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Wang J, Yang J, Gao S, Wang X, Sun H, Lv Z, Li Y, Liu A, Liu J, Luo J, Guan G, Yin H. Genetic Diversity of Babesia bovis MSA-1, MSA-2b and MSA-2c in China. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060473. [PMID: 32549363 PMCID: PMC7350327 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Babesia bovis is a tick-borne intracellular hemoprotozoan parasite that is widespread across China. Genetic diversity is an important strategy used by parasites to escape the immune responses of their hosts. In our present study, 575 blood samples, collected from cattle in 10 provinces, were initially screened using a nested PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for detection of B. bovis infection. To perform genetic diversity analyses, positive samples were further amplified to obtain sequences of three B. bovis merozoite surface antigen genes (MSA-1, MSA-2b, MSA-2c). The results of the nested PCR approach showed that an average of 8.9% (51/575) of cattle were positive for B. bovis infection. Phylogenetic analyses of the predicted amino acid sequences revealed that unique antigen variants were formed only by Chinese isolates. Our findings provide vital information for understanding the genetic diversity of B. bovis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (S.G.); (X.W.); (H.S.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (S.G.); (X.W.); (H.S.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (S.G.); (X.W.); (H.S.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (S.G.); (X.W.); (H.S.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (S.G.); (X.W.); (H.S.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Zhaoyong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (S.G.); (X.W.); (H.S.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (S.G.); (X.W.); (H.S.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Aihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (S.G.); (X.W.); (H.S.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (S.G.); (X.W.); (H.S.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (S.G.); (X.W.); (H.S.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (S.G.); (X.W.); (H.S.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (S.G.); (X.W.); (H.S.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (H.Y.)
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Mira A, Unlu AH, Bilgic HB, Bakirci S, Hacilarlioglu S, Karagenc T, Carletti T, Weir W, Shiels B, Shkap V, Aktas M, Florin-Christensen M, Schnittger L. High genetic diversity and differentiation of the Babesia ovis population in Turkey. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67 Suppl 2:26-35. [PMID: 31231917 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Babesia ovis is a tick-transmitted protozoan haemoparasite causing ovine babesiosis in sheep and goats leading to considerable economic loss in Turkey and neighbouring countries. There are no vaccines available, therapeutic drugs leave toxic residues in meat and milk, and tick vector control entails environmental risks. A panel of eight mini- and micro-satellite marker loci was developed and applied to study genetic diversity and substructuring of B. ovis from western, central and eastern Turkey. A high genetic diversity (He = 0.799) was found for the sample of overall B. ovis population (n = 107) analyzed. Principle component analysis (PCoA) revealed the existence of three parasite subpopulations: (a) a small subpopulation of isolates from Aydin, western Turkey; (b) a second cluster predominantly generated by isolates from western Turkey; and (c) a third cluster predominantly formed by isolates from central and eastern Turkey. Two B. ovis isolates from Israel included in the analysis clustered with isolates from central and eastern Turkey. This finding strongly suggests substructuring of a major Turkish population into western versus central-eastern subpopulations, while the additional smaller B. ovis population found in Aydin could have been introduced, more recently, to Turkey. STRUCTURE analysis suggests a limited exchange of parasite strains between the western and the central-eastern regions and vice versa, possibly due to limited trading of sheep. Importantly, evidence for recombinant genotypes was obtained in regionally interchanged parasite isolates. Important climatic differences between the western and the central/eastern region, with average yearly temperatures of 21°C versus 15°C, correspond with the identified geographical substructuring. We hypothesize that the different climatic conditions may result in variation in the activity of subpopulations of Rhipicephalus spp. tick vectors, which, in turn, could selectively maintain and transmit different parasite populations. These findings may have important implications for vaccine development and the spread of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Mira
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Hurlingham, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ahmet Hakan Unlu
- Vocational School of Gevas, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Bilgin Bilgic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Serkan Bakirci
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Selin Hacilarlioglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Tulin Karagenc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Tamara Carletti
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - William Weir
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian Shiels
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Varda Shkap
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Munir Aktas
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Monica Florin-Christensen
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Hurlingham, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonhard Schnittger
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Hurlingham, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Yokoyama N, Sivakumar T, Tuvshintulga B, Hayashida K, Igarashi I, Inoue N, Long PT, Lan DTB. Genetic variations in merozoite surface antigen genes of Babesia bovis detected in Vietnamese cattle and water buffaloes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 30:288-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Molad T, Fleiderovitz L, Leibovitz B, Wolkomirsky R, Behar A, Markovics A. Differentiation between Israeli B. bovis vaccine strain and field isolates. Vet Parasitol 2015; 208:159-68. [PMID: 25636460 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrated for the first time the ability to distinguish between the Israeli Babesia bovis vaccine strain and field isolates. The existence of an additional EcoRI restriction site in the rhoptry-associated protein-1 (rap-1) gene, which is unique to the Israeli vaccine strain, and the abolition of one of the HaeIII restriction sites in the rap-1 gene of the vaccine strain enabled distinction between the Israeli B. bovis vaccine strain and field isolates, and this was the basis for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) development. ClustalW sequence alignment of RAP-1-deduced amino acids of the Israeli B. bovis strains and of field isolates showed that the total sequence identity among the RAP-1 amino acid sequences ranged from 97.5% to 100%. However, comparison between amino acids of RAP-1 of the Israeli vaccine strain and of field isolates, on the one hand, and B. bovis strains from Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, and USA, on the other hand, revealed 90% identity. The PCR-RFLP assay offered the great advantage of being able to distinguish between vaccine and field isolates in mixtures and provide new insight into the molecular epidemiology of B. bovis infections in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Molad
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - L Fleiderovitz
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - B Leibovitz
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - R Wolkomirsky
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - A Behar
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - A Markovics
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Abstract
A key part of the life cycle of an organism is reproduction. For a number of important protist parasites that cause human and animal disease, their sexuality has been a topic of debate for many years. Traditionally, protists were considered to be primitive relatives of the ‘higher’ eukaryotes, which may have diverged prior to the evolution of sex and to reproduce by binary fission. More recent views of eukaryotic evolution suggest that sex, and meiosis, evolved early, possibly in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes. However, detecting sex in these parasites is not straightforward. Recent advances, particularly in genome sequencing technology, have allowed new insights into parasite reproduction. Here, we review the evidence on reproduction in parasitic protists. We discuss protist reproduction in the light of parasitic life cycles and routes of transmission among hosts.
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Goethert HK, Telford SR. Not "out of Nantucket": Babesia microti in southern New England comprises at least two major populations. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:546. [PMID: 25492628 PMCID: PMC4272771 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deer tick-transmitted human babesiosis due to Babesia microti appears to be expanding its distribution and prevalence in the northeastern United States. One hypothesis for this emergence is the introduction of parasites into new sites from areas of long-standing transmission, such as Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. METHODS We developed a typing system based on variable number tandem repeat loci that distinguished individual B. microti genotypes. We thereby analyzed the population structure of parasites from 11 sites, representing long-standing and newly emerging transmission in southern New England (northeastern United States), and compared their haplotypes and allele frequencies to determine the most probable number of B. microti populations represented by our enzootic collections. We expected to find evidence for a point source introduction across southern New England, with all parasites clearly derived from Nantucket, the site with the most intense longstanding transmission. RESULTS B. microti in southern New England comprises at least two major populations, arguing against a single source. The Nantucket group comprises Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and nearby Cape Cod. The Connecticut/Rhode Island (CT/RI) group consists of all the samples from those states along with samples from emerging sites in Massachusetts. CONCLUSIONS The expansion of B. microti in the southern New England mainland is not due to parasites from the nearby terminal moraine islands (Nantucket group), but rather from the CT/RI group. The development of new B. microti foci is likely due to a mix of local intensification of transmission within relict foci across southern New England as well as long distance introduction events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi K Goethert
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, 01536, North Grafton, MA, USA.
| | - Sam R Telford
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, 01536, North Grafton, MA, USA.
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Florin-Christensen M, Suarez CE, Rodriguez AE, Flores DA, Schnittger L. Vaccines against bovine babesiosis: where we are now and possible roads ahead. Parasitology 2014; 141:1-30. [PMID: 25068315 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Bovine babesiosis caused by the tick-transmitted haemoprotozoans Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Babesia divergens commonly results in substantial cattle morbidity and mortality in vast world areas. Although existing live vaccines confer protection, they have considerable disadvantages. Therefore, particularly in countries where large numbers of cattle are at risk, important research is directed towards improved vaccination strategies. Here a comprehensive overview of currently used live vaccines and of the status quo of experimental vaccine trials is presented. In addition, pertinent research fields potentially contributing to the development of novel non-live and/or live vaccines are discussed, including parasite antigens involved in host cell invasion and in pathogen-tick interactions, as well as the protective immunity against infection. The mining of available parasite genomes is continuously enlarging the array of potential vaccine candidates and, additionally, the recent development of a transfection tool for Babesia can significantly contribute to vaccine design. However, the complication and high cost of vaccination trials hinder Babesia vaccine research, and have so far seriously limited the systematic examination of antigen candidates and prevented an in-depth testing of formulations using different immunomodulators and antigen delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos E Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology,Washington State University,Pullman, WA 99164-7040,USA
| | - Anabel E Rodriguez
- Instituto de Patobiologia,CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, 1686 Hurlingham,Argentina
| | - Daniela A Flores
- Instituto de Patobiologia,CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, 1686 Hurlingham,Argentina
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Thompson C, Baravalle ME, Valentini B, Mangold A, Torioni de Echaide S, Ruybal P, Farber M, Echaide I. Typification of virulent and low virulence Babesia bigemina clones by 18S rRNA and rap-1c. Exp Parasitol 2014; 141:98-105. [PMID: 24681200 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The population structure of original Babesia bigemina isolates and reference strains with a defined phenotypic profile was assessed using 18S rRNA and rap-1c genes. Two reference strains, BbiS2P-c (virulent) and BbiS1A-c (low virulence), were biologically cloned in vitro. The virulence profile of the strains and clones was assessed in vivo. One fully virulent and one low-virulence clone were mixed in identical proportions to evaluate their growth efficiency in vitro. Each clone was differentiated by two microsatellites and the gene gp45. The 18S rRNA and rap-1c genes sequences from B. bigemina biological clones and their parental strains, multiplied exclusively in vivo or in vitro, were compared with strain JG-29. The virulence of clones derived from the BbiS2P-c strain was variable. Virulent clone Bbi9P1 grew more efficiently in vitro than did the low-virulence clone Bbi2A1. The haplotypes generated by the nucleotide polymorphism, localized in the V4 region of the 18S rRNA, allowed the identification of three genotypes. The rap-1c haplotypes allowed defining four genotypes. Parental and original strains were defined by multiple haplotypes identified in both genes. The rap-1c gene, analyzed by high-resolution melting (HRM), allowed discrimination between two genotypes according to their phenotype, and both were different from JG-29. B. bigemina biological clones made it possible to define the population structure of isolates and strains. The polymorphic regions of the 18S rRNA and rap-1c genes allowed the identification of different subpopulations within original B. bigemina isolates by the definition of several haplotypes and the differentiation of fully virulent from low virulence clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thompson
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - M E Baravalle
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - B Valentini
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Mangold
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - S Torioni de Echaide
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - P Ruybal
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Castelar, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas, CP 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Farber
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Castelar, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas, CP 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I Echaide
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Flores DA, Minichiello Y, Araujo FR, Shkap V, Benítez D, Echaide I, Rolls P, Mosqueda J, Pacheco GM, Petterson M, Florin-Christensen M, Schnittger L. Evidence for Extensive Genetic Diversity and Substructuring of theBabesia bovisMetapopulation. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 60 Suppl 2:131-6. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Flores
- Instituto de Patobiología; CICVyA; INTA-Castelar; Hurlingham Argentina
| | - Y. Minichiello
- Instituto de Patobiología; CICVyA; INTA-Castelar; Hurlingham Argentina
| | | | - V. Shkap
- Kimron Veterinary Institute; Bet Dagan Israel
| | | | | | - P. Rolls
- Tick Fever Centre; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - J. Mosqueda
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro; Querétaro México
| | - G. M. Pacheco
- Instituto de Genética; INTA-Castelar; Hurlingham Argentina
| | - M. Petterson
- Instituto de Genética; INTA-Castelar; Hurlingham Argentina
| | - M. Florin-Christensen
- Instituto de Patobiología; CICVyA; INTA-Castelar; Hurlingham Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - L. Schnittger
- Instituto de Patobiología; CICVyA; INTA-Castelar; Hurlingham Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
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Sivakumar T, Okubo K, Igarashi I, de Silva WK, Kothalawala H, Silva SSP, Vimalakumar SC, Meewewa AS, Yokoyama N. Genetic diversity of merozoite surface antigens in Babesia bovis detected from Sri Lankan cattle. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 19:134-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Guillemi E, Ruybal P, Lia V, González S, Farber M, Wilkowsky SE. Multi-locus typing scheme for Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina reveals high levels of genetic variability in strains from Northern Argentina. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 14:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hall CM, Busch JD, Scoles GA, Palma-Cagle KA, Ueti MW, Kappmeyer LS, Wagner DM. Genetic characterization of Theileria equi infecting horses in North America: evidence for a limited source of U.S. introductions. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:35. [PMID: 23399005 PMCID: PMC3606381 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Theileria equi is a tick-borne apicomplexan hemoparasite that causes equine piroplasmosis. This parasite has a worldwide distribution but the United States was considered to be free of this disease until recently. Methods We used samples from 37 horses to determine genetic relationships among North American T. equi using the 18S rRNA gene and microsatellites. We developed a DNA fingerprinting panel of 18 microsatellite markers using the first complete genome sequence of T. equi. Results A maximum parsimony analysis of 18S rRNA sequences grouped the samples into two major clades. The first clade (n = 36) revealed a high degree of nucleotide similarity in U.S. T. equi, with just 0–2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among samples. The remaining sample fell into a second clade that was genetically divergent (48 SNPs) from the other U.S. samples. This sample was collected at the Texas border, but may have originated in Mexico. We genotyped T. equi from the U.S. using microsatellite markers and found a moderate amount of genetic diversity (2–8 alleles per locus). The field samples were mostly from a 2009 Texas outbreak (n = 22) although samples from five other states were also included in this study. Using Weir and Cockerham’s FST estimator (θ) we found strong population differentiation of the Texas and Georgia subpopulations (θ = 0.414), which was supported by a neighbor-joining tree created with predominant single haplotypes. Single-clone infections were found in 27 of the 37 samples (73%), allowing us to identify 15 unique genotypes. Conclusions The placement of most T. equi into one monophyletic clade by 18S is suggestive of a limited source of introduction into the U.S. When applied to a broader cross section of worldwide samples, these molecular tools should improve source tracking of T. equi outbreaks and may help prevent the spread of this tick-borne parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina M Hall
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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Muleya W, Namangala B, Simuunza M, Nakao R, Inoue N, Kimura T, Ito K, Sugimoto C, Sawa H. Population genetic analysis and sub-structuring of Theileria parva in the northern and eastern parts of Zambia. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:255. [PMID: 23146577 PMCID: PMC3503576 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theileriosis, caused by Theileria parva, is an economically important disease in Africa. It is a major constraint to the development of the livestock industry in some parts of eastern, central and southern Africa. In Zambia, theileriosis causes losses of up to 10,000 cattle annually. METHODS Cattle blood samples were collected for genetic analysis of Theileria parva from Isoka and Petauke districts in Zambia. Microsatellite analysis was then performed on all Theileria parva positive samples for PCR using a panel of 9 microsatellite markers. Microsatellite data was analyzed using microsatellite toolkit, GenAlEx ver. 6, Fstat ver. 2.9.3.2, and LIAN computer softwares. RESULTS The combined percentage of positive samples in both districts determined by PCR using the p104 gene primers was 54.9% (95% CI: 46.7 - 63.1%, 78/142), while in each district, it was 44.8% (95% CI: 34.8 - 54.8%) and 76.1% (95% CI = 63.9 - 88.4%) for Isoka and Petauke districts, respectively. We analyzed the population genetic structure of Theileria parva from a total of 61 samples (33 from Isoka and 28 from Petauke) using a panel of 9 microsatellite markers encompassing the 4 chromosomes of Theileria parva. Wright's F index (FST = 0.178) showed significant differentiation between the Isoka and Petauke populations. Linkage disequilibrium was observed when populations from both districts were treated as a single population. When analyzed separately, linkage disequilibrium was observed in Kanyelele and Kalembe areas in Isoka district, Isoka district overall and in Petauke district. Petauke district had a higher multiplicity of infection than Isoka district. CONCLUSION Population genetic analyses of Theileria parva from Isoka and Petauke districts showed a low level of genotype exchange between the districts, but a high level of genetic diversity within each district population, implying genetic and geographic sub-structuring between the districts. The sub-structuring observed, along with the lack of panmixia in the populations, could have been due to low transmission levels at the time of sampling. However, the Isoka population was less diverse than the Petauke population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Muleya
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
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Schnittger L, Rodriguez AE, Florin-Christensen M, Morrison DA. Babesia: a world emerging. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1788-809. [PMID: 22871652 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Babesia are tick-transmitted hemoprotozooans that infect mammals and birds, and which are acknowledged for their major impact on farm and pet animal health and associated economic costs worldwide. Additionally, Babesia infections of wildlife can be fatal if associated with stressful management practices; and human babesiosis, also transmitted by blood transfusion, is an increasing public-health concern. Due to the huge diversity of species reported to serve as Babesia hosts, all vertebrates might be potential carriers, as long as they are adequate hosts for Babesia-vector ticks. We here provide a comprehensive overview of the most relevant Babesia species, and a discussion of the classical taxonomic criteria. Babesia, Cytauxzoon and Theileria parasites are closely related and collectively referred to as piroplasmids. A possible scenario for the history of piroplasmids is presented in the context of recent findings, and its implications for future research avenues are outlined. Phylogenetic trees of all available 18S rRNA and hsp70 genes were generated, based on which we present a thoroughly revised molecular classification, comprising five monophyletic Babesia lineages, one Cytauxzoon clade, and one Theileria clade. Updated 18S rRNA and beta-tubulin gene trees of the B. microti isolates agree with those previously reported. To reconcile estimates of the origin of piroplasmids and ticks (~300 Ma, respectively), and mammalian radiation (60 Ma), we hypothesize that the dixenous piroplasmid life cycle evolved with the origin of ticks. Thus, the observed time gap between tick origin and mammalian radiation indicates the existence of hitherto unknown piroplasmid lineages and/or species in extant vertebrate taxa, including reptiles and possibly amphibians. The development and current status of the molecular taxonomy of Babesia, with emphasis on human-infecting species, is discussed. Finally, recent results from population genetic studies of Babesia parasites, and their implications for the development of pathogenicity, drug resistance and vaccines, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Schnittger
- Institute of Pathobiology, Center of Research in Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, INTA-Castelar, Argentina.
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Suarez CE, Noh S. Emerging perspectives in the research of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis. Vet Parasitol 2011; 180:109-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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