi V, Pillai NE, Tay BH, Prasad A, Iwanami N, Tan HH, Schorpp M, Venkatesh B, Boehm T. Antigen receptor repertoires of one of the smallest known vertebrates. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/1/eabd8180. [PMID: 33523858 PMCID: PMC7775753 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd8180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The rules underlying the structure of antigen receptor repertoires are not yet fully defined, despite their enormous importance for the understanding of adaptive immunity. With current technology, the large antigen receptor repertoires of mice and humans cannot be comprehensively studied. To circumvent the problems associated with incomplete sampling, we have studied the immunogenetic features of one of the smallest known vertebrates, the cyprinid fish Paedocypris sp. "Singkep" ("minifish"). Despite its small size, minifish has the key genetic facilities characterizing the principal vertebrate lymphocyte lineages. As described for mammals, the frequency distributions of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor clonotypes exhibit the features of fractal systems, demonstrating that self-similarity is a fundamental property of antigen receptor repertoires of vertebrates, irrespective of body size. Hence, minifish achieve immunocompetence via a few thousand lymphocytes organized in robust scale-free networks, thereby ensuring immune reactivity even when cells are lost or clone sizes fluctuate during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando B Giorgetti
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Prashant Shingate
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Connor P O'Meara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vydianathan Ravi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Nisha E Pillai
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Boon-Hui Tay
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Aravind Prasad
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heok Hui Tan
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117377, Singapore
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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Morimoto R, O'Meara CP, Holland SJ, Trancoso I, Souissi A, Schorpp M, Vassaux D, Iwanami N, Giorgetti OB, Evanno G, Boehm T. Cytidine deaminase 2 is required for VLRB antibody gene assembly in lampreys. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/45/eaba0925. [PMID: 32169953 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aba0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The antibodies of jawless vertebrates consist of leucine-rich repeat arrays encoded by somatically assembled VLRB genes. It is unknown how the incomplete germline VLRB loci are converted into functional antibody genes during B lymphocyte development in lampreys. In Lampetra planeri larvae lacking the cytidine deaminase CDA2 gene, VLRB assembly fails, whereas the T lineage-associated VLRA and VLRC antigen receptor gene assemblies occur normally. Thus, CDA2 acts in a B cell lineage-specific fashion to support the somatic diversification of VLRB antibody genes. CDA2 is closely related to activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which is essential for the elaboration of immunoglobulin gene repertoires in jawed vertebrates. Our results thus identify a convergent mechanism of antigen receptor gene assembly and diversification that independently evolved in the two sister branches of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Morimoto
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Connor P O'Meara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephen J Holland
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Inês Trancoso
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Souissi
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystems Health, INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Danièle Vassaux
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystems Health, INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Orlando B Giorgetti
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Guillaume Evanno
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystems Health, INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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Swann JB, Nusser A, Morimoto R, Nagakubo D, Boehm T. Retracing the evolutionary emergence of thymopoiesis. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/48/eabd9585. [PMID: 33246964 PMCID: PMC7695478 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The onset of lymphocyte development in the vertebrate primordial thymus, about 500 million years ago, represents one of the foundational events of the emerging adaptive immune system. Here, we retrace the evolutionary trajectory of thymopoiesis, from early vertebrates to mammals, guided by members of the Foxn1/4 transcription factor gene family, which direct the differentiation of the thymic microenvironment. Molecular engineering in transgenic mice recapitulated a gene duplication event, exon replacements, and altered expression patterns. These changes predictably modified the lymphopoietic characteristics of the thymus, identifying molecular features contributing to conversion of a primordial bipotent lymphoid organ to a tissue specializing in T cell development. The phylogenetic reconstruction associates increasing efficiency of T cell generation with diminishing B cell-generating capacity of the thymus during jawed vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Swann
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Nusser
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daisuke Nagakubo
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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Kury P, Führer M, Fuchs S, Lorenz MR, Giorgetti OB, Bakhtiar S, Frei AP, Fisch P, Boehm T, Schwarz K, Speckmann C, Ehl S. Long-term robustness of a T-cell system emerging from somatic rescue of a genetic block in T-cell development. EBioMedicine 2020; 59:102961. [PMID: 32841837 PMCID: PMC7452388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGOUND The potential of a single progenitor cell to establish and maintain long-term protective T-cell immunity in humans is unknown. For genetic disorders disabling T-cell immunity, somatic reversion was shown to support limited T-cell development attenuating the clinical phenotype. However, the cases reported so far deteriorated over time leaving unanswered the important question of long-term activity of revertant precursors and the robustness of the resulting T-cell system. METHODS We applied TCRβ-CDR3 sequencing and mass cytometry on serial samples of a now 18 year-old SCIDX1 patient with somatic reversion to analyse the longitudinal diversification and stability of a T-cell system emerging from somatic gene rescue. FINDINGS We detected close to 105 individual CDR3β sequences in the patient. Blood samples of equal size contained about 10-fold fewer unique CDR3β sequences compared to healthy donors, indicating a surprisingly broad repertoire. Despite dramatic expansions and contractions of individual clonotypes representing up to 30% of the repertoire, stable diversity indices revealed that these transient clonal distortions did not cause long-term repertoire imbalance. Phenotypically, the T-cell system did not show evidence for progressive exhaustion. Combined with immunoglobulin substitution, the limited T-cell system in this patient supported an unremarkable clinical course over 18 years. INTERPRETATION Genetic correction in the appropriate cell type, in our patient most likely in a T-cell biased self-renewing hematopoietic progenitor, can yield a diverse T-cell system that provides long-term repertoire stability, does not show evidence for progressive exhaustion and is capable of providing protective and regulated T-cell immunity for at least two decades. FUNDING DFG EH 145/9-1, DFG SCHW 432/4-1 and the German Research Foundation under Germany's Excellence Strategy-EXC-2189-Project ID: 390939984.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kury
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marita Führer
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service, Baden-Wuerttemberg - Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fuchs
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Myriam R Lorenz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Orlando Bruno Giorgetti
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shahrzad Bakhtiar
- Division for Pediatric Stem-Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Andreas P Frei
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Fisch
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service, Baden-Wuerttemberg - Hessen, Ulm, Germany; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; CIBBS -Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Swann JB, Holland SJ, Petersen M, Pietsch TW, Boehm T. The immunogenetics of sexual parasitism. Science 2020; 369:1608-1615. [PMID: 32732279 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz9445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sexual parasitism has evolved as a distinctive mode of reproduction among deep-sea anglerfishes. The permanent attachment of males to host females observed in these species represents a form of anatomical joining, which is otherwise unknown in nature. Pronounced modifications to immune facilities are associated with this reproductive trait. The genomes of species with temporarily attaching males lack functional aicda genes that underpin affinity maturation of antibodies. Permanent attachment is associated with additional alterations, culminating in the loss of functional rag genes in some species, abolishing somatic diversification of antigen receptor genes, the hallmark of canonical adaptive immunity. In anglerfishes, coevolution of innate and adaptive immunity has been disentangled, implying that an alternative form of immunity supported the emergence of this evolutionarily successful group of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Swann
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Stephen J Holland
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Malte Petersen
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Theodore W Pietsch
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-5020, USA
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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Boehm T, Hubmann H, Petroczi K, Mathis D, Klavins K, Fauler G, Plecko B, Struys E, Jilma B. Condensation of delta-1-piperideine-6-carboxylate with ortho-aminobenzaldehyde allows its simple, fast, and inexpensive quantification in the urine of patients with antiquitin deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:891-900. [PMID: 31930735 PMCID: PMC7384183 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antiquitin (ATQ) deficiency leads to tissue, plasma, and urinary accumulation of alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde (AASA) and its Schiff base delta-1-piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C). Although genetic testing of ALDH7A1 is the most definitive diagnostic method, quantifications of pathognomonic metabolites are important for the diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic and dietary interventions. Current metabolite quantification methods use laborious, technically highly complex, and expensive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectro-metry, which is available only in selected laboratories worldwide. Incubation of ortho-aminobenzaldehyde (oABA) with P6C leads to the formation of a triple aromatic ring structure with characteristic absorption and fluorescence properties. The mean concentration of P6C in nine urine samples from seven ATQ-deficient patients under standard treatment protocols was statistically highly significantly different (P < .001) compared to the mean of 74 healthy controls aged between 2 months and 57 years. Using this limited data set the specificity and sensitivity is 100% for all tested age groups using a P6C cut-off of 2.11 μmol/mmol creatinine, which represents the 99% prediction interval of the P6C concentrations in 17 control urine samples from children below 6 years of age. Plasma P6C concentrations were only elevated in one ATQ subject, possibly because P6C is trapped by pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) blocking fusing with oABA. Nevertheless, both urine and plasma samples were amenable to the quantification of exogenous P6C with high response rates. The P6C quantification method using fusion of oABA with P6C is fast, simple, and inexpensive and might be readily implemented into routine clinical diagnostic laboratories for the early diagnosis of neonatal pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Holger Hubmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General PediatricsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Karin Petroczi
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Déborah Mathis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity Children's Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Kristaps Klavins
- CeMM Research Centre for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Guenter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory DiagnosticsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General PediatricsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Eduard Struys
- Department of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmcAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Siamishi I, Iwanami N, Clapes T, Trompouki E, O'Meara CP, Boehm T. Lymphocyte-Specific Function of the DNA Polymerase Epsilon Subunit Pole3 Revealed by Neomorphic Alleles. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107756. [PMID: 32553171 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficiencies are typically caused by loss-of-function mutations in lymphocyte-specific genes. Occasionally, mutations in ubiquitous general-purpose factors, including those affecting essential components of the DNA polymerase epsilon (POLE) holoenzyme, have cell-type-specific consequences. POLE3, one of the four components of the POLE holoenzyme, features a histone fold domain and a unique acidic C terminus, making it a particularly attractive candidate mediating cell type-specific activities of POLE. Mice lacking Pole3 survive up to late embryonic stages, indicating that this subunit is dispensable for DNA replication. The phenotypes of viable hypomorphic and neomorphic alleles are surprisingly tissue restricted and reveal a stage-specific function of the histone fold domain of Pole3 during T and B cell development. Gradual introduction of positively charged residues into the acidic C terminus leads to peripheral lymphopenia of increasing severity. Our findings serve as a paradigm to understand the molecular basis of cell-type-specific non-replicative functions of the ubiquitous POLE complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Siamishi
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Clapes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eirini Trompouki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Connor P O'Meara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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Iwanami N, Takeshita K, Lawir DF, Suetake I, Tajima S, Sikora K, Trancoso I, ÓMeara C, Siamishi I, Takahama Y, Furutani-Seiki M, Kondoh H, Yonezawa Y, Schorpp M, Boehm T. Epigenetic Protection of Vertebrate Lymphoid Progenitor Cells by Dnmt1. iScience 2020; 23:101260. [PMID: 32585597 PMCID: PMC7322073 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a universal epigenetic mechanism involved in regulation of gene expression and genome stability. The DNA maintenance methylase DNMT1 ensures that DNA methylation patterns are faithfully transmitted to daughter cells during cell division. Because loss of DNMT1 is lethal, a pan-organismic analysis of DNMT1 function is lacking. We identified new recessive dnmt1 alleles in medaka and zebrafish and, guided by the structures of mutant proteins, generated a recessive variant of mouse Dnmt1. Each of the three missense mutations studied here distorts the catalytic pocket and reduces enzymatic activity. Because all three DNMT1 mutant animals are viable, it was possible to examine their phenotypes throughout life. The consequences of genome-wide hypomethylation of DNA of somatic tissues in the Dnmt1 mutants are surprisingly mild but consistently affect the development of the lymphoid lineage. Our findings indicate that developing lymphocytes in vertebrates are sensitive to perturbations of DNA maintenance methylation. Genetic screens identified recessive viable missense alleles of dnmt1 in teleosts A viable mouse Dnmt1 mutant generated by structure-guided precision mutagenesis Missense mutations distort the catalytic pocket and reduce enzymatic activity DNA hypomethylation consistently affects development of the lymphoid lineage
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | - Divine-Fondzenyuy Lawir
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isao Suetake
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoji Tajima
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Inês Trancoso
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Connor ÓMeara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iliana Siamishi
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Furutani-Seiki
- Systems Biochemistry in Pathology and Regeneration, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hisato Kondoh
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushige Yonezawa
- High Pressure Protein Research Center, Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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Boehm T, Karer M, Gludovacz E, Petroczi K, Resch M, Schuetzenberger K, Klavins K, Borth N, Jilma B. Simple, sensitive and specific quantification of diamine oxidase activity in complex matrices using newly discovered fluorophores derived from natural substrates. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:937-950. [PMID: 32488317 PMCID: PMC7394931 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To measure diamine oxidase (DAO) activity with high sensitivity in complex matrices like plasma or tissue extracts radioactive putrescine or horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) coupling must be used. The use of radioactive material should be avoided and HRP/H2O2 coupling is compromised by antioxidants. Methods and results Condensation of ortho-aminobenzaldehyde (oABA) with delta-1-pyrroline and delta-1-piperideine, the autocyclization products of the DAO-oxidized natural substrates putrescine and cadaverine, generates new quinazoline fluorophores with absorption and excitation maxima of 430 and 460 nm, respectively, and peak emission at 620 nm. Fluorescent-based detection limits are 20–40 times lower compared to absorption measurements. This assay can be used to measure DAO activity in human plasma after spiking recombinant human (rh)DAO, in rat plasma after intravenous rhDAO administration, in pregnancy plasma and in tissue extracts of DAO wild-type and knock-out mice. Using rat plasma the correlation between rhDAO activity and ELISA data is 99%. Human and rat plasma without DAO spiking and tissue extracts from DAO knock-out mice showed stable and low fluorescence in the presence of high substrate concentrations. Conclusions Incubation of DAO with the natural substrates putrescine and cadaverine and oABA generates novel fluorophores increasing the detection limit compared to absorption measurements at least tenfold. This simple, sensitive and specific assay allows the non-radioactive quantification of DAO activity in complex matrices like plasma and tissue extracts without interference by antioxidants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00011-020-01359-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matthias Karer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gludovacz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Petroczi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Resch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kornelia Schuetzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristaps Klavins
- CeMM Research Centre for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Trancoso I, Morimoto R, Boehm T. Co-evolution of mutagenic genome editors and vertebrate adaptive immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 65:32-41. [PMID: 32353821 PMCID: PMC7768089 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune systems of all vertebrates rely on self-DNA mutating enzymes to assemble their antigen receptors in lymphocytes of their two principal lineages. In jawed vertebrates, the RAG1/2 recombinase directs V(D)J recombination of B cell and T cell receptor genes, whereas the activation-induced cytidine deaminase AID engages in their secondary modification. The recombination activating genes (RAG) 1 and 2 evolved from an ancient transposon-encoded genome modifier into a self-DNA mutator serving adaptive immunity; this was possible as a result of domestication, involving several changes in RAG1 and RAG2 proteins suppressing transposition and instead facilitating-coupled cleavage and recombination. By contrast, recent evidence supports the notion that the antigen receptors of T-like and B-like cells of jawless vertebrates, designated variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), are somatically assembled through a process akin to gene conversion that is believed to be dependent on the activities of distant relatives of AID, the cytidine deaminases CDA1 and CDA2, respectively. It appears, therefore, that the precursors of AID and CDAs underwent a domestication process that changed their target range from foreign nucleic acids to self-DNA; this multi-step evolutionary process ensured that the threat to host genome integrity was minimized. Here, we review recent findings illuminating the evolutionary steps associated with the domestication of the two groups of genome editors, RAG1/2 and cytidine deaminases, indicating how they became the driving forces underlying the emergence of vertebrate adaptive immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Trancoso
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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Schiefer J, Baron-Stefaniak J, Boehm T, Wadowski P, Berlakovich G, Kuessel L, Mühlbacher J, Jilma-Stohlawetz P, Schwameis M, Jilma B, Faybik P. Regulation of histamine and diamine oxidase in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:822. [PMID: 31964979 PMCID: PMC6972776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57728-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased concentrations of the vasodilator histamine have been observed in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. The role of histamine during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has only been studied in animals. The aim of this study was to measure plasma concentrations of histamine and its degrading enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation, and assess whether histamine or DAO correlate with intraoperative noradrenaline requirements. Histamine and DAO concentrations were measured in 22 adults undergoing liver transplantation and 22 healthy adults. Furthermore, norepinephrine requirements during liver transplantation were recorded. Baseline concentrations of histamine and DAO were greater in patients, who underwent liver transplantation, than in healthy individuals (Histamine: 6.4 nM, IQR[2.9-11.7] versus 4.3 nM, IQR[3.7-7.1], p = 0.029; DAO: 2.0 ng/mL, IQR[1.5-4.1] versus <0,5 ng/mL, IQR[<0.5-1.1], p < 0.001). During liver transplantation, histamine concentrations decreased to 1.8 nM, IQR[0.5-4.9] in the anhepatic phase (p < 0.0001 versus baseline), and to 1.5 nM, IQR[0.5-2.9] after reperfusion (p < 0.0001 versus baseline). In contrast, DAO concentrations increased to 35.5 ng/ml, IQR[20-50] in the anhepatic phase (p = 0.001 versus baseline) and to 39.5 ng/ml, IQR[23-64] after reperfusion (p = 0.001 versus baseline), correlating inversely with histamine. Norepinephrine requirements during human liver transplantation correlated significantly with DAO concentrations in the anhepatic phase (r = 0.58, p = 0.011) and after reperfusion (r = 0.56; p = 0.022). In patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation, histamine concentrations decrease whereas DAO concentrations increase manifold. Diamine oxidase correlates with intraoperative norepinephrine requirements in patients undergoing OLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schiefer
- Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanna Baron-Stefaniak
- Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Wadowski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriela Berlakovich
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Kuessel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Mühlbacher
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Jilma-Stohlawetz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schwameis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter Faybik
- Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Boehm T, Reiter B, Ristl R, Petroczi K, Sperr W, Stimpfl T, Valent P, Jilma B. Massive release of the histamine-degrading enzyme diamine oxidase during severe anaphylaxis in mastocytosis patients. Allergy 2019; 74:583-593. [PMID: 30418682 PMCID: PMC6590243 DOI: 10.1111/all.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Histaminolytic activity mediated by diamine oxidase (DAO) is present in plasma after induction of severe anaphylaxis in rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Heparin released during mast cell degranulation in the gastrointestinal tract might liberate DAO from heparin‐sensitive storage sites. DAO release during anaphylaxis has not been demonstrated in humans. Methods Plasma DAO, tryptase, and histamine concentrations of four severe anaphylaxis events were determined at multiple serial time points in two patients with systemic mastocytosis. The histamine degradation rates were measured in anaphylaxis samples and in pregnancy sera and plasma with comparable DAO concentrations. Results Mean DAO (132 ng/mL) and tryptase (304 ng/mL) concentrations increased 187‐ and 4.0‐fold, respectively, over baseline values (DAO 0.7 ng/mL, tryptase 76 ng/mL) during severe anaphylaxis. Under non‐anaphylaxis conditions, DAO concentrations were not elevated in 29 mastocytosis patients compared to healthy volunteers and there was no correlation between DAO and tryptase levels in mastocytosis patients. The histamine degradation rate of DAO in plasma from mastocytosis patients during anaphylaxis is severely compromised compared to DAO from pregnancy samples. Conclusion During severe anaphylaxis in mastocytosis patients, DAO is likely released from heparin‐sensitive gastrointestinal storage sites. The measured concentrations can degrade histamine, but DAO activity is compromised compared to pregnancy samples. For accurate histamine measurements during anaphylaxis, DAO inhibition is essential to inhibit further histamine degradation after blood withdrawal. Determination of DAO antigen levels might be of clinical value to improve the diagnosis of mast cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Birgit Reiter
- Analytical Toxicology; Clinical Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Robin Ristl
- Section for Medical Statistics (IMS); Center of Medical Statistics; Informatics and Intelligent Systems; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Karin Petroczi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I; Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology and Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Stimpfl
- Analytical Toxicology; Clinical Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I; Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology and Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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Gahr CL, Boehm T, Milinski M. Female assortative mate choice functionally validates synthesized male odours of evolving stickleback river-lake ecotypes. Biol Lett 2018; 14:20180730. [PMID: 30958253 PMCID: PMC6303515 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During mate choice decisions, females of many vertebrates use male olfactory cues to achieve immunogenetic optimality of their offspring. Three-spined sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus) populating habitats that differ in their parasite communities evolve locally adapted combinations of genetic variants encoded at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Such adaptation confers optimal resistance to the local parasite fauna. Immunogenetic signatures co-evolved with local parasites favour population-specific assortative mate choice behaviour. Previous studies have shown that female sticklebacks evaluate male MHC-associated olfactory cues during the process of mate choice, but how habitat-specific information is exchanged between males and females has remained elusive. Here, we directly demonstrate the molecular nature of the olfactory cue providing habitat-specific information. Under controlled laboratory conditions, females that are ready to mate prefer mixtures of synthetic MHC peptide ligands mimicking the optimal allele number of their original population. These results imply that female sticklebacks can determine the number of MHC alleles of their prospective mates, compare it to their own immunogenetic status, and, if optimal with respect to the immunogenetic complementarity, accept the male as mate. Our results suggest a potentially common mechanism of ecological speciation in vertebrates that is based on the olfactory assessment of habitat-specific immunogenetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph L. Gahr
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Milinski
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
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Hirakawa M, Nagakubo D, Kanzler B, Avilov S, Krauth B, Happe C, Swann JB, Nusser A, Boehm T. Fundamental parameters of the developing thymic epithelium in the mouse. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11095. [PMID: 30038304 PMCID: PMC6056470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The numbers of thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and thymocytes steadily increase during embryogenesis. To examine this dynamic, we generated several TEC-specific transgenic mouse lines, which express fluorescent proteins in the nucleus, the cytosol and in the membranes under the control of the Foxn1 promoter. These tools enabled us to determine TEC numbers in tissue sections by confocal fluorescent microscopy, and in the intact organ by light-sheet microscopy. Compared to histological procedures, flow cytometric analysis of thymic cellularity is shown to underestimate the numbers of TECs by one order of magnitude; using enzymatic digestion of thymic tissue, the loss of cortical TECs (cTECs) is several fold greater than that of medullary TECs (mTECs), although different cTEC subsets appear to be still present in the final preparation. Novel reporter lines driven by Psmb11 and Prss16 promoters revealed the trajectory of differentiation of cTEC-like cells, and, owing to the additional facility of conditional cell ablation, allowed us to follow the recovery of such cells after their depletion during embryogenesis. Multiparametric histological analyses indicate that the new transgenic reporter lines not only reveal the unique morphologies of different TEC subsets, but are also conducive to the analysis of the complex cellular interactions in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Hirakawa
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daisuke Nagakubo
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Health and Hygienic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 7-2-1 Kamiohno, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-8524, Japan
| | - Benoît Kanzler
- Transgenic Mouse Core Facility, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sergiy Avilov
- Imaging Facility, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Krauth
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Happe
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy B Swann
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Nusser
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.
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Tenno M, Kojo S, Lawir DF, Hess I, Shiroguchi K, Ebihara T, Endo TA, Muroi S, Satoh R, Kawamoto H, Boehm T, Taniuchi I. Cbfβ2 controls differentiation of and confers homing capacity to prethymic progenitors. J Exp Med 2018; 215:595-610. [PMID: 29343500 PMCID: PMC5789415 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenno et al. show that an evolutionarily conserved alternative splicing event in the Cbfb gene generates Cbfβ2, which forms a functionally distinct transcription factor complex underlying the differentiation of extrathymic T cell progenitors, including induction of the principal thymus-homing receptor, Ccr9. Multipotent hematopoietic progenitors must acquire thymus-homing capacity to initiate T lymphocyte development. Despite its importance, the transcriptional program underlying this process remains elusive. Cbfβ forms transcription factor complexes with Runx proteins, and here we show that Cbfβ2, encoded by an RNA splice variant of the Cbfb gene, is essential for extrathymic differentiation of T cell progenitors. Furthermore, Cbfβ2 endows extrathymic progenitors with thymus-homing capacity by inducing expression of the principal thymus-homing receptor, Ccr9. This occurs via direct binding of Cbfβ2 to cell type–specific enhancers, as is observed in Rorγt induction during differentiation of lymphoid tissue inducer cells by activation of an intronic enhancer. As in mice, an alternative splicing event in zebrafish generates a Cbfβ2-specific mRNA, important for ccr9 expression. Thus, despite phylogenetically and ontogenetically variable sites of origin of T cell progenitors, their robust thymus-homing capacity is ensured by an evolutionarily conserved mechanism emerging from functional diversification of Runx transcription factor complexes by acquisition of a novel splice variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Tenno
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kojo
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Divine-Fondzenyuy Lawir
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Hess
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katsuyuki Shiroguchi
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Laboratory for Integrative Omics, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Osaka, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ebihara
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takaho A Endo
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sawako Muroi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rumi Satoh
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Development, RIKEN Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawamoto
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Development, RIKEN Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Gludovacz E, Maresch D, Lopes de Carvalho L, Puxbaum V, Baier LJ, Sützl L, Guédez G, Grünwald-Gruber C, Ulm B, Pils S, Ristl R, Altmann F, Jilma B, Salminen TA, Borth N, Boehm T. Oligomannosidic glycans at Asn-110 are essential for secretion of human diamine oxidase. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1070-1087. [PMID: 29187599 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.814244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Glycosylation plays a fundamental role in many biological processes. Human diamine oxidase (hDAO), required for histamine catabolism, has multiple N-glycosylation sites, but their roles, for example in DAO secretion, are unclear. We recently reported that the N-glycosylation sites Asn-168, Asn-538, and Asn-745 in recombinant hDAO (rhDAO) carry complex-type glycans, whereas Asn-110 carries only mammalian-atypical oligomannosidic glycans. Here, we show that Asn-110 in native hDAO from amniotic fluid and Caco-2 cells, DAO from porcine kidneys, and rhDAO produced in two different HEK293 cell lines is also consistently occupied by oligomannosidic glycans. Glycans at Asn-168 were predominantly sialylated with bi- to tetra-antennary branches, and Asn-538 and Asn-745 had similar complex-type glycans with some tissue- and cell line-specific variations. The related copper-containing amine oxidase human vascular adhesion protein-1 also exclusively displayed high-mannose glycosylation at Asn-137. X-ray structures revealed that the residues adjacent to Asn-110 and Asn-137 form a highly conserved hydrophobic cleft interacting with the core trisaccharide. Asn-110 replacement with Gln completely abrogated rhDAO secretion and caused retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations of Asn-168, Asn-538, and Asn-745 reduced rhDAO secretion by 13, 71, and 32%, respectively. Asn-538/745 double and Asn-168/538/745 triple substitutions reduced rhDAO secretion by 85 and 94%. Because of their locations in the DAO structure, Asn-538 and Asn-745 glycosylations might be important for efficient DAO dimer formation. These functional results are reflected in the high evolutionary conservation of all four glycosylation sites. Human DAO is abundant only in the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, and placenta, and glycosylation seems essential for reaching high enzyme expression levels in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gludovacz
- From the Departments of Biotechnology.,the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and
| | | | - Leonor Lopes de Carvalho
- the Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Leander Sützl
- Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriela Guédez
- the Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Robin Ristl
- the Section for Medical Statistics (IMS), Center of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria, and
| | | | - Bernd Jilma
- the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and
| | - Tiina A Salminen
- the Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Iwanami N, Sikora K, Richter AS, Mönnich M, Guerri L, Soza-Ried C, Lawir DF, Mateos F, Hess I, O'Meara CP, Schorpp M, Boehm T. Forward Genetic Screens in Zebrafish Identify Pre-mRNA-Processing Pathways Regulating Early T Cell Development. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2259-2270. [PMID: 27880902 PMCID: PMC5149563 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes represent basic components of vertebrate adaptive immune systems, suggesting the utility of non-mammalian models to define the molecular basis of their development and differentiation. Our forward genetic screens in zebrafish for recessive mutations affecting early T cell development revealed several major genetic pathways. The identification of lineage-specific transcription factors and specific components of cytokine signaling and DNA replication and/or repair pathways known from studies of immunocompromised mammals provided an evolutionary cross-validation of the screen design. Unexpectedly, however, genes encoding proteins required for pre-mRNA processing were enriched in the collection of mutants identified here. In both zebrafish and mice, deficiency of the splice regulator TNPO3 impairs intrathymic T cell differentiation, illustrating the evolutionarily conserved and cell-type-specific functions of certain pre-mRNA-processing factors for T cell development. Forward genetic screens identify mutations affecting zebrafish T cell development Identification of il7r, jak3, and pole1 mutations validates specificity of screen design Mutations in pre-mRNA-processing factor genes reveal evolutionarily conserved pathway In zebrafish and mice, TNPO3 deficiency impairs T cell differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas S Richter
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maren Mönnich
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lucia Guerri
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cristian Soza-Ried
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Divine-Fondzenyuy Lawir
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fernando Mateos
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Hess
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Connor P O'Meara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Adaptive immunity in jawless fishes is based on antigen recognition by three types of variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) composed of variable leucine-rich repeats, which are differentially expressed by two T-like lymphocyte lineages and one B-like lymphocyte lineage. The T-like cells express either VLRAs or VLRCs of yet undefined antigen specificity, whereas the VLRB antibodies secreted by B-like cells bind proteinaceous and carbohydrate antigens. The incomplete VLR germline genes are assembled into functional units by a gene conversion-like mechanism that employs flanking variable leucine-rich repeat sequences as templates in association with lineage-specific expression of cytidine deaminases. B-like cells develop in the hematopoietic typhlosole and kidneys, whereas T-like cells develop in the thymoid, a thymus-equivalent region at the gill fold tips. Thus, the dichotomy between T-like and B-like cells and the presence of dedicated lymphopoietic tissues emerge as ancestral vertebrate features, whereas the somatic diversification of structurally distinct antigen receptor genes evolved independently in jawless and jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; , ,
| | - Masayuki Hirano
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA; , ,
| | - Stephen J Holland
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; , ,
| | - Sabyasachi Das
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA; , ,
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; , ,
| | - Max D Cooper
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA; , ,
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Woopen C, Straub T, Schweier O, Aichele U, Düker K, Boehm T, Pircher H. Immunological tolerance to LCMV antigens differently affects control of acute and chronic virus infection in mice. Eur J Immunol 2017; 48:120-127. [PMID: 28921501 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a key role in the control of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. In C57BL/6 mice (H-2b ), the CTL response is mainly directed against epitopes from the LCMV glycoprotein (GP) and the nucleoprotein (NP) which represent the two major viral proteins. The role of GP- versus NP-derived epitopes for viral clearance was examined using transgenic (tg) mice ubiquitously expressing LCMV GP and NP, respectively. These mice lack GP- or NP-specific CTLs and show decreased levels of GP- or NP-specific antibodies as a result of tolerance induction. During acute LCMV infection, CTLs specific for GP- and NP-derived epitopes are generated with similar frequencies. Nonetheless, we found that lack of GP- but not of NP-specific CTLs abolished control of acute LCMV infection. In contrast, after high-dose or chronic LCMV infection, virus elimination was delayed to a similar extent in GP- and NP-tg mice. Thus, immunological tolerance to LCMV antigens differently affects virus clearance in acute and chronic infection settings. In addition, our data reveal that immunodominance of H-2b -restricted LCMV-specific CTL epitopes and their antiviral activity do not strictly correlate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Woopen
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schweier
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Aichele
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Düker
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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