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Sima N, Dujeancourt-Henry A, Perlaza BL, Ungeheuer MN, Rotureau B, Glover L. SHERLOCK4HAT: A CRISPR-based tool kit for diagnosis of Human African Trypanosomiasis. EBioMedicine 2022; 85:104308. [PMCID: PMC9626900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To achieve elimination of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (gHAT), the development of highly sensitive diagnostics is needed. We have developed a CRISPR based diagnostic for HAT using SHERLOCK (Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter unLOCKing) that is readily adaptable to a field-based setting. Methods We adapted SHERLOCK for the detection of T. brucei species. We targeted 7SLRNA, TgSGP and SRA genes and tested SHERLOCK against RNA from blood, buffy coat, dried blood spots (DBS), and clinical samples. Findings The pan-Trypanozoon 7SLRNA and T. b. gambiense-specific TgSGP SHERLOCK assays had a sensitivity of 0.1 parasite/μL and a limit of detection 100 molecules/μL. T. b. rhodesiense-specific SRA had a sensitivity of 0.1 parasite/μL and a limit of detection of 10 molecules/μL. TgSGP SHERLOCK and SRA SHERLOCK detected 100% of the field isolated strains. Using clinical specimens from the WHO HAT cryobank, the 7SLRNA SHERLOCK detected trypanosomes in gHAT samples with 56.1%, 95% CI [46.25–65.53] sensitivity and 98.4%, 95% CI [91.41–99.92] specificity, and rHAT samples with 100%, 95% CI [83.18–100] sensitivity and 94.1%, 95% CI [80.91–98.95] specificity. The species-specific TgSGP and SRA SHERLOCK discriminated between the gambiense/rhodesiense HAT infections with 100% accuracy. Interpretation The 7SLRNA, TgSGP and SRA SHERLOCK discriminate between gHAT and rHAT infections, and could be used for epidemiological surveillance and diagnosis of HAT in the field after further technical development. Funding Institut Pasteur (PTR-175 SHERLOCK4HAT), French Government's Investissement d’Avenir program Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (LabEx IBEID), and Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR-PRC 2021 SherPa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Sima
- Trypanosome Molecular Biology, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015, Paris, France,Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201 & Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Annick Dujeancourt-Henry
- Trypanosome Molecular Biology, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Blanca Liliana Perlaza
- Institut Pasteur, ICAReB Platform (Clinical Investigation & Access to Research Bioresources) of the Center for Translational Science, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noelle Ungeheuer
- Institut Pasteur, ICAReB Platform (Clinical Investigation & Access to Research Bioresources) of the Center for Translational Science, Paris, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201 & Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France,Parasitology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Guinea, Conakry, Guinea,Corresponding author.
| | - Lucy Glover
- Trypanosome Molecular Biology, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015, Paris, France,Corresponding author.
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Radwanska M, Vereecke N, Deleeuw V, Pinto J, Magez S. Salivarian Trypanosomosis: A Review of Parasites Involved, Their Global Distribution and Their Interaction With the Innate and Adaptive Mammalian Host Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2253. [PMID: 30333827 PMCID: PMC6175991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivarian trypanosomes are single cell extracellular parasites that cause infections in a wide range of hosts. Most pathogenic infections worldwide are caused by one of four major species of trypanosomes including (i) Trypanosoma brucei and the human infective subspecies T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, (ii) Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum, (iii) Trypanosoma congolense and (iv) Trypanosoma vivax. Infections with these parasites are marked by excessive immune dysfunction and immunopathology, both related to prolonged inflammatory host immune responses. Here we review the classification and global distribution of these parasites, highlight the adaptation of human infective trypanosomes that allow them to survive innate defense molecules unique to man, gorilla, and baboon serum and refer to the discovery of sexual reproduction of trypanosomes in the tsetse vector. With respect to the immunology of mammalian host-parasite interactions, the review highlights recent findings with respect to the B cell destruction capacity of trypanosomes and the role of T cells in the governance of infection control. Understanding infection-associated dysfunction and regulation of both these immune compartments is crucial to explain the continued failures of anti-trypanosome vaccine developments as well as the lack of any field-applicable vaccine based anti-trypanosomosis intervention strategy. Finally, the link between infection-associated inflammation and trypanosomosis induced anemia is covered in the context of both livestock and human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violette Deleeuw
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joar Pinto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Graf FE, Ludin P, Arquint C, Schmidt RS, Schaub N, Kunz Renggli C, Munday JC, Krezdorn J, Baker N, Horn D, Balmer O, Caccone A, de Koning HP, Mäser P. Comparative genomics of drug resistance in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3387-400. [PMID: 26973180 PMCID: PMC4967103 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is one of the causative agents of human sleeping sickness, a fatal disease that is transmitted by tsetse flies and restricted to Sub-Saharan Africa. Here we investigate two independent lines of T. b. rhodesiense that have been selected with the drugs melarsoprol and pentamidine over the course of 2 years, until they exhibited stable cross-resistance to an unprecedented degree. We apply comparative genomics and transcriptomics to identify the underlying mutations. Only few mutations have become fixed during selection. Three genes were affected by mutations in both lines: the aminopurine transporter AT1, the aquaporin AQP2, and the RNA-binding protein UBP1. The melarsoprol-selected line carried a large deletion including the adenosine transporter gene AT1, whereas the pentamidine-selected line carried a heterozygous point mutation in AT1, G430R, which rendered the transporter non-functional. Both resistant lines had lost AQP2, and both lines carried the same point mutation, R131L, in the RNA-binding motif of UBP1. The finding that concomitant deletion of the known resistance genes AT1 and AQP2 in T. b. brucei failed to phenocopy the high levels of resistance of the T. b. rhodesiense mutants indicated a possible role of UBP1 in melarsoprol-pentamidine cross-resistance. However, homozygous in situ expression of UBP1-Leu(131) in T. b. brucei did not affect the sensitivity to melarsoprol or pentamidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice E Graf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4000, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Ludin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4000, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Arquint
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4000, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Remo S Schmidt
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4000, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Schaub
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4000, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Kunz Renggli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4000, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jane C Munday
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jessica Krezdorn
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Nicola Baker
- Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- The University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NZ, UK
| | - David Horn
- Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Oliver Balmer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4000, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, 4000, Basel, Switzerland.
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Pays E, Vanhollebeke B, Uzureau P, Lecordier L, Pérez-Morga D. The molecular arms race between African trypanosomes and humans. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:575-84. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lai DH, Wang QP, Li Z, Luckins AG, Reid SA, Lun ZR. Investigations into human serum sensitivity expressed by stocks of Trypanosoma brucei evansi. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:705-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Immunobiology of African trypanosomes: need of alternative interventions. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:389153. [PMID: 20182644 PMCID: PMC2826769 DOI: 10.1155/2010/389153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis is one of the major parasitic diseases for which control is still far from reality. The vaccination approaches by using dominant surface proteins have not been successful, mainly due to antigenic variation of the parasite surface coat. On the other hand, the chemotherapeutic drugs in current use for the treatment of this disease are toxic and problems of resistance are increasing (see Kennedy (2004) and Legros et al. (2002)). Therefore, alternative approaches in both treatment and vaccination against trypanosomiasis are needed at this time. To be able to design and develop such alternatives, the biology of this parasite and the host response against the pathogen need to be studied. These two aspects of this disease with few examples of alternative approaches are discussed here.
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Fly transmission and mating of Trypanosoma brucei brucei strain 427. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008; 160:100-6. [PMID: 18524395 PMCID: PMC2442871 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Like yeast, Trypanosoma brucei is a model organism and has a published genome sequence. Although T. b. brucei strain 427 is used for studies of trypanosome molecular biology, particularly antigenic variation, in many labs worldwide, this strain was not selected for the genome sequencing project as it is monomorphic and unable to complete development in the insect vector. Instead, the fly transmissible, mating competent strain TREU 927 was used for the genome project, but is not as easily grown or genetically manipulable as strain 427; furthermore, recent findings have spread concern on the potential human infectivity of TREU 927. Here we show that a 40-year-old cryopreserved line of strain 427, Variant 3, is fly transmissible and also able to undergo genetic exchange with another strain of T. b. brucei. Comparison of Variant 3 with lab isolates of 427 shows that all have variant surface glycoprotein genes 117, 121 and 221, and identical alleles for 3 microsatellite loci. Therefore, despite some differences in molecular karyotype, there is no doubt that Variant 3 is an ancestral line of present day 427 lab isolates. Since Variant 3 grows fast both as bloodstream forms and procyclics and is readily genetically manipulable, it may prove useful where a fly transmissible version of 427 is required.
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Faulkner SD, Oli MW, Kieft R, Cotlin L, Widener J, Shiflett A, Cipriano MJ, Pacocha SE, Birkeland SR, Hajduk SL, McArthur AG. In vitro generation of human high-density-lipoprotein-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 5:1276-86. [PMID: 16896212 PMCID: PMC1539141 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00116-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The host range of African trypanosomes is influenced by innate protective molecules in the blood of primates. A subfraction of human high-density lipoprotein (HDL) containing apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein L-I, and haptoglobin-related protein is toxic to Trypanosoma brucei brucei but not the human sleeping sickness parasite Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. It is thought that T. b. rhodesiense evolved from a T. b. brucei-like ancestor and expresses a defense protein that ablates the antitrypanosomal activity of human HDL. To directly investigate this possibility, we developed an in vitro selection to generate human HDL-resistant T. b. brucei. Here we show that conversion of T. b. brucei from human HDL sensitive to resistant correlates with changes in the expression of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) and abolished uptake of the cytotoxic human HDLs. Complete transcriptome analysis of the HDL-susceptible and -resistant trypanosomes confirmed that VSG switching had occurred but failed to reveal the expression of other genes specifically associated with human HDL resistance, including the serum resistance-associated gene (SRA) of T. b. rhodesiense. In addition, we found that while the original active expression site was still utilized, expression of three expression site-associated genes (ESAG) was altered in the HDL-resistant trypanosomes. These findings demonstrate that resistance to human HDLs can be acquired by T. b. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara D Faulkner
- Josephine Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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10
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Kramer S, Klöckner T, Selmayr M, Boshart M. Interstrain sequence comparison, transcript map and clonal genomic rearrangement of a 28 kb locus on chromosome 9 of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 151:129-32. [PMID: 17112605 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kramer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Biology, Section Genetics, Maria-Ward-Str. 1a, D-80638 München, Germany
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11
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Pays E, Vanhollebeke B, Vanhamme L, Paturiaux-Hanocq F, Nolan DP, Pérez-Morga D. The trypanolytic factor of human serum. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006; 4:477-86. [PMID: 16710327 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
African trypanosomes (the prototype of which is Trypanosoma brucei brucei) are protozoan parasites that infect a wide range of mammals. Human blood, unlike the blood of other mammals, has efficient trypanolytic activity, and this needs to be counteracted by these parasites. Resistance to this activity has arisen in two subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei - Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense - allowing these parasites to infect humans, and this results in sleeping sickness in East Africa and West Africa, respectively. Study of the mechanism by which T. b. rhodesiense escapes lysis by human serum led to the identification of an ionic-pore-forming apolipoprotein - known as apolipoprotein L1 - that is associated with high-density-lipoprotein particles in human blood. In this Opinion article, we argue that apolipoprotein L1 is the factor that is responsible for the trypanolytic activity of human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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12
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Pays E. The variant surface glycoprotein as a tool for adaptation in African trypanosomes. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:930-7. [PMID: 16480910 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomes (prototype: Trypanosoma brucei) are flagellated protozoan parasites that infect a wide variety of mammals, causing nagana in cattle and sleeping sickness in humans. These organisms can cause prolonged chronic infections due to their ability to successively expose different antigenic variants of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). The genomic loci where the VSG genes are expressed are telomeric and contain polycistronic transcription units with several genes that are involved in adaptation of the parasite to the host. At least three of these genes, which respectively encode the two subunits of the heterodimeric receptor for transferrin and a protein conferring resistance to the human trypanolytic factor apolipoprotein L-I, share the same origin as the VSG. The high recombination potential of the telomeric VSG expression sites, coupled to their dynamic mono-allelic expression control, provides trypanosomes with a powerful capacity for adaptation to their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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Alibu VP, Storm L, Haile S, Clayton C, Horn D. A doubly inducible system for RNA interference and rapid RNAi plasmid construction in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 139:75-82. [PMID: 15610821 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Revised: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The most rapid method for the generation of conditional mutants in Trypanosoma brucei is the use of RNA interference. A single copy of the target sequence is cloned between two opposing T7 promoters bearing tet operators, and the resulting plasmid is integrated into the genome of cells expressing both the tet repressor and T7 RNA polymerase. Upon addition of tetracycline, double-stranded RNA is synthesised from the two T7 promoters. Unfortunately, repression of T7 promoter activity may sometimes be insufficient to prevent expression of toxic amounts of double-stranded RNA. We describe here cell lines in which the expression of T7 polymerase is under tetracycline control, and show that regulation of polymerase expression can modulate transcription from a constitutive T7 promoter. In addition we describe a construct containing two copies of the tn10 Tet repressor for easy creation of repressor-expressing trypanosomes, and an RNA interference vector which allows "TA" cloning of unmodified PCR products and blue/white selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P Alibu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, ZMBH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Gibson WC. TheSRAgene: the key to understanding the nature ofTrypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Parasitology 2005; 131:143-50. [PMID: 16145931 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005007560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W C Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 I UG, UK.
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15
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Brems S, Guilbride DL, Gundlesdodjir-Planck D, Busold C, Luu VD, Schanne M, Hoheisel J, Clayton C. The transcriptomes of Trypanosoma brucei Lister 427 and TREU927 bloodstream and procyclic trypomastigotes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 139:163-72. [PMID: 15664651 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe developmentally regulated genes in two strains of Trypanosoma brucei: the monomorphic strain Lister 427 and the pleomorphic strain TREU927. Expression patterns were obtained using an array of 24,567 genomic fragments. Probes were prepared from bloodstream-form or procyclic-form trypanosomes. Fourteen procyclic-specific and 77 bloodstream-specific signals were obtained from sequences matching variant surface glycoprotein or associated genes, and a further 17 regulated sequences were repetitive or transposable-element-related. Two hundred and eighty-six regulated spots corresponded to mRNAs from other protein-coding genes; these spots represent 191 different proteins. Regulation of 113 different genes (79 from procyclic forms, 34 from bloodstream-forms) was supported by at least two independent experiments or criteria; of these, about 60 were novel. Only two genes -- encoding HSP83 and an importin-related protein -- appeared to be regulated in the TREU927 strain only. Our results confirmed previous estimates that 2% of trypanosome genes show developmental regulation at the mRNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brems
- DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Vanhamme L, Pays E. The trypanosome lytic factor of human serum and the molecular basis of sleeping sickness. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:887-98. [PMID: 15217727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei brucei infects a wide range of mammals but is unable to infect humans because this subspecies is lysed by normal human serum (NHS). The trypanosome lytic factor is associated with High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs). Several HDL-associated components have been proposed as candidate lytic factors, and contradictory hypotheses concerning the mechanism of lysis have been suggested. Elucidation of the process by which Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense resists lysis and causes human sleeping sickness has indicated that the HDL-bound apolipoprotein L-I (apoL-I) could be the long-sought after lytic component of NHS. This research also allowed the identification of a specific diagnostic DNA probe for T. b. rhodesiense, and may lead to the development of novel anti-trypanosome strategies for use in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Vanhamme
- Department of Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, University of Brussels, 12, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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