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Chee PL, Sathasivam T, Tan YC, Wu W, Leow Y, Lim QRT, Yew PYM, Zhu Q, Kai D. Nanochitin for sustainable and advanced manufacturing. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:3269-3292. [PMID: 38265441 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05533g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Presently, the rapid depletion of resources and drastic climate change highlight the importance of sustainable development. In this case, nanochitin derived from chitin, the second most abundant renewable polymer in the world, possesses numerous advantages, including toughness, easy processability and biodegradability. Furthermore, it exhibits better dispersibility in various solvents and higher reactivity than chitin owing to its increased surface area to volume ratio. Additionally, it is the only natural polysaccharide that contains nitrogen. Therefore, it is valuable to further develop this innovative technology. This review summarizes the recent developments in nanochitin and specifically identifies sustainable strategies for its preparation. Additionally, the different biomass sources that can be exploited for the extraction of nanochitin are highlighted. More importantly, the life cycle assessment of nanochitin preparation is discussed, followed by its applications in advanced manufacturing and perspectives on the valorization of chitin waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lin Chee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore.
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore
| | - Thenapakiam Sathasivam
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ying Chuan Tan
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore
| | - Wenya Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Yihao Leow
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Quentin Ray Tjieh Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117576, Singapore
| | - Pek Yin Michelle Yew
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore.
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore.
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637459
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore.
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637459
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2
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Sharma A, Pandey SK. Proline-catalyzed synthesis of α-substituted ( E)-α,β-unsaturated aldehydes from epoxides. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 38018472 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01750h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel, simple and metal-free tandem approach for synthesizing α-substituted (E)-α,β-unsaturated aldehyde derivatives through acid-catalyzed epoxide rearrangement and organocatalyzed aldol condensation processes has been described. This transformation has a broad substrate scope under mild conditions, including epoxides and aldehydes containing diverse functional groups, resulting in moderate to high yields of the desired products. Eventually, large-scale reactions and the synthesis of some bioactive molecules are used to demonstrate the potential applicability of the developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
| | - Satyendra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
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3
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Dielectric spectroscopy and molecular dynamic simulation study of binary mixtures of benzaldehyde and methanol at 303.15 K. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Singh SK, Mishra N, Kumar S, Jaiswal MK, Tiwari VK. Growing Impact of Carbohydrate‐Based Organocatalysts. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 INDIA
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 INDIA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 INDIA
| | - Manoj K. Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 INDIA
| | - Vinod K. Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 INDIA
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Hernawan, Purwono B, Triyono, Hanafi M. Amino-functionalized porous chitosan as a solid base catalyst for solvent-free synthesis of chalcones. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Investigations on different efficient strategies for the selective synthesis of jasminaldehyde over HRhCO(PPh3)3–hexagonal mesoporous silica and chitosan catalysts. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Wojaczyńska E, Steppeler F, Iwan D, Scherrmann MC, Marra A. Synthesis and Applications of Carbohydrate-Based Organocatalysts. Molecules 2021; 26:7291. [PMID: 34885873 PMCID: PMC8659088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organocatalysis is a very useful tool for the asymmetric synthesis of biologically or pharmacologically active compounds because it avoids the use of noxious metals, which are difficult to eliminate from the target products. Moreover, in many cases, the organocatalysed reactions can be performed in benign solvents and do not require anhydrous conditions. It is well-known that most of the above-mentioned reactions are promoted by a simple aminoacid, l-proline, or, to a lesser extent, by the more complex cinchona alkaloids. However, during the past three decades, other enantiopure natural compounds, the carbohydrates, have been employed as organocatalysts. In the present exhaustive review, the detailed preparation of all the sugar-based organocatalysts as well as their catalytic properties are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wojaczyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50 370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Franz Steppeler
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50 370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dominika Iwan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50 370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marie-Christine Scherrmann
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Alberto Marra
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM-UMR 5247), Université de Montpellier, Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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8
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α-Functionally Substituted α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes as Fine Chemicals Reagents: Synthesis and Application. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144297. [PMID: 34299572 PMCID: PMC8306155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Functionalized α,β-unsaturated aldehydes is an important class of compounds, which are widely used in fine organic synthesis, biology, medicine and pharmacology, chemical industry, and agriculture. Some of the 2-substituted 2-alkenals are found to be the key metabolites in plant and animal cells. Therefore, the development of efficient methods for their synthesis attracts the attention of organic chemists. This review focusses on the recent advances in the synthesis of 2-functionally substituted 2-alkenals. The approaches to the preparation of α-alkyl α,β-unsaturated aldehydes are not included in this review.
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Jose T, Ftouni J, Bruijnincx PCA. Structured hydroxyapatite composites as efficient solid base catalysts for condensation reactions. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00102g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the use of structured hydroxyapatite composite (SHCs) as highly efficient and recyclable solid base catalysts for various condensation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharun Jose
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Jamal Ftouni
- Omya International AG
- CH-4622 Egerkingen
- Switzerland
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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10
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Dhakshinamoorthy A, Jacob M, Vignesh NS, Varalakshmi P. Pristine and modified chitosan as solid catalysts for catalysis and biodiesel production: A minireview. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:807-833. [PMID: 33144253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is one of the readily available polymers with relatively high abundance, biodegradable and sustainable materials with divergent functional groups that are employed in broad range of applications. Chitosan is widely used in many fields like adsorption, drug carrier for therapeutic activity, environmental remediation, drug formulation and among others. One of the unique features of chitosan is that it can be transformed to other forms like beads, films, flakes, sponges and fibres depending upon the applications. This review is aimed at showing the potential applications of chitosan and its modified solids in organic transformations. The number of existing articles is organized based on the nature of materials and subsequently with the types of reactions. After a brief description on the structural features of chitosan, properties, characterization methods including various analytical/microscopic techniques and some of the best practices to be followed in catalysis are also discussed. The next section of this review describes the catalytic activity of native chitosan without any modifications while the subsequent sections provide the catalytic activity of chitosan derivatives, chitosan covalently modified with metal complexes/salts through linkers and chitosan as support for metal nanoparticles (NPs). These sections discuss number of organic reactions that include Knoevenagel condensation, oxidation, reduction, heterocycles synthesis, cross-coupling reactions and pollutant degradation among others. A separate section provides the catalytic applications of chitosan and its modified forms for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through esterification/transesterification reactions. The final section summarizes our views on the future directions of this field in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manju Jacob
- Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagamalai Sakthi Vignesh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021, India
| | - Perumal Varalakshmi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021, India
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Abstract
α-Substituted α,β-unsaturated aldehydes represent a highly reactive class of compounds with a broad scope of application. Therefore, the development of methods for the synthesis of these bifunctional compounds is a dynamically progressing area of research. This review summarizes and highlights methods for the synthesis of α-alkyl α,β-alkenals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Verochkina
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
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12
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De Vylder A, Lauwaert J, De Clercq J, Van Der Voort P, Stevens CV, Thybaut JW. Kinetic evaluation of chitosan-derived catalysts for the aldol reaction in water. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00245f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The reaction rate and stability of chitosan as heterogeneous amine catalyst is quantified in a batch and continuous-flow aldol reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton De Vylder
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering
- Ghent University
- 9052 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lauwaert
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT)
- Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Jeriffa De Clercq
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT)
- Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC)
- Department of Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- SynBioC Research Group
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Joris W. Thybaut
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering
- Ghent University
- 9052 Ghent
- Belgium
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13
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Zhao L, An H, Zhao X, Wang Y. TiO2-Catalyzed n-Valeraldehyde Self-Condensation Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab
of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, School of
Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hualiang An
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab
of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, School of
Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinqiang Zhao
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab
of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, School of
Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanji Wang
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab
of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, School of
Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Arias Ugarte R, Devarajan D, Mushinski RM, Hudnall TW. Antimony(v) cations for the selective catalytic transformation of aldehydes into symmetric ethers, α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, and 1,3,5-trioxanes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:11150-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02121b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1-Diphenylphosphinonaphthyl-8-triphenylstibonium triflate ([2][OTf]) was prepared in excellent yield. This antimony(v) cation was found to selectively catalyze the transformation of aldehydes into symmetric ethers, α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, and 1,3,5-trioxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Arias Ugarte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas State University
- San Marcos
- USA
| | - Deepa Devarajan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas State University
- San Marcos
- USA
| | - Ryan M. Mushinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas State University
- San Marcos
- USA
| | - Todd W. Hudnall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas State University
- San Marcos
- USA
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15
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Arias-Ugarte R, Wekesa FS, Findlater M. Selective aldol condensation or cyclotrimerization reactions catalyzed by FeCl3. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Yang B, Mao Z, Zhu X, Wan Y. Functionalised Chitosan as a Green, Recyclable, Supported Catalyst for the Copper-Catalysed Ullmann C-N Coupling Reaction in Water. CATAL COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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17
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Mahé O, Brière JF, Dez I. Chitosan: An Upgraded Polysaccharide Waste for Organocatalysis. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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El Kadib A. Chitosan as a sustainable organocatalyst: a concise overview. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:217-244. [PMID: 25470553 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased demand for more sustainable materials and chemical processes has tremendously advanced the use of polysaccharides, which are natural biopolymers, in domains such as adsorption, catalysis, and as an alternative chemical feedstock. Among these biopolymers, the use of chitosan, which is obtained by deacetylation of natural chitin, is on the increase due to the presence of amino groups on the polymer backbone that makes it a natural cationic polymer. The ability of chitosan-based materials to form open-network, macroporous, high-surface-area hydrogels with accessible basic surface sites has enabled their use not only as macrochelating ligands for active metal catalysts and as a support to disperse nanosized particles, but also as a direct organocatalyst. This review provides a concise overview of the use of native and modified chitosan, possessing different textural properties and chemical properties, as organocatalysts. Organocatalysis with chitosan is primarily focused on carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions, multicomponent heterocycle formation reactions, biodiesel production, and carbon dioxide fixation through [3+2] cycloaddition. Furthermore, the chiral, helical organization of the chitosan skeleton lends itself to use in enantioselective catalysis. Chitosan derivatives generally display reactivity similar to homogeneous bases, ionic liquids, and organic and inorganic salts. However, the introduction of cooperative acid-base interactions at active sites substantially enhances reactivity. These functional biopolymers can also be easily recovered and reused several times under solvent-free conditions. These accomplishments highlight the important role that natural biopolymers play in furthering more sustainable chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkrim El Kadib
- Euro-Med Research Institute, Engineering Division, Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes (UEMF), Fès Shore, Route de Sidi Hrazem, 30070 Fès (Morocco).
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19
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Mura MG, De Luca L, Taddei M, Williams JMJ, Porcheddu A. Synthesis of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes based on a one-pot phase-switch dehydrogenative cross-coupling of primary alcohols. Org Lett 2014; 16:2586-9. [PMID: 24787700 DOI: 10.1021/ol500916g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot ruthenium-catalyzed hydrogen-transfer strategy for a direct access to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes has been developed. The employment of enolates prepared in situ from alcohols avoided handling unstable aldehydes and provided a very appealing route to different cinnamaldehydes substituted in position 2. A silica-grafted amine was used as phase-switch tag leading to a selective one-pot process in favor of cross-dehydrogenative coupling products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel G Mura
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari , via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Sudheesh N, Sharma SK, Khokhar MD, Shukla RS. Kinetic investigations on the modified chitosan catalyzed solvent-free synthesis of jasminaldehyde. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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