1
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Zolghadri S, Saboury AA. Catalytic mechanism of tyrosinases. Enzymes 2024; 56:31-54. [PMID: 39304290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosinases (TYR) play a key role in melanin biosynthesis by catalyzing two reactions: monophenolase and diphenolase activities. Despite low amino acid sequence homology, TYRs from various organisms (from bacteria to humans) have similar active site architectures and catalytic mechanisms. The active site of the TYRs contains two copper ions coordinated by histidine (His) residues. The catalytic mechanism of TYRs involves electron transfer between copper sites, leading to the hydroxylation of monophenolic compounds to diphenols and the subsequent oxidation of these to corresponding dopaquinones. Although extensive studies have been conducted on the structure, catalytic mechanism, and enzymatic capabilities of TYRs, some mechanistic aspects are still debated. This chapter will delve into the structure of the active site, catalytic function, and inhibition mechanism of TYRs. The goal is to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying TYR activity. This knowledge can help in developing new strategies to modulate TYR function and potentially treat diseases linked to melanin dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Zolghadri S, Beygi M, Mohammad TF, Alijanianzadeh M, Pillaiyar T, Garcia-Molina P, Garcia-Canovas F, Luis Munoz-Munoz J, Akbar Saboury A. Targeting Tyrosinase in Hyperpigmentation: Current Status, Limitations and Future Promises. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115574. [PMID: 37127249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is a common and distressing dermatologic condition. Since tyrosinase (TYR) plays an essential role in melanogenesis, its inhibition is considered a logical approach along with other therapeutic methods to prevent the accumulation of melanin in the skin. Thus, TYR inhibitors are a tempting target as the medicinal and cosmetic active agents of hyperpigmentation disorder. Among TYR inhibitors, hydroquinone is a traditional lightening agent that is commonly used in clinical practice. However, despite good efficacy, prolonged use of hydroquinone is associated with side effects. To overcome these shortcomings, new approaches in targeting TYR and treating hyperpigmentation are desperately requiredessentialneeded. In line with this purpose, several non-hydroquinone lightening agents have been developed and suggested as hydroquinone alternatives. In addition to traditional approaches, nanomedicine and nanotheranostic platforms have been recently proposed in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. In this review, we discuss the available strategies for the management of hyperpigmentation with a focus on TYR inhibition. In addition, alternative treatment options to hydroquinone are discussed. Finally, we present nano-based strategies to improve the therapeutic effect of drugs prescribed to patients with skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Beygi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Alijanianzadeh
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Garcia-Molina
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Munoz-Munoz
- Microbial Enzymology Lab, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building A, University of Northumbria, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Jiang S, Penner MH. The Effect of p-Coumaric Acid on Browning Inhibition in Potato Polyphenol Oxidase-Catalyzed Reaction Mixtures. Foods 2022; 11:577. [PMID: 35206054 PMCID: PMC8870983 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable interest in using natural polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inhibitors to control browning in fruit and vegetable products. p-Coumaric acid (pCA), a common secondary metabolite of plants, has been studied as an inhibitor of PPOs/tyrosinases from several foods (e.g., mushroom, apple, and potato). However, studies on the use of pCA for the inhibition of PPO-initiated browning in actual food systems are limited. Therefore, a study was carried out to ascertain the efficacy of using pCA to limit PPO-initiated browning in fresh potato juice. The extent of browning inhibition by pCA was shown to be reaction system-dependent. Browning in potato juice was unexpectedly enhanced by the addition of pCA. This was interpreted as pCA acting as an alternative substrate with significantly higher browning efficiency; extent of browning under this condition was higher than that observed in the native potato juice. The addition of pCA to any of the model reaction mixtures (i.e., those containing semi-purified enzymes and substrates) significantly inhibited browning. The discrepancy in pCA effects on browning inhibition in different reaction systems is postulated to be mainly due to non-enzyme and non-substrate components in potato juice that participate in the post-PPO reaction sequences, which ultimately lead to brown color formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Jiang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Michael H. Penner
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-6602, USA
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4
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Considerations about the kinetic mechanism of tyrosinase in its action on monophenols: A review. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.112072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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5
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Jiang S, Penner MH. Role of Ascorbic Acid in the Extraction and Quantification of Potato Polyphenol Oxidase Activity. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102486. [PMID: 34681535 PMCID: PMC8535698 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately measure the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in complex matrices is essential. A problem encountered when using spectrophotometric methods is interference due to ascorbic acid (AA), often used as an enzyme “protecting agent” during PPO extraction. This study focuses on the nature of AA’s effect on spectrophotometric determinations of PPO activity as well as enzyme extraction. Potato extracts and semi-purified PPO were used as enzyme sources. The inactivation of PPO attributed to AA is substrate-mediated. The extent of AA-dependent inactivation of PPO in model systems varied between substrates. AA only slows mechanism-based inactivation of PPO induced by catechol, possibly owing to the prevention of quinone formation. AA minimally protects PPO activity during enzyme extraction. The problem associated with AA in PPO assay could be circumvented by using ascorbate oxidase to remove AA when catechol is the primary substrate or by using chlorogenic acid as the primary substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Jiang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (M.H.P.)
| | - Michael H. Penner
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-6602, USA
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (M.H.P.)
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6
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Song H, Lee PG, Kim H, Lee UJ, Lee SH, Kim J, Kim BG. Polyphenol-Hydroxylating Tyrosinase Activity under Acidic pH Enables Efficient Synthesis of Plant Catechols and Gallols. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091866. [PMID: 34576760 PMCID: PMC8466947 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is generally known as a melanin-forming enzyme, facilitating monooxygenation of phenols, oxidation of catechols into quinones, and finally generating biological melanin. As a homologous form of tyrosinase in plants, plant polyphenol oxidases perform the same oxidation reactions specifically toward plant polyphenols. Recent studies reported synthetic strategies for large scale preparation of hydroxylated plant polyphenols, using bacterial tyrosinases rather than plant polyphenol oxidase or other monooxygenases, by leveraging its robust monophenolase activity and broad substrate specificity. Herein, we report a novel synthesis of functional plant polyphenols, especially quercetin and myricetin from kaempferol, using screened bacterial tyrosinases. The critical bottleneck of the biocatalysis was identified as instability of the catechol and gallol under neutral and basic conditions. To overcome such instability of the products, the tyrosinase reaction proceeded under acidic conditions. Under mild acidic conditions supplemented with reducing agents, a bacterial tyrosinase from Bacillus megaterium (BmTy) displayed efficient consecutive two-step monophenolase activities producing quercetin and myricetin from kaempferol. Furthermore, the broad substrate specificity of BmTy toward diverse polyphenols enabled us to achieve the first biosynthesis of tricetin and 3'-hydroxyeriodictyol from apigenin and naringenin, respectively. These results suggest that microbial tyrosinase is a useful biocatalyst to prepare plant polyphenolic catechols and gallols with high productivity, which were hardly achieved by using other monooxygenases such as cytochrome P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbit Song
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.S.); (P.-G.L.); (H.K.); (U.-J.L.); (S.-H.L.); (J.K.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Pyung-Gang Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.S.); (P.-G.L.); (H.K.); (U.-J.L.); (S.-H.L.); (J.K.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.S.); (P.-G.L.); (H.K.); (U.-J.L.); (S.-H.L.); (J.K.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Uk-Jae Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.S.); (P.-G.L.); (H.K.); (U.-J.L.); (S.-H.L.); (J.K.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.S.); (P.-G.L.); (H.K.); (U.-J.L.); (S.-H.L.); (J.K.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Joonwon Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.S.); (P.-G.L.); (H.K.); (U.-J.L.); (S.-H.L.); (J.K.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.S.); (P.-G.L.); (H.K.); (U.-J.L.); (S.-H.L.); (J.K.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-6774; Fax: +82-2-876-8945
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7
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivanhoe K. H. Leung
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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8
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Zolghadri S, Bahrami A, Hassan Khan MT, Munoz-Munoz J, Garcia-Molina F, Garcia-Canovas F, Saboury AA. A comprehensive review on tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:279-309. [PMID: 30734608 PMCID: PMC6327992 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1545767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multi-copper enzyme which is widely distributed in different organisms and plays an important role in the melanogenesis and enzymatic browning. Therefore, its inhibitors can be attractive in cosmetics and medicinal industries as depigmentation agents and also in food and agriculture industries as antibrowning compounds. For this purpose, many natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic inhibitors have been developed by different screening methods to date. This review has focused on the tyrosinase inhibitors discovered from all sources and biochemically characterised in the last four decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Asieh Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - J. Munoz-Munoz
- Group of Microbiology, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - F. Garcia-Molina
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - F. Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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9
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The nature of β-cyclodextrin inhibition of potato polyphenol oxidase-catalyzed reactions. Food Chem 2019; 298:125004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Micillo R, Sirés-Campos J, García-Borrón JC, Panzella L, Napolitano A, Olivares C. Conjugation with Dihydrolipoic Acid Imparts Caffeic Acid Ester Potent Inhibitory Effect on Dopa Oxidase Activity of Human Tyrosinase. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2156. [PMID: 30042336 PMCID: PMC6121902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid derivatives represent promising lead compounds in the search for tyrosinase inhibitors to be used in the treatment of skin local hyperpigmentation associated to an overproduction or accumulation of melanin. We recently reported the marked inhibitory activity of a conjugate of caffeic acid with dihydrolipoic acid, 2-S-lipoylcaffeic acid (LCA), on the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopa oxidase (DO) activities of mushroom tyrosinase. In the present study, we evaluated a more lipophilic derivative, 2-S-lipoyl caffeic acid methyl ester (LCAME), as an inhibitor of tyrosinase from human melanoma cells. Preliminary analysis of the effects of LCAME on mushroom tyrosinase indicated more potent inhibitory effects on either enzyme activities (IC50 = 0.05 ± 0.01 μM for DO and 0.83 ± 0.09 μM for TH) compared with LCA and the reference compound kojic acid. The inhibition of DO of human tyrosinase was effective (Ki = 34.7 ± 1.1 μM) as well, while the action on TH was weaker. Lineweaver⁻Burk analyses indicated a competitive inhibitor mechanism. LCAME was not substrate of tyrosinase and proved nontoxic at concentrations up to 50 μM. No alteration of basal tyrosinase expression was observed after 24 h treatment of human melanoma cells with the inhibitor, but preliminary evidence suggested LCAME might impair the induction of tyrosinase expression in cells stimulated with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. All these data point to this compound as a valuable candidate for further trials toward its use as a skin depigmenting agent. They also highlight the differential effects of tyrosinase inhibitors on the human and mushroom enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Micillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Julia Sirés-Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Spain.
| | - José Carlos García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Spain.
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Conchi Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Spain.
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11
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Josypčuk O, Barek J, Josypčuk B. Amperometric Determination of Catecholamines by Enzymatic Biosensors in Flow Systems. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Josypčuk
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS; v.v.i. Dolejskova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Barek
- Charles University; Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry; Hlavova 2030/8 128 43 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Josypčuk
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS; v.v.i. Dolejskova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
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12
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Garcia-Jimenez A, Teruel-Puche JA, Garcia-Ruiz PA, Saura-Sanmartin A, Berna J, Rodríguez-López JN, Garcia-Canovas F. Action of tyrosinase on caffeic acid and its n-nonyl ester. Catalysis and suicide inactivation. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:2650-2659. [PMID: 29080822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Different mechanisms for inhibiting tyrosinase can be designed to avoid postharvest quality losses of fruits and vegetables. The action of tyrosinase on caffeic acid and its n-nonyl ester (n-nonyl caffeate) was characterized kinetically in this work. The results lead us to propose that both compounds are suicide substrates of tyrosinase, for which we establish the catalytic and inactivation efficiencies. The ester is more potent as inactivator than the caffeic acid and the number of turnovers made by one molecule of the enzyme before its inactivation (r) is lower for the ester. We proposed that the anti-browning and antibacterial properties may be due to suicide inactivation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Garcia-Jimenez
- GENZ-Group of research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain(1)
| | - Jose Antonio Teruel-Puche
- Group of Molecular Interactions in Membranes, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, University of Murcia, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Antonio Garcia-Ruiz
- University of Murcia, Faculty of Veterinary, Group of Chemistry of Carbohydrates, Industrial Polymers and Additives, Department of Organic Chemistry, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Group of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Group of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Neptuno Rodríguez-López
- GENZ-Group of research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain(1)
| | - Francisco Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain(1).
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13
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Micillo R, Pistorio V, Pizzo E, Panzella L, Napolitano A, D'Ischia M. 2- S-Lipoylcaffeic Acid, a Natural Product-Based Entry to Tyrosinase Inhibition via Catechol Manipulation. Biomimetics (Basel) 2017; 2:biomimetics2030015. [PMID: 31105178 PMCID: PMC6352668 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics2030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of naturally occurring catecholic compounds with thiols is a versatile and facile entry to a broad range of bioinspired multifunctional compounds for diverse applications in biomedicine and materials science. We report herein the inhibition properties of the caffeic acid- dihydrolipoic acid S-conjugate, 2-S-lipoylcaffeic acid (LC), on mushroom tyrosinase. Half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 3.22 ± 0.02 and 2.0 ± 0.1 µM were determined for the catecholase and cresolase activity of the enzyme, respectively, indicating a greater efficiency of LC compared to the parent caffeic acid and the standard inhibitor kojic acid. Analysis of the Lineweaver–Burk plot suggested a mixed-type inhibition mechanism. LC proved to be non-toxic on human keratinocytes (HaCaT) at concentrations up to 30 µM. These results would point to LC as a novel prototype of melanogenesis regulators for the treatment of pigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Micillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Valeria Pistorio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Elio Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco D'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
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14
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Pretzler M, Bijelic A, Rompel A. Heterologous expression and characterization of functional mushroom tyrosinase (AbPPO4). Sci Rep 2017; 7:1810. [PMID: 28500345 PMCID: PMC5431950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases are an ubiquitous group of copper containing metalloenzymes that hydroxylate and oxidize phenolic molecules. In an application context the term 'tyrosinase' usually refers to 'mushroom tyrosinase' consisting of a mixture of isoenzymes and containing a number of enzymatic side-activities. We describe a protocol for the efficient heterologous production of tyrosinase 4 from Agaricus bisporus in Escherichia coli. Applying this procedure a pure preparation of a single isoform of latent tyrosinase can be achieved at a yield of 140 mg per liter of autoinducing culture medium. This recombinant protein possesses the same fold as the enzyme purified from the natural source as evidenced by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The latent enzyme can be activated by limited proteolysis with proteinase K which cleaves the polypeptide chain after K382, only one The latent enzyme can amino acid before the main in-vivo activation site. Latent tyrosinase can be used as obtained and enzymatic activity may be induced in the reaction mixture by the addition of an ionic detergent (e.g. 2 mM SDS). The proteolytically activated mushroom tyrosinase shows >50% of its maximal activity in the range of pH 5 to 10 and accepts a wide range of substrates including mono- and diphenols, flavonols and chalcones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pretzler
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Aleksandar Bijelic
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria.
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15
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Molitor C, Mauracher SG, Pargan S, Mayer RL, Halbwirth H, Rompel A. Latent and active aurone synthase from petals of C. grandiflora: a polyphenol oxidase with unique characteristics. PLANTA 2015; 242:519-37. [PMID: 25697287 PMCID: PMC4540782 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aurone synthase belongs to the novel group 2 polyphenol oxidases and the presented kinetic characterization suggests a differing aurone biosynthesis in Asteraceae species compared to snapdragon. Aurone synthases (AUS) are polyphenol oxidases (PPO) physiologically involved in the formation of yellow aurone pigments in petals of various Asteraceae species. They catalyze the oxidative conversion of chalcones into aurones. Latent (58.9 kDa) and active (41.6 kDa) aurone synthase from petals of C. grandiflora was purified by a quantitative removal of pigments using aqueous two-phase separation and several subsequent chromatographic steps. The purified enzymes were identified as cgAUS1 (A0A075DN54) and sequence analysis revealed that cgAUS1 is a member of a new group of plant PPOs. Mass determination experiments of intact cgAUS1 gave evidence that the C-terminal domain, usually shielding the active site of latent polyphenol oxidases, is linked to the main core by a disulfide bond. This is a novel and unique structural feature of plant PPOs. Proteolytic activation in vivo leads to active aurone synthase possessing a residual peptide of the C-terminal domain. Kinetic characterization of purified cgAUS1 strongly suggests a specific involvement in 4-deoxyaurone biosynthesis in Coreopsis grandiflora (Asteraceae) that differs in various aspects compared to the 4-hydroxyaurone formation in Antirrhinum majus (Plantaginaceae): cgAUS1 is predicted to be localized in the thylakoid lumen, it possesses exclusively diphenolase activity and the results suggest that aurone formation occurs at the level of chalcone aglycones. The latent enzyme exhibits allosteric activation which changes at a specific product concentration to a constant reaction rate. The presented novel structural and functional properties of aurone synthase provide further insights in the diversity and role of plant PPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Molitor
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Gerhard Mauracher
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sanela Pargan
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert L. Mayer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Goldfeder M, Kanteev M, Isaschar-Ovdat S, Adir N, Fishman A. Determination of tyrosinase substrate-binding modes reveals mechanistic differences between type-3 copper proteins. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4505. [PMID: 25074014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is responsible for the two initial enzymatic steps in the conversion of tyrosine to melanin. Many tyrosinase mutations are the leading cause of albinism in humans, and it is a prominent biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry target. Here we present crystal structures that show that both monophenol hydroxylation and diphenol oxidation occur at the same site. It is suggested that concurrent presence of a phenylalanine above the active site and a restricting thioether bond on the histidine coordinating CuA prevent hydroxylation of monophenols by catechol oxidases. Furthermore, a conserved water molecule activated by E195 and N205 is proposed to mediate deprotonation of the monophenol at the active site. Overall, the structures reveal precise steps in the enzymatic catalytic cycle as well as differences between tyrosinases and other type-3 copper enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Goldfeder
- 1] Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel [2]
| | - Margarita Kanteev
- 1] Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel [2]
| | - Sivan Isaschar-Ovdat
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Noam Adir
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ayelet Fishman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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17
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del Mar Garcia-Molina M, Muñoz-Muñoz JL, Berna J, García-Ruiz PA, Rodriguez-Lopez JN, Garcia-Canovas F. Catalysis and inactivation of tyrosinase in its action on hydroxyhydroquinone. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:122-7. [PMID: 24578277 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyhydroquinone (HHQ) was characterized kinetically as a tyrosinase substrate. A kinetic mechanism is proposed, in which HHQ is considered as a monophenol or as an o-diphenol, depending on the part of the molecule that interacts with the enzyme. The kinetic parameters obtained from an analysis of the measurements of the initial steady state rate of 2-hydroxy p-benzoquinone formation were kcatapp=229.0±7.7 s(-1) and KMapp,HHQ=0.40±0.05 mM. Furthermore, the action of tyrosinase on HHQ led to the enzyme's inactivation through a suicide inactivation mechanism. This suicide inactivation process was characterized kinetically by λmaxapp (the apparent maximum inactivation constant) and r, the number of turnovers made by 1 mol of enzyme before being inactivated. The values of λmaxapp and r were (8.2±0.1)×10(-3) s(-1) and 35,740±2,548, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Mar Garcia-Molina
- GENZ: Grupo de Investigación de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Facultad de Biología, Campus de Excelencia Internacional "Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
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18
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Muñoz-Muñoz JL, García-Molina MDM, Garcia-Molina F, Garcia-Ruiz PA, Garcia-Sevilla F, Rodriguez-Lopez JN, Garcia-Canovas F. Deuterium isotope effect on the suicide inactivation of tyrosinase in its action on o-diphenols. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:793-9. [PMID: 23893774 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A solvent deuterium isotope effect on the inactivation suicide of tyrosinase in its action on o-diphenols (catechol, 4-methylcatechol, and 4-tert-butylcatechol) was observed. This isotope effect, observed during kinetic studies in the transition phase, was higher than that described previously in the steady state, indicating that there is an additional slow step in the suicide inactivation mechanism, which we believe to be responsible for the inactivation. In a proton inventory study of oxidation of o-diphenols, the representation of λmax(D,fn)/λmax(D,f0) versus n (atom fractions of deuterium), where λmax(D,fn) is the maximum apparent inactivation constant for a molar fraction of deuterium (n) and λmax(D,f0) is the corresponding kinetic parameter in a water solution, was linear for all substrates. This suggests that only one of the protons transferred from the two hydroxyl groups of the substrate, which are oxidized in one turnover, is responsible for the isotope effects. We propose that this proton could be the proton transferred from the hydroxyl group of C-2 to the hydroperoxide of the oxytyrosinase form (Eox ) and that it probably causes enzyme inactivation through the reduction of the Cu(2+) A to Cu(0) and its subsequent release from the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Muñoz-Muñoz
- GENZ: Grupo de Investigación Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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19
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Catalysis and inactivation of tyrosinase in its action on o-diphenols, o-aminophenols and o-phenylendiamines: Potential use in industrial applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Muñoz-Muñoz JL, García-Molina MDM, García-Molina F, Varon R, García-Ruiz PA, Rodríguez-López JN, García-Cánovas F. Indirect inactivation of tyrosinase in its action on 4-tert-butylphenol. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 29:344-52. [PMID: 23578311 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.782298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under anaerobic conditions, the o-diphenol 4-tert-butylcatechol (TBC) irreversibly inactivates met and deoxytyrosinase enzymatic forms of tyrosinase. However, the monophenol 4-tert-butylphenol (TBF) protects the enzyme from this inactivation. Under aerobic conditions, the enzyme suffers suicide inactivation when it acts on TBC. We suggest that TBF does not directly cause the suicide inactivation of the enzyme in the hydroxylase activity, but that the o-diphenol, which is necessary for the system to reach the steady state, is responsible for the process. Therefore, monophenols do not induce the suicide inactivation of tyrosinase in its hydroxylase activity, and there is a great difference between the monophenols that give rise to unstable o-quinones such as L-tyrosine, which rapidly accumulate L-dopa in the medium and those like TBF, after oxidation, give rise to a very stable o-quinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Muñoz-Muñoz
- GENZ: Grupo de Investigación Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia , Espinardo, Murcia , Spain
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21
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Influencing the monophenolase/diphenolase activity ratio in tyrosinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:629-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Muñoz-Muñoz JL, Berna J, García-Molina MDM, Garcia-Molina F, Garcia-Ruiz PA, Varon R, Rodriguez-Lopez JN, Garcia-Canovas F. Hydroxylation of p-substituted phenols by tyrosinase: Further insight into the mechanism of tyrosinase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:228-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Muñoz-Muñoz JL, Garcia-Molina F, Berna J, Garcia-Ruiz PA, Varon R, Tudela J, Rodriguez-Lopez JN, Garcia-Canovas F. Kinetic characterisation of o-aminophenols and aromatic o-diamines as suicide substrates of tyrosinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:647-55. [PMID: 22342555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We study the suicide inactivation of tyrosinase acting on o-aminophenols and aromatic o-diamines and compare the results with those obtained for the corresponding o-diphenols. The catalytic constants follow the order aromatic o-diamines<o-aminophenols<o-diphenols, which agrees with the view that the transfer of the proton to the peroxide group of the oxy-tyrosinase form is the slowest step in the catalytic cycle. As regards the apparent inactivation constant, it remains within the same order of magnitude, although slightly lower in the case of the aromatic o-diamines and o-aminophenols than o-diphenols: o-diamines<o-aminophenols<o-diphenols. The efficiency of the second nucleophilic attack of substrate on CuA seems to be the determining factor in the bifurcation of the inactivation and catalytic pathways. This attack is more efficient in o-diamines (where it attacks a nitrogen atom) than in o-aminophenols and o-diphenols (where it attacks an oxygen atom), favouring the catalytic pathway and slowing down the inactivation pathway. The inactivation step is the slowest of the whole process. The values of r, the number of turnovers that 1mol of enzyme carries out before being inactivated, follows the order aromatic o-diamines<o-aminophenols<o-diphenols. As regards the Michaelis constants, that of the o-diamines is slightly lower than that of the o-diphenols, while that of the o-aminophenols is slightly greater than that observed for the o-diphenols. As a consequence of the above, the inactivation efficiency, λ(max)/K(m)(S), follows this order: o-diphenols>o-aminophenols>aromatic o-diamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Muñoz-Muñoz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia,Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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