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Jiang J, Gao S, Zhao Z, Chen Z, Zhang F, Li L, Jiang P, Guan X, Li P, Pan Y, Zhou Z. A novel short-type peptidoglycan recognition protein with unique polysaccharide recognition specificity in sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109263. [PMID: 38040134 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are the first line of immune defense in invertebrates against pathogen infection; they recognize pathogens and transmit signals to downstream immune pathways. Among these, peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are an important family in invertebrates that generally comprise of complicated isoforms. A comprehensive understanding of PGRPs in evolutionarily and economically important marine invertebrates, such as the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, is crucial. Previous studies have identified two PGRPs in sea cucumber, AjPGRP-S and AjPGRP-S1, and another novel short-type PGRP, AjPGRP-S3, was additionally identified here. The full-length cDNA sequence of AjPGRP-S3 was obtained here by PCR-RACE, followed by which showed its gene expression analyses by in situ hybridization that showed it to be relatively highly expressed in coelomocytes and tube feet. Based on an analysis of the recombinant protein, rAjPGRP-S3, a board-spectrum pathogen recognition ability was noted that covered diverse Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, and fungi. Moreover, according to the results of yeast two-hybridization, it was suggested that rAJPGRP-S3 interacted with multiple immune-related factors, including proteins involved in the complement system, extracellular matrix, vesicle trafficking, and antioxidant system. These findings prove the important functions of AjPGRP-S3 in the transduction of pathogen signals to downstream immune effectors and help explore the functional differences in the AjPGRP isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zelong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Pingzhe Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Peipei Li
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yongjia Pan
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zunchun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China.
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Xiong X, Cao Y, Li Z, Huang R, Du X, Zheng Z. Ecdysone signal pathway participates in shell formation in pearl oysters Pinctada fucata martensii. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 217:106045. [PMID: 34915168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ecdysone exists in arthropods, Mollusca and other invertebrates and plays vital roles in exoskeleton formation of Ecdysozoa. However, little is known about its functions in bivalve species. Herein, we identified ecdysone from the serum of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii and obtained the coding sequence of ecdysone receptor (PmEcR) and homologue of its heterodimer protein retinoid X receptor (PmRXR). The deduced amino acid sequences of PmEcR and PmRXR contained a DNA-binding and ligand-binding domain and were very similar to the orthologs of other species. Moreover, PmEcR and PmRXR were located in the nuclei and cytoplasm of HEK-293T cells. PmEcR and PmRXR were highly expressed in early embryos and biomineralized mantle tissue. Moreover, the serum concentration of ecdysone significantly increased at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h post-shell notching. The expression of PmEcR in the mantle tissue was significantly induced at the corresponding time points, while that of PmRXR was significantly induced at 6 h. Ecdysone stimulation remarkably induced the expression of growth factors (BMP2 and BMP7), transcription factors (PmRunt and AP-1), and shell matrix protein genes (chitinase, lysine-rich matrix protein (KRMP), TYR2, and PmCOLVI), which indicated that ecdysone signaling plays important roles in shell repair. However, yeast two-hybrid assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation showed that PmEcR and PmRXR did not form dimers, suggesting the different molecular interactions of EcR in bivalves. These findings provide insights into the function of ecdysone and its regulation pathway in bivalve species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Xiong
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yanfei Cao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Ronglian Huang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Du
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China.
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Blastocoel morphogenesis: A biophysics perspective. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 130:12-23. [PMID: 34756494 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The blastocoel is a fluid-filled cavity characteristic of animal embryos at the blastula stage. Its emergence is commonly described as the result of cleavage patterning, but this historical view conceals a large diversity of mechanisms and overlooks many unsolved questions from a biophysics perspective. In this review, we describe generic mechanisms for blastocoel morphogenesis, rooted in biological literature and simple physical principles. We propose novel directions of study and emphasize the importance to study blastocoel morphogenesis as an evolutionary and physical continuum.
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Le Verge-Serandour M, Turlier H. A hydro-osmotic coarsening theory of biological cavity formation. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009333. [PMID: 34478457 PMCID: PMC8445475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid-filled biological cavities are ubiquitous, but their collective dynamics has remained largely unexplored from a physical perspective. Based on experimental observations in early embryos, we propose a model where a cavity forms through the coarsening of myriad of pressurized micrometric lumens, that interact by ion and fluid exchanges through the intercellular space. Performing extensive numerical simulations, we find that hydraulic fluxes lead to a self-similar coarsening of lumens in time, characterized by a robust dynamic scaling exponent. The collective dynamics is primarily controlled by hydraulic fluxes, which stem from lumen pressures differences and are dampened by water permeation through the membrane. Passive osmotic heterogeneities play, on the contrary, a minor role on cavity formation but active ion pumping can largely modify the coarsening dynamics: it prevents the lumen network from a collective collapse and gives rise to a novel coalescence-dominated regime exhibiting a distinct scaling law. Interestingly, we prove numerically that spatially biasing ion pumping may be sufficient to position the cavity, suggesting a novel mode of symmetry breaking to control tissue patterning. Providing generic testable predictions, our model forms a comprehensive theoretical basis for hydro-osmotic interaction between biological cavities, that shall find wide applications in embryo and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Le Verge-Serandour
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Turlier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Paris, France
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Giammona J, Campàs O. Physical constraints on early blastomere packings. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1007994. [PMID: 33497383 PMCID: PMC7864451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
At very early embryonic stages, when embryos are composed of just a few cells, establishing the correct packing arrangements (contacts) between cells is essential for the proper development of the organism. As early as the 4-cell stage, the observed cellular packings in different species are distinct and, in many cases, differ from the equilibrium packings expected for simple adherent and deformable particles. It is unclear what are the specific roles that different physical parameters, such as the forces between blastomeres, their division times, orientation of cell division and embryonic confinement, play in the control of these packing configurations. Here we simulate the non-equilibrium dynamics of cells in early embryos and systematically study how these different parameters affect embryonic packings at the 4-cell stage. In the absence of embryo confinement, we find that cellular packings are not robust, with multiple packing configurations simultaneously possible and very sensitive to parameter changes. Our results indicate that the geometry of the embryo confinement determines the packing configurations at the 4-cell stage, removing degeneracy in the possible packing configurations and overriding division rules in most cases. Overall, these results indicate that physical confinement of the embryo is essential to robustly specify proper cellular arrangements at very early developmental stages. At the initial stages of embryogenesis, the precise arrangement of cells in the embryo is critical to ensure that each cell gets the right chemical and physical signals to guide the formation of the organism. Even when the embryo is made of only four cells, different species feature varying cellular arrangements: cells in mouse embryos arrange as a tetrahedron, in the nematode worm C. elegans cells make a diamond and in sea urchins cells arrange in a square configuration. How do cells in embryos of different species control their arrangements? Using computer simulations, we studied how cell divisions, physical contacts between cells and the confinement of the embryo by an eggshell affect the arrangements of cells when the embryos have only 4 cells. We find that the shape of the confining eggshell plays a key role in controlling the cell arrangements, removing unwanted arrangements and robustly specifying the proper contacts between cells. Our results highlight the important roles of embryonic confinement in establishing the proper cell-cell contacts as the embryo starts to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Giammona
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Otger Campàs
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
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