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Sun F, Zhu G, He P, Wei E, Wang R, Wang Q, Tang X, Zhang Y, Shen Z. Identification, expression and subcellular localization of Orc1 in the microsporidian Nosema bombycis. Gene X 2022; 834:146607. [PMID: 35609797 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a typical species of microsporidium, Nosema bombycis is the pathogen causing the pébrine disease of silkworm. Rapid proliferation of N. bombycis in host cells requires replication of genetic material. As eukaryotic origin recognition protein, origin recognition complex (ORC) plays an important role in regulating DNA replication, and Orc1 is a key subunit of the origin recognition complex. In this study, we identified the Orc1 in the microsporidian N. bombycis (NbOrc1) for the first time. The NbOrc1 gene contains a complete ORF of 987 bp in length that encodes a 328 amino acid polypeptide. Indirect immunofluorescence results showed that NbOrc1 were colocalized with Nbactin and NbSAS-6 in the nuclei of N. bombycis. Subsequently, we further identified the interaction between the NbOrc1 and Nbactin by CO-IP and Western blot. These results imply that Orc1 may be involved in the proliferation of the microsporidian N. bombycis through interacting with actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhen Sun
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guanyu Zhu
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping He
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Erjun Wei
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Runpeng Wang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China; Sericulture Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China; Sericulture Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China; Sericulture Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongyuan Shen
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China; Sericulture Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China.
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2
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Davies C, Ooi CP, Sioutas G, Hall BS, Sidhu H, Butter F, Alsford S, Wickstead B, Rudenko G. TbSAP is a novel chromatin protein repressing metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein expression sites in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3242-3262. [PMID: 33660774 PMCID: PMC8034637 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei is a unicellular eukaryote, which relies on a protective variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat for survival in the mammalian host. A single trypanosome has >2000 VSG genes and pseudogenes of which only one is expressed from one of ∼15 telomeric bloodstream form expression sites (BESs). Infectious metacyclic trypanosomes present within the tsetse fly vector also express VSG from a separate set of telomeric metacyclic ESs (MESs). All MESs are silenced in bloodstream form T. brucei. As very little is known about how this is mediated, we performed a whole genome RNAi library screen to identify MES repressors. This allowed us to identify a novel SAP domain containing DNA binding protein which we called TbSAP. TbSAP is enriched at the nuclear periphery and binds both MESs and BESs. Knockdown of TbSAP in bloodstream form trypanosomes did not result in cells becoming more ‘metacyclic-like'. Instead, there was extensive global upregulation of transcripts including MES VSGs, VSGs within the silent VSG arrays as well as genes immediately downstream of BES promoters. TbSAP therefore appears to be a novel chromatin protein playing an important role in silencing the extensive VSG repertoire of bloodstream form T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carys Davies
- Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Cher-Pheng Ooi
- Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Georgios Sioutas
- Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Belinda S Hall
- Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Haneesh Sidhu
- Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sam Alsford
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Gloria Rudenko
- Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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3
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Batugedara G, Lu XM, Saraf A, Sardiu ME, Cort A, Abel S, Prudhomme J, Washburn MP, Florens L, Bunnik EM, Le Roch KG. The chromatin bound proteome of the human malaria parasite. Microb Genom 2020; 6:e000327. [PMID: 32017676 PMCID: PMC7067212 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins interacting with DNA are fundamental for mediating processes such as gene expression, DNA replication and maintenance of genome integrity. Accumulating evidence suggests that the chromatin of apicomplexan parasites, such as Plasmodium falciparum, is highly organized, and this structure provides an epigenetic mechanism for transcriptional regulation. To investigate how parasite chromatin structure is being regulated, we undertook comparative genomics analysis using 12 distinct eukaryotic genomes. We identified conserved and parasite-specific chromatin-associated domains (CADs) and proteins (CAPs). We then used the chromatin enrichment for proteomics (ChEP) approach to experimentally capture CAPs in P. falciparum. A topological scoring analysis of the proteomics dataset revealed stage-specific enrichments of CADs and CAPs. Finally, we characterized, two candidate CAPs: a conserved homologue of the structural maintenance of chromosome 3 protein and a homologue of the crowded-like nuclei protein, a plant-like protein functionally analogous to animal nuclear lamina proteins. Collectively, our results provide a comprehensive overview of CAPs in apicomplexans, and contribute to our understanding of the complex molecular components regulating chromatin structure and genome architecture in these deadly parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani Batugedara
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Xueqing M. Lu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Anita Saraf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Mihaela E. Sardiu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Anthony Cort
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Steven Abel
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jacques Prudhomme
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michael P. Washburn
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Laurence Florens
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Evelien M. Bunnik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Karine G. Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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4
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Saura A, Iribarren PA, Rojas‐Barros D, Bart JM, López‐Farfán D, Andrés‐León E, Vidal‐Cobo I, Boehm C, Alvarez VE, Field MC, Navarro M. SUMOylated SNF2PH promotes variant surface glycoprotein expression in bloodstream trypanosomes. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e48029. [PMID: 31693280 PMCID: PMC6893287 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is a post-translational modification that positively regulates monoallelic expression of the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). The presence of a highly SUMOylated focus associated with the nuclear body, where the VSG gene is transcribed, further suggests an important role of SUMOylation in regulating VSG expression. Here, we show that SNF2PH, a SUMOylated plant homeodomain (PH)-transcription factor, is upregulated in the bloodstream form of the parasite and enriched at the active VSG telomere. SUMOylation promotes the recruitment of SNF2PH to the VSG promoter, where it is required to maintain RNA polymerase I and thus to regulate VSG transcript levels. Further, ectopic overexpression of SNF2PH in insect forms, but not of a mutant lacking the PH domain, induces the expression of bloodstream stage-specific surface proteins. These data suggest that SNF2PH SUMOylation positively regulates VSG monoallelic transcription, while the PH domain is required for the expression of bloodstream-specific surface proteins. Thus, SNF2PH functions as a positive activator, linking expression of infective form surface proteins and VSG regulation, thereby acting as a major regulator of pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Saura
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López‐Neyra”CSIC (IPBLN‐CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | | | - Domingo Rojas‐Barros
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López‐Neyra”CSIC (IPBLN‐CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Jean M Bart
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López‐Neyra”CSIC (IPBLN‐CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Diana López‐Farfán
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López‐Neyra”CSIC (IPBLN‐CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Eduardo Andrés‐León
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López‐Neyra”CSIC (IPBLN‐CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Isabel Vidal‐Cobo
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López‐Neyra”CSIC (IPBLN‐CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | | | | | - Mark C Field
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
- Biology CentreInstitute of ParasitologyCzech Academy of SciencesCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Miguel Navarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López‐Neyra”CSIC (IPBLN‐CSIC)GranadaSpain
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5
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Dynamic colocalization of 2 simultaneously active VSG expression sites within a single expression-site body in Trypanosoma brucei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16561-16570. [PMID: 31358644 PMCID: PMC6697882 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905552116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei expresses a single variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) gene from one of multiple VSG expression sites (ESs) in a stringent monoallelic fashion. The counting mechanism behind this restriction is poorly understood. Unusually for a eukaryote, the active ES is transcribed by RNA polymerase I (Pol I) within a unique Pol I body called the expression-site body (ESB). We have demonstrated the importance of the ESB in restricting the singular expression of VSG. We have generated double-expresser trypanosomes, which simultaneously express 2 ESs at the same time in an unstable dynamic fashion. These cells predominantly contain 1 ESB, and, surprisingly, simultaneous transcription of the 2 ESs is observed only when they are both colocalized within it. Monoallelic exclusion ensures that the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei exclusively expresses only 1 of thousands of different variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat genes. The active VSG is transcribed from 1 of 15 polycistronic bloodstream-form VSG expression sites (ESs), which are controlled in a mutually exclusive fashion. Unusually, T. brucei uses RNA polymerase I (Pol I) to transcribe the active ES, which is unprecedented among eukaryotes. This active ES is located within a unique extranucleolar Pol I body called the expression-site body (ESB). A stringent restriction mechanism prevents T. brucei from expressing multiple ESs at the same time, although how this is mediated is unclear. By using drug-selection pressure, we generated VSG double-expresser T. brucei lines, which have disrupted monoallelic exclusion, and simultaneously express 2 ESs in a dynamic fashion. The 2 unstably active ESs appear epigenetically similar to fully active ESs as determined by using chromatin immunoprecipitation for multiple epigenetic marks (histones H3 and H1, TDP1, and DNA base J). We find that the double-expresser cells, similar to wild-type single-expresser cells, predominantly contain 1 subnuclear ESB, as determined using Pol I or the ESB marker VEX1. Strikingly, simultaneous transcription of the 2 dynamically transcribed ESs is normally observed only when the 2 ESs are both located within this single ESB. This colocalization is reversible in the absence of drug selection. This discovery that simultaneously active ESs dynamically share a single ESB demonstrates the importance of this unique subnuclear body in restricting the monoallelic expression of VSG.
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