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Chen Y, Mehmood K, Chang YF, Tang Z, Li Y, Zhang H. The molecular mechanisms of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis regulating chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification. Life Sci 2023; 335:122243. [PMID: 37949211 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of chondrocyte differentiation and endochondral osteogenesis are major underlying factors in skeletal developmental disorders, including tibial dysplasia (TD), osteoarthritis (OA), chondrodysplasia (ACH), and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED). Understanding the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of these disorders is crucial for addressing orthopedic diseases resulting from impaired glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Glycosaminoglycan is a broad term that refers to the glycan component of proteoglycan macromolecules. It is an essential component of the cartilage extracellular matrix and plays a vital role in various biological processes, including gene transcription, signal transduction, and chondrocyte differentiation. Recent studies have demonstrated that glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis plays a regulatory role in chondrocyte differentiation and endochondral osteogenesis by modulating various growth factors and signaling molecules. For instance, glycosaminoglycan is involved in mediating pathways such as Wnt, TGF-β, FGF, Ihh-PTHrP, and O-GlcNAc glycosylation, interacting with transcription factors SOX9, BMPs, TGF-β, and Runx2 to regulate chondrocyte differentiation and endochondral osteogenesis. To propose innovative approaches for addressing orthopedic diseases caused by impaired glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, we conducted a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms underlying chondrocyte glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, which regulates chondrocyte differentiation and endochondral osteogenesis. Our analysis considers the role of genes, glycoproteins, and associated signaling pathways during chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Lu F, Ferriero DM, Jiang X. Cholesterol in Brain Development and Perinatal Brain Injury: More than a Building Block. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1400-1412. [PMID: 34766894 PMCID: PMC9881076 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211111122311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is enriched with important classes of lipids, in which cholesterol is known to make up a major portion of myelin sheaths, besides being a structural and functional unit of CNS cell membranes. Unlike in the adult brain, where the cholesterol pool is relatively stable, cholesterol is synthesized and accumulated at the highest rate in the developing brain to meet the needs of rapid brain growth at this stage, which is also a critical period for neuroplasticity. In addition to its biophysical role in membrane organization, cholesterol is crucial for brain development due to its involvement in brain patterning, myelination, neuronal differentiation, and synaptogenesis. Thus any injuries to the immature brain that affect cholesterol homeostasis may have long-term adverse neurological consequences. In this review, we describe the unique features of brain cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism, cholesterol trafficking between different cell types, and highlight cholesterol-dependent biological processes during brain maturation. We also discuss the association of impaired cholesterol homeostasis with several forms of perinatal brain disorders in term and preterm newborns, including hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Strategies targeting the cholesterol pathways may open new avenues for the diagnosis and treatment of developmental brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxin Lu
- Departments of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA;
| | - Donna M. Ferriero
- Departments of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; ,Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- Departments of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; ,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane Room 494, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Tel/Fax: 415-502-7285; E-mail:
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Methanol fixed feeder layers altered the pluripotency and metabolism of bovine pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9177. [PMID: 35654935 PMCID: PMC9163156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pluripotency maintenance of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) requires the suitable microenvironment, which commonly provided by feeder layers. However, the preparation of feeder layers is time consuming and labor exhaustive, and the feeder cells treated with mitomycin C or γ-ray irradiation bring heterologous contamination. In this study, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were treated by methanol to generate chemical fixed feeder cells, and bovine embryonic stem cells F7 (bESC-F7) cultured on this feeder layer. Then the pluripotency and metabolism of bESC-F7 cultured on methanol-fixed MEFs (MT-MEFs) named MT-F7 was compared with mitomycin C treated MEFs (MC-MEFs). The results showed that bESC-F7 formed alkaline phosphatase positive colonies on MT-MEFs, the relative expression of pluripotent markers of these cells was different from the bESCs cultured on the MC-MEFs (MC-F7). The long-term cultured MT-F7 formed embryoid bodies, showed the ability to differentiate into three germ layers similar to MC-F7. The analyses of RNA-seq data showed that MT-MEFs lead bESCs to novel steady expression patterns of genes regulating pluripotency and metabolism. Furthermore, the bovine expanded pluripotent stem cells (bEPSCs) cultured on MT-MEFs formed classical colonies, maintained pluripotency, and elevated metabolism. In conclusion, MT-MEFs were efficient feeder layer that maintain the distinctive pluripotency and metabolism of PSCs.
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Lasser M, Bolduc J, Murphy L, O'Brien C, Lee S, Girirajan S, Lowery LA. 16p12.1 Deletion Orthologs are Expressed in Motile Neural Crest Cells and are Important for Regulating Craniofacial Development in Xenopus laevis. Front Genet 2022; 13:833083. [PMID: 35401697 PMCID: PMC8987115 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.833083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) associated with neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by extensive phenotypic heterogeneity. In particular, one CNV was identified in a subset of children clinically diagnosed with intellectual disabilities (ID) that results in a hemizygous deletion of multiple genes at chromosome 16p12.1. In addition to ID, individuals with this deletion display a variety of symptoms including microcephaly, seizures, cardiac defects, and growth retardation. Moreover, patients also manifest severe craniofacial abnormalities, such as micrognathia, cartilage malformation of the ears and nose, and facial asymmetries; however, the function of the genes within the 16p12.1 region have not been studied in the context of vertebrate craniofacial development. The craniofacial tissues affected in patients with this deletion all derive from the same embryonic precursor, the cranial neural crest, leading to the hypothesis that one or more of the 16p12.1 genes may be involved in regulating neural crest cell (NCC)-related processes. To examine this, we characterized the developmental role of the 16p12.1-affected gene orthologs, polr3e, mosmo, uqcrc2, and cdr2, during craniofacial morphogenesis in the vertebrate model system, Xenopus laevis. While the currently-known cellular functions of these genes are diverse, we find that they share similar expression patterns along the neural tube, pharyngeal arches, and later craniofacial structures. As these genes show co-expression in the pharyngeal arches where NCCs reside, we sought to elucidate the effect of individual gene depletion on craniofacial development and NCC migration. We find that reduction of several 16p12.1 genes significantly disrupts craniofacial and cartilage formation, pharyngeal arch migration, as well as NCC specification and motility. Thus, we have determined that some of these genes play an essential role during vertebrate craniofacial patterning by regulating specific processes during NCC development, which may be an underlying mechanism contributing to the craniofacial defects associated with the 16p12.1 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Lasser
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Jessica Bolduc
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Luke Murphy
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Caroline O'Brien
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Sangmook Lee
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Alfred B. Nobel Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Laura Anne Lowery,
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Chen H, Cui Y, Zhang D, Xie J, Zhou X. The role of fibroblast growth factor 8 in cartilage development and disease. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:990-999. [PMID: 35001536 PMCID: PMC8831980 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF‐8), also known as androgen‐induced growth factor (AIGF), is presumed to be a potent mitogenic cytokine that plays important roles in early embryonic development, brain formation and limb development. In the bone environment, FGF‐8 produced or received by chondrocyte precursor cells binds to fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), causing different levels of activation of downstream signalling pathways, such as phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ)/Ca2+, RAS/mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐extracellular regulated protein kinases (RAS/MAPK‐MEK‐ERK), and Wnt‐β‐catenin‐Axin2 signalling, and ultimately controlling chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, cell survival and migration. However, the molecular mechanism of FGF‐8 in normal or pathological cartilage remains unclear, and thus, FGF‐8 represents a novel exploratory target for studies of chondrocyte development and cartilage disease progression. In this review, studies assessing the relationship between FGF‐8 and chondrocytes that have been published in the past 5 years are systematically summarized to determine the probable mechanism and physiological effect of FGF‐8 on chondrocytes. Based on the existing research results, a therapeutic regimen targeting FGF‐8 is proposed to explore the possibility of treating chondrocyte‐related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Höving AL, Windmöller BA, Knabbe C, Kaltschmidt B, Kaltschmidt C, Greiner JFW. Between Fate Choice and Self-Renewal-Heterogeneity of Adult Neural Crest-Derived Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662754. [PMID: 33898464 PMCID: PMC8060484 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells of the neural crest (NC) vitally participate to embryonic development, but also remain in distinct niches as quiescent neural crest-derived stem cell (NCSC) pools into adulthood. Although NCSC-populations share a high capacity for self-renewal and differentiation resulting in promising preclinical applications within the last two decades, inter- and intrapopulational differences exist in terms of their expression signatures and regenerative capability. Differentiation and self-renewal of stem cells in developmental and regenerative contexts are partially regulated by the niche or culture condition and further influenced by single cell decision processes, making cell-to-cell variation and heterogeneity critical for understanding adult stem cell populations. The present review summarizes current knowledge of the cellular heterogeneity within NCSC-populations located in distinct craniofacial and trunk niches including the nasal cavity, olfactory bulb, oral tissues or skin. We shed light on the impact of intrapopulational heterogeneity on fate specifications and plasticity of NCSCs in their niches in vivo as well as during in vitro culture. We further discuss underlying molecular regulators determining fate specifications of NCSCs, suggesting a regulatory network including NF-κB and NC-related transcription factors like SLUG and SOX9 accompanied by Wnt- and MAPK-signaling to orchestrate NCSC stemness and differentiation. In summary, adult NCSCs show a broad heterogeneity on the level of the donor and the donors' sex, the cell population and the single stem cell directly impacting their differentiation capability and fate choices in vivo and in vitro. The findings discussed here emphasize heterogeneity of NCSCs as a crucial parameter for understanding their role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration and for improving their applicability in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Höving
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute for Laboratory- and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Ruhr University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Beatrice A. Windmöller
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institute for Laboratory- and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Ruhr University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
- Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Johannes F. W. Greiner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
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Etchevers HC, Dupin E, Le Douarin NM. The diverse neural crest: from embryology to human pathology. Development 2019; 146:146/5/dev169821. [PMID: 30858200 DOI: 10.1242/dev.169821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We review here some of the historical highlights in exploratory studies of the vertebrate embryonic structure known as the neural crest. The study of the molecular properties of the cells that it produces, their migratory capacities and plasticity, and the still-growing list of tissues that depend on their presence for form and function, continue to enrich our understanding of congenital malformations, paediatric cancers and evolutionary biology. Developmental biology has been key to our understanding of the neural crest, starting with the early days of experimental embryology and through to today, when increasingly powerful technologies contribute to further insight into this fascinating vertebrate cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Etchevers
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, MMG, U1251, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Dupin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Nicole M Le Douarin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
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