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Cancellieri MC, Nobbio C, Gatti FG, Brenna E, Parmeggiani F. Applications of biocatalytic CC bond reductions in the synthesis of flavours and fragrances. J Biotechnol 2024; 390:13-27. [PMID: 38761886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Industrial biotechnology and biocatalysis can provide very effective synthetic tools to increase the sustainability of the production of fine chemicals, especially flavour and fragrance (F&F) ingredients, the market demand of which has been constantly increasing in the last years. One of the most important transformations in F&F chemistry is the reduction of CC bonds, typically carried out with metal-catalysed hydrogenations or hydride-based reagents. Its biocatalytic counterpart is a competitive alternative, showcasing a range of advantages such as excellent chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity, ease of implementation, mild reaction conditions and modest environmental impact. In the present review, the application of biocatalysed alkene reductions (from microbial fermentations with wild-type strains to engineered isolated ene-reductase enzymes) to synthetic processes useful for the F&F industry will be described, highlighting not only the exquisite stereoselectivity achieved, but also the overall improvement when chirality is not involved. Multi-enzymatic cascades involving CC bioreductions are also examined, which allow much greater chemical complexity to be built in one-pot biocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Cancellieri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Celeste Nobbio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Francesco G Gatti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy.
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2
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Nie N, Zhao Z, Li X, Liu Y, Zhang Y. A Proline-Based Artificial Enzyme That Favors Aldol Condensation Enables Facile Synthesis of Aliphatic Ketones via Tandem Catalysis. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1100-1104. [PMID: 38587465 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
A proline-based artificial enzyme is prepared by grafting the l-proline moieties onto the surface of bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The artificial enzyme, the BSA-PolyProline conjugate, prefers to catalyze the formation of unsaturated ketones rather than β-hydroxy ketones in the reaction between acetone and aldehydes, which is difficult to achieve in free-proline catalysis. The altered reaction selectivity is ascribed to the locally concentrated l-proline moieties surrounding the BSA molecule, indicating a microenvironmental effect-induced switching of the reaction mechanism. Taking advantage of this selectivity, we used this artificial enzyme in conjunction with a natural enzyme, old yellow enzyme 1 (OYE1), to demonstrate a simple synthesis of different aliphatic ketones from acetone and aldehydes via tandem catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ziye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunting Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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3
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Biosynthesis of alkanes/alkenes from fatty acids or derivatives (triacylglycerols or fatty aldehydes). Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108045. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Asymmetric Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Dimethyl 2-Methylsuccinate by the Ene-Reductase-Catalyzed Reduction at High Substrate Concentration. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate (1) is a very important building block for the manufacturing of many active pharmaceutical ingredients and fine chemicals. The asymmetric reduction of C=C double bond of dimethyl citraconate (2), dimethyl mesaconate (3) or dimethyl itaconate (4) by ene-reductases (ERs) represents an attractive straightforward approach, but lack of high-performance ERs, especially (S)-selective ones, has limited implementing this method to prepare the optically pure dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate. Herein, three ERs (Bac-OYE1 from Bacillus sp., SeER from Saccharomyces eubayanus and AfER from Aspergillus flavus) with high substrate tolerance and stereoselectivity towards 2, 3 and 4 have been identified. Up to 500 mM of 3 was converted to (S)-dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate ((S)-1) by SeER in high yields (80%) and enantioselectivity (98% ee), and 700 mM of 2 and 400 mM of 4 were converted to (R)-1 by Bac-OYE1 and AfER, respectively, in high yields (86% and 77%) with excellent enantioselectivity (99% ee). The reductions of diethyl citraconate (5), diethyl mesaconate (6) and diethyl itaconate (7) were also tested with the three ERs. Although up to 500 mM of 5 was completely converted to (R)-diethyl 2-methylsuccinate ((R)-8) by Bac-OYE1 with excellent enantioselectivity (99% ee), the alcohol moiety of the esters had a great effect on the activity and enantioselectivity of ERs. This work provides an efficient methodology for the enantiocomplementary production of optically pure dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate from dimethyl itaconate and its isomers at high titer.
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Böhmer S, Marx C, Gómez-Baraibar Á, Nowaczyk MM, Tischler D, Hemschemeier A, Happe T. Evolutionary diverse Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Old Yellow Enzymes reveal distinctive catalytic properties and potential for whole-cell biotransformations. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Ene reductases enable the asymmetric hydrogenation of activated alkenes allowing the manufacture of valuable chiral products. The enzymes complement existing metal- and organocatalytic approaches for the stereoselective reduction of activated C=C double bonds, and efforts to expand the biocatalytic toolbox with additional ene reductases are of high academic and industrial interest. Here, we present the characterization of a novel ene reductase from Paenibacillus polymyxa, named Ppo-Er1, belonging to the recently identified subgroup III of the old yellow enzyme family. The determination of substrate scope, solvent stability, temperature, and pH range of Ppo-Er1 is one of the first examples of a detailed biophysical characterization of a subgroup III enzyme. Notably, Ppo-Er1 possesses a wide temperature optimum (Topt: 20–45 °C) and retains high conversion rates of at least 70% even at 10 °C reaction temperature making it an interesting biocatalyst for the conversion of temperature-labile substrates. When assaying a set of different organic solvents to determine Ppo-Er1′s solvent tolerance, the ene reductase exhibited good performance in up to 40% cyclohexane as well as 20 vol% DMSO and ethanol. In summary, Ppo-Er1 exhibited activity for thirteen out of the nineteen investigated compounds, for ten of which Michaelis–Menten kinetics could be determined. The enzyme exhibited the highest specificity constant for maleimide with a kcat/KM value of 287 mM−1 s−1. In addition, Ppo-Er1 proved to be highly enantioselective for selected substrates with measured enantiomeric excess values of 92% or higher for 2-methyl-2-cyclohexenone, citral, and carvone.
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Zhang X, Liao S, Cao F, Zhao L, Pei J, Tang F. Cloning and characterization of enoate reductase with high β-ionone to dihydro-β-ionone bioconversion productivity. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:26. [PMID: 29743047 PMCID: PMC5944158 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dihydro-β-ionone is a principal aroma compound and has received considerable attention by flavor and fragrance industry. The traditional method of preparing dihydro-β-ionone has many drawbacks, which has restricted its industrial application. Therefore, it is necessary to find a biotechnological method to produce dihydro-β-ionone. Results In this study, the enoate reductase with high conversion efficiency of β-ionone to dihydro-β-ionone, DBR1, was obtained by screening four genetically engineered bacteria. The product, dihydro-β-ionone, was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The highest dihydro-β-ionone production with 308.3 mg/L was detected in the recombinant strain expressing DBR1 which was later on expressed and purified. Its optimal temperature and pH were 45 °C and 6.5, respectively. The greatest activity of the purified enzyme was 356.39 U/mg using β-ionone as substrate. In the enzymatic conversion system, 1 mM of β-ionone was transformed into 91.08 mg/L of dihydro-β-ionone with 93.80% of molar conversion. Conclusion DBR1 had high selectivity to hydrogenated the 10,11-unsaturated double bond of β-ionone as well as high catalytic efficiency for the conversion of β-ionone to dihydro-β-ionone. It is the first report on the bioconversion of β-ionone to dihydro-β-ionone by using enoate reductase. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0438-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.,College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, China
| | - Shiyong Liao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China. .,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Jianjun Pei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Feng Tang
- International centre for bamboo and rattan, 8 FuTong East Street, Beijing, 100714, China
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Li Z, Wang Z, Meng G, Lu H, Huang Z, Chen F. Identification of an Ene Reductase from Yeast Kluyveromyces Marxianus
and Application in the Asymmetric Synthesis of (R
)-Profen Esters. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhining Li
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules; Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Zexu Wang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules; Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Ge Meng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules; Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering; School of Life Sciences; Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road; Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms; 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | - Zedu Huang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules; Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules; Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Wu Q, Wang M, Zhu D, Ma Y. Regio- and stereoselective reduction of 17-oxosteroids to 17β-hydroxysteroids by a yeast strain Zygowilliopsis sp. WY7905. Steroids 2017; 118:17-24. [PMID: 27864020 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of 17-oxosteroids to 17β-hydroxysteroids is one of the important transformations for the preparation of many steroidal drugs and intermediates. The strain Zygowilliopsis sp. WY7905 was found to catalyze the reduction of C-17 carbonyl group of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) to give testosterone (TS) as the sole product by the constitutive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD). The optimal conditions for the reduction were pH 8.0 and 30°C with supplementing 10g/l glucose and 1% Tween 80 (w/v). Under the optimized transformation conditions, 0.75g/l AD was reduced to a single product TS with >90% yield and >99% diastereomeric excess (de) within 24h. This strain also reduced other 17-oxosteroids such as estrone, 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one and norandrostenedione, to give the corresponding 17β-hydroxysteroids, while the C-3 and C-20 carbonyl groups were intact. The absence of by-products in this microbial 17β-reduction would facilitate the product purification. As such, the strain might serve as a useful biocatalyst for this important transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Yanhe Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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Sheng X, Yan M, Xu L, Wei M. Identification and characterization of a novel Old Yellow Enzyme from Bacillus subtilis str.168. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Riedel A, Mehnert M, Paul CE, Westphal AH, van Berkel WJH, Tischler D. Functional characterization and stability improvement of a 'thermophilic-like' ene-reductase from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1073. [PMID: 26483784 PMCID: PMC4589676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ene-reductases (ERs) are widely applied for the asymmetric synthesis of relevant industrial chemicals. A novel ER OYERo2 was found within a set of 14 putative old yellow enzymes (OYEs) obtained by genome mining of the actinobacterium Rhodococcus opacus 1CP. Multiple sequence alignment suggested that the enzyme belongs to the group of 'thermophilic-like' OYEs. OYERo2 was produced in Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized. The enzyme is strongly NADPH dependent and uses non-covalently bound FMNH2 for the reduction of activated α,β-unsaturated alkenes. In the active form OYERo2 is a dimer. Optimal catalysis occurs at pH 7.3 and 37°C. OYERo2 showed highest specific activities (45-50 U mg(-1)) on maleimides, which are efficiently converted to the corresponding succinimides. The OYERo2-mediated reduction of prochiral alkenes afforded the (R)-products with excellent optical purity (ee > 99%). OYERo2 is not as thermo-resistant as related OYEs. Introduction of a characteristic intermolecular salt bridge by site-specific mutagenesis raised the half-life of enzyme inactivation at 32°C from 28 to 87 min and improved the tolerance toward organic co-solvents. The suitability of OYERo2 for application in industrial biocatalysis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Riedel
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg Freiberg, Germany ; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marika Mehnert
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg Freiberg, Germany
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Delft, Netherlands
| | - Adrie H Westphal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk Tischler
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg Freiberg, Germany ; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
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Brenna E, Crotti M, Gatti FG, Monti D, Parmeggiani F, Powell RW, Santangelo S, Stewart JD. Opposite Enantioselectivity in the Bioreduction of (Z
)-β-Aryl-β-cyanoacrylates Mediated by the Tryptophan 116 Mutants of Old Yellow Enzyme 1: Synthetic Approach to (R
)- and (S
)-β-Aryl-γ-lactams. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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