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Aneli S, Ceccatelli Berti C, Gilea AI, Birolo G, Mutti G, Pavesi A, Baruffini E, Goffrini P, Capelli C. Functional characterization of archaic-specific variants in mitonuclear genes: insights from comparative analysis in S. cerevisiae. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:1152-1163. [PMID: 38558123 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neanderthal and Denisovan hybridisation with modern humans has generated a non-random genomic distribution of introgressed regions, the result of drift and selection dynamics. Cross-species genomic incompatibility and more efficient removal of slightly deleterious archaic variants have been proposed as selection-based processes involved in the post-hybridisation purge of archaic introgressed regions. Both scenarios require the presence of functionally different alleles across Homo species onto which selection operated differently according to which populations hosted them, but only a few of these variants have been pinpointed so far. In order to identify functionally divergent archaic variants removed in humans, we focused on mitonuclear genes, which are underrepresented in the genomic landscape of archaic humans. We searched for non-synonymous, fixed, archaic-derived variants present in mitonuclear genes, rare or absent in human populations. We then compared the functional impact of archaic and human variants in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Notably, a variant within the mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase 2 (YARS2) gene exhibited a significant decrease in respiratory activity and a substantial reduction of Cox2 levels, a proxy for mitochondrial protein biosynthesis, coupled with the accumulation of the YARS2 protein precursor and a lower amount of mature enzyme. Our work suggests that this variant is associated with mitochondrial functionality impairment, thus contributing to the purging of archaic introgression in YARS2. While different molecular mechanisms may have impacted other mitonuclear genes, our approach can be extended to the functional screening of mitonuclear genetic variants present across species and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Aneli
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Turin, C.so Galileo Galilei 22, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Camilla Ceccatelli Berti
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Alexandru Ionut Gilea
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Giovanni Birolo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 5, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mutti
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Department of Life Sciences, Plaça Eusebi Güell, 1-3, Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Department of Mechanisms of Disease, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Angelo Pavesi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Enrico Baruffini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Paola Goffrini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Cristian Capelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, Parma 43124, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
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2
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Mukhopadhyay J, Hausner G. Interconnected roles of fungal nuclear- and intron-encoded maturases: at the crossroads of mitochondrial intron splicing. Biochem Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 38833723 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2024-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Group I and II introns are large catalytic RNAs (ribozymes) that are frequently encountered in fungal mitochondrial genomes. The discovery of respiratory mutants linked to intron splicing defects demonstrated that for the efficient removal of organellar introns there appears to be a requirement of protein splicing factors. These splicing factors can be intron-encoded proteins with maturase activities that usually promote the splicing of the introns that encode them (cis-acting) and/or nuclear-encoded factors that can promote the splicing of a range of different introns (trans-acting). Compared to plants organellar introns, fungal mitochondrial intron splicing is still poorly explored, especially in terms of the synergy of nuclear factors with intron-encoded maturases that has direct impact on splicing through their association with intron RNA. In addition, nuclear-encoded accessory factors might drive the splicing impetus through translational activation, mitoribosome assembly, and phosphorylation-mediated RNA turnover. This review explores protein-assisted splicing of introns by nuclear and mitochondrial-encoded maturases as a means of mitonuclear interplay that could respond to environmental and developmental factors promoting phenotypic adaptation and potentially speciation. It also highlights key evolutionary events that have led to changes in structure and ATP-dependence to accommodate the dual functionality of nuclear and organellar splicing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg Hausner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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3
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Lamech LT, Saoji M, Paukstelis PJ, Lambowitz AM. Structural Divergence of the Group I Intron Binding Surface in Fungal Mitochondrial Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetases That Function in RNA Splicing. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11911-27. [PMID: 27036943 PMCID: PMC4882457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases (mtTyrRSs) of Pezizomycotina fungi, a subphylum that includes many pathogenic species, are bifunctional proteins that both charge mitochondrial tRNA(Tyr) and act as splicing cofactors for autocatalytic group I introns. Previous studies showed that one of these proteins, Neurospora crassa CYT-18, binds group I introns by using both its N-terminal catalytic and C-terminal anticodon binding domains and that the catalytic domain uses a newly evolved group I intron binding surface that includes an N-terminal extension and two small insertions (insertions 1 and 2) with distinctive features not found in non-splicing mtTyrRSs. To explore how this RNA binding surface diverged to accommodate different group I introns in other Pezizomycotina fungi, we determined x-ray crystal structures of C-terminally truncated Aspergillus nidulans and Coccidioides posadasii mtTyrRSs. Comparisons with previous N. crassa CYT-18 structures and a structural model of the Aspergillus fumigatus mtTyrRS showed that the overall topology of the group I intron binding surface is conserved but with variations in key intron binding regions, particularly the Pezizomycotina-specific insertions. These insertions, which arose by expansion of flexible termini or internal loops, show greater variation in structure and amino acids potentially involved in group I intron binding than do neighboring protein core regions, which also function in intron binding but may be more constrained to preserve mtTyrRS activity. Our results suggest a structural basis for the intron specificity of different Pezizomycotina mtTyrRSs, highlight flexible terminal and loop regions as major sites for enzyme diversification, and identify targets for therapeutic intervention by disrupting an essential RNA-protein interaction in pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian T Lamech
- From the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 and
| | - Maithili Saoji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Paul J Paukstelis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Alan M Lambowitz
- From the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 and
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4
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Lamech LT, Mallam AL, Lambowitz AM. Evolution of RNA-protein interactions: non-specific binding led to RNA splicing activity of fungal mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1002028. [PMID: 25536042 PMCID: PMC4275181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of tRNA synthetases that adapted to assist the splicing of group I introns provide insight into how proteins can evolve new RNA-binding functions. The Neurospora crassa mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (mtTyrRS; CYT-18 protein) evolved a new function as a group I intron splicing factor by acquiring the ability to bind group I intron RNAs and stabilize their catalytically active RNA structure. Previous studies showed: (i) CYT-18 binds group I introns by using both its N-terminal catalytic domain and flexibly attached C-terminal anticodon-binding domain (CTD); and (ii) the catalytic domain binds group I introns specifically via multiple structural adaptations that occurred during or after the divergence of Peziomycotina and Saccharomycotina. However, the function of the CTD and how it contributed to the evolution of splicing activity have been unclear. Here, small angle X-ray scattering analysis of CYT-18 shows that both CTDs of the homodimeric protein extend outward from the catalytic domain, but move inward to bind opposite ends of a group I intron RNA. Biochemical assays show that the isolated CTD of CYT-18 binds RNAs non-specifically, possibly contributing to its interaction with the structurally different ends of the intron RNA. Finally, we find that the yeast mtTyrRS, which diverged from Pezizomycotina fungal mtTyrRSs prior to the evolution of splicing activity, binds group I intron and other RNAs non-specifically via its CTD, but lacks further adaptations needed for group I intron splicing. Our results suggest a scenario of constructive neutral (i.e., pre-adaptive) evolution in which an initial non-specific interaction between the CTD of an ancestral fungal mtTyrRS and a self-splicing group I intron was “fixed” by an intron RNA mutation that resulted in protein-dependent splicing. Once fixed, this interaction could be elaborated by further adaptive mutations in both the catalytic domain and CTD that enabled specific binding of group I introns. Our results highlight a role for non-specific RNA binding in the evolution of RNA-binding proteins. The acquisition of new modes of post-transcriptional gene regulation played an important role in the evolution of eukaryotes and was achieved by an increase in the number of RNA-binding proteins with new functions. RNA-binding proteins bind directly to double- or single-stranded RNA and regulate many cellular processes. Here, we address how proteins evolve new RNA-binding functions by using as a model system a fungal mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase that evolved to acquire a novel function in splicing group I introns. Group I introns are RNA enzymes (or “ribozymes”) that catalyze their own removal from transcripts, but can become dependent upon proteins to stabilize their active structure. We show that the C-terminal domain of the synthetase is flexibly attached and has high non-specific RNA-binding activity that likely pre-dated the evolution of splicing activity. Our findings suggest an evolutionary scenario in which an initial non-specific interaction between an ancestral synthetase and a self-splicing group I intron was fixed by an intron RNA mutation, thereby making it dependent upon the protein for structural stabilization. The interaction then evolved by the acquisition of adaptive mutations throughout the protein and RNA that increased both the splicing efficiency and its protein-dependence. Our results suggest a general mechanism by which non-specific binding interactions can lead to the evolution of new RNA-binding functions and provide novel insights into splicing and synthetase mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian T. Lamech
- The Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anna L. Mallam
- The Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Lambowitz
- The Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Pang YLJ, Poruri K, Martinis SA. tRNA synthetase: tRNA aminoacylation and beyond. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2014; 5:461-80. [PMID: 24706556 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are prominently known for their classic function in the first step of protein synthesis, where they bear the responsibility of setting the genetic code. Each enzyme is exquisitely adapted to covalently link a single standard amino acid to its cognate set of tRNA isoacceptors. These ancient enzymes have evolved idiosyncratically to host alternate activities that go far beyond their aminoacylation role and impact a wide range of other metabolic pathways and cell signaling processes. The family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases has also been suggested as a remarkable scaffold to incorporate new domains that would drive evolution and the emergence of new organisms with more complex function. Because they are essential, the tRNA synthetases have served as pharmaceutical targets for drug and antibiotic development. The recent unfolding of novel important functions for this family of proteins offers new and promising pathways for therapeutic development to treat diverse human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ling Joy Pang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana, Urbana, IL, USA
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6
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Geng C, Paukstelis PJ. An in vitro peptide complementation assay for CYT-18-dependent group I intron splicing reveals a new role for the N-terminus. Biochemistry 2014; 53:1311-9. [PMID: 24520960 DOI: 10.1021/bi401614h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial tyrosyl tRNA synthetase from Neurospora crassa (CYT-18 protein) is a bifunctional group I intron splicing cofactor. CYT-18 is capable of splicing multiple group I introns from a wide variety of sources by stabilizing the catalytically active intron structures. CYT-18 and mt TyrRSs from related fungal species have evolved to assist in group I intron splicing in part by the accumulation of three N-terminal domain insertions. Biochemical and structural analysis indicate that the N-terminal insertions serve primarily to create a structure-stabilizing scaffold for critical tertiary interactions between the two major RNA domains of group I introns. Previous studies concluded that the primarily α-helical N-terminal insertion, H0, contributes to protein stability and is necessary for splicing the N. crassa ND1 intron but is dispensable for splicing the N. crassa mitochondrial LSU intron. Here, we show that CYT-18 with a complete H0 deletion retains residual ND1 intron splicing activity and that addition of the missing N-terminus in trans is capable of restoring a significant portion of its splicing activity. The development of this peptide complementation assay has allowed us to explore important characteristics of the CYT-18/group I intron interaction including the stoichiometry of H0 in intron splicing and the importance of specific H0 residues. Evaluation of truncated H0 peptides in this assay and a re-examination of the CYT-18 crystal structure suggest a previously unknown structural role of the first five N-terminal residues of CYT-18. These residues interact directly with another splicing insertion, making H0 a central structural element responsible for connecting all three N-terminal splicing insertions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Geng
- University of Maryland , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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7
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Lai D, Proctor JR, Meyer IM. On the importance of cotranscriptional RNA structure formation. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 19:1461-1473. [PMID: 24131802 PMCID: PMC3851714 DOI: 10.1261/rna.037390.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The expression of genes, both coding and noncoding, can be significantly influenced by RNA structural features of their corresponding transcripts. There is by now mounting experimental and some theoretical evidence that structure formation in vivo starts during transcription and that this cotranscriptional folding determines the functional RNA structural features that are being formed. Several decades of research in bioinformatics have resulted in a wide range of computational methods for predicting RNA secondary structures. Almost all state-of-the-art methods in terms of prediction accuracy, however, completely ignore the process of structure formation and focus exclusively on the final RNA structure. This review hopes to bridge this gap. We summarize the existing evidence for cotranscriptional folding and then review the different, currently used strategies for RNA secondary-structure prediction. Finally, we propose a range of ideas on how state-of-the-art methods could be potentially improved by explicitly capturing the process of cotranscriptional structure formation.
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8
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Yao P, Poruri K, Martinis SA, Fox PL. Non-catalytic Regulation of Gene Expression by Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 344:167-87. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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9
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Abstract
RNA folding is an essential aspect underlying RNA-mediated cellular processes. Many RNAs, including large, multi-domain ribozymes, are capable of folding to the native, functional state without assistance of a protein cofactor in vitro. In the cell, trans-acting factors, such as proteins, are however known to modulate the structure and thus the fate of an RNA. DEAD-box proteins, including Mss116p, were recently found to assist folding of group I and group II introns in vitro and in vivo. The underlying mechanism(s) have been studied extensively to explore the contribution of ATP hydrolysis and duplex unwinding in helicase-stimulated intron splicing. Here we summarize the ongoing efforts to understand the novel role of DEAD-box proteins in RNA folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Sachsenmaier
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Paukstelis PJ, Chari N, Lambowitz AM, Hoffman D. NMR Structure of the C-terminal domain of a tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase that functions in group I intron splicing. Biochemistry 2011; 50:3816-26. [PMID: 21438536 DOI: 10.1021/bi200189u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases (mt TyrRSs) of Pezizomycotina fungi are bifunctional proteins that aminoacylate mitochondrial tRNA(Tyr) and are structure-stabilizing splicing cofactors for group I introns. Studies with the Neurospora crassa synthetase (CYT-18 protein) showed that splicing activity is dependent upon Pezizomycotina-specific structural adaptations that form a distinct group I intron-binding site in the N-terminal catalytic domain. Although CYT-18's C-terminal domain also binds group I introns, it has been intractable to X-ray crystallography in the full-length protein. Here, we determined an NMR structure of the isolated C-terminal domain of the Aspergillus nidulans mt TyrRS, which is closely related to but smaller than CYT-18's. The structure shows an S4 fold like that of bacterial TyrRSs, but with novel features, including three Pezizomycontia-specific insertions. (15)N-(1)H two-dimensional NMR showed that C-terminal domains of the full-length A. nidulans and Geobacillus stearothermophilus synthetases do not tumble independently in solution, suggesting restricted orientations. Modeling onto a CYT-18/group I intron cocrystal structure indicates that the C-terminal domains of both subunits of the homodimeric protein bind different ends of the intron RNA, with one C-terminal domain having to undergo a large shift on its flexible linker to bind tRNA(Tyr) or the intron RNA on either side of the catalytic domain. The modeling suggests that the C-terminal domain acts together with the N-terminal domain to clamp parts of the intron's catalytic core, that at least one C-terminal domain insertion functions in group I intron binding, and that some C-terminal domain regions bind both tRNA(Tyr) and group I intron RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Paukstelis
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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11
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Abstract
The self-splicing group I introns are removed by an autocatalytic mechanism that involves a series of transesterification reactions. They require RNA binding proteins to act as chaperones to correctly fold the RNA into an active intermediate structure in vivo. Pre-tRNA introns in Bacteria and in higher eukaryote plastids are typical examples of self-splicing group I introns. By contrast, two striking features characterize RNA splicing in the archaeal world. First, self-splicing group I introns cannot be found, to this date, in that kingdom. Second, the RNA splicing scenario in Archaea is uniform: All introns, whether in pre-tRNA or elsewhere, are removed by tRNA splicing endonucleases. We suggest that in Archaea, the protein recruited for splicing is the preexisting tRNA splicing endonuclease and that this enzyme, together with the ligase, takes over the task of intron removal in a more efficient fashion than the ribozyme. The extinction of group I introns in Archaea would then be a consequence of recruitment of the tRNA splicing endonuclease. We deal here with comparative genome analysis, focusing specifically on the integration of introns into genes coding for 23S rRNA molecules, and how this newly acquired intron has to be removed to regenerate a functional RNA molecule. We show that all known oligomeric structures of the endonuclease can recognize and cleave a ribosomal intron, even when the endonuclease derives from a strain lacking rRNA introns. The persistence of group I introns in mitochondria and chloroplasts would be explained by the inaccessibility of these introns to the endonuclease.
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12
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Abstract
RNA folding is the most essential process underlying RNA function. While significant progress has been made in understanding the forces driving RNA folding in vitro, exploring the rules governing intracellular RNA structure formation is still in its infancy. The cellular environment hosts a great diversity of factors that potentially influence RNA folding in vivo. For example, the nature of transcription and translation is known to shape the folding landscape of RNA molecules. Trans-acting factors such as proteins, RNAs and metabolites, among others, are also able to modulate the structure and thus the fate of an RNA. Here we summarize the ongoing efforts to uncover how RNA folds in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgeta Zemora
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Duncan CDS, Weeks KM. The Mrs1 splicing factor binds the bI3 group I intron at each of two tetraloop-receptor motifs. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8983. [PMID: 20126554 PMCID: PMC2813881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most large ribozymes require protein cofactors in order to function efficiently. The yeast mitochondrial bI3 group I intron requires two proteins for efficient splicing, Mrs1 and the bI3 maturase. Mrs1 has evolved from DNA junction resolvases to function as an RNA cofactor for at least two group I introns; however, the RNA binding site and the mechanism by which Mrs1 facilitates splicing were unknown. Here we use high-throughput RNA structure analysis to show that Mrs1 binds a ubiquitous RNA tertiary structure motif, the GNRA tetraloop-receptor interaction, at two sites in the bI3 RNA. Mrs1 also interacts at similar tetraloop-receptor elements, as well as other structures, in the self-folding Azoarcus group I intron and in the RNase P enzyme. Thus, Mrs1 recognizes general features found in the tetraloop-receptor motif. Identification of the two Mrs1 binding sites now makes it possible to create a model of the complete six-component bI3 ribonucleoprotein. All protein cofactors bind at the periphery of the RNA such that every long-range RNA tertiary interaction is stabilized by protein binding, involving either Mrs1 or the bI3 maturase. This work emphasizes the strong evolutionary pressure to bolster RNA tertiary structure with RNA-binding interactions as seen in the ribosome, spliceosome, and other large RNA machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caia D. S. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Weeks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Kolb SJ, Sutton S, Schoenberg DR. RNA processing defects associated with diseases of the motor neuron. Muscle Nerve 2010; 41:5-17. [PMID: 19697368 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress in the discovery of motor neuron disease genes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the spinal muscular atrophies, hereditary motor neuropathies, and lethal congenital contracture syndromes is providing new perspectives and insights into the molecular pathogenesis of the motor neuron. Motor neuron disease genes are often expressed throughout the body with essential functions in all cells. A survey of these functions indicates that motor neurons are uniquely sensitive to perturbations in RNA processing pathways dependent on the interaction of specific RNAs with specific RNA-binding proteins, which presumably result in aberrant formation and function of ribonucleoprotein complexes. This review provides a summary of currently recognized RNA processing defects linked to human motor neuron diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kolb
- Department of Neurology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Hamilton Hall, Room 337B, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1228, USA
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15
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Abstract
Computational studies predict the simultaneous presence of two and even three introns in certain crenarchaeal tRNA genes. In these multiple-intron-containing pretRNAs, the introns are nested one inside the other and the pretRNA folds into a conformation that is anticipated to allow splicing of the last intron only after splicing the others. A set of operations, each consisting of two cleavages and one ligation, therefore needs to be carried out sequentially. PretRNAs containing multiple introns are predicted to fold, forming bulge-helix-bulge (BHB) and BHB-like motifs. The tRNA splicing endonuclease should recognize these motifs. To test this hypothetical scenario, we used the homotetrameric enzyme from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (METJA) and the heterotetrameric enzyme from Sulfolobus solfataricus (SULSO). On the basis of our previous studies, the METJA enzyme should cleave only the BHB structure motif, while the SULSO enzyme can in addition cleave variant substrate structures, like the bulge-helix-loop (BHL). We show here that the processing of multiple-intron-containing pretRNA can be observed in vitro.
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16
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Chadee AB, Bhaskaran H, Russell R. Protein roles in group I intron RNA folding: the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase CYT-18 stabilizes the native state relative to a long-lived misfolded structure without compromising folding kinetics. J Mol Biol 2009; 395:656-70. [PMID: 19913030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Neurospora crassa CYT-18 protein is a mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase that also promotes self-splicing of group I intron RNAs by stabilizing the functional structure in the conserved core. CYT-18 binds the core along the same surface as a common peripheral element, P5abc, suggesting that CYT-18 can replace P5abc functionally. In addition to stabilizing structure generally, P5abc stabilizes the native conformation of the Tetrahymena group I intron relative to a globally similar misfolded conformation that has only local differences within the core and is populated significantly at equilibrium by a ribozyme variant lacking P5abc (E(DeltaP5abc)). Here, we show that CYT-18 specifically promotes formation of the native group I intron core from this misfolded conformation. Catalytic activity assays demonstrate that CYT-18 shifts the equilibrium of E(DeltaP5abc) toward the native state by at least 35-fold, and binding assays suggest an even larger effect. Thus, similar to P5abc, CYT-18 preferentially recognizes the native core, despite the global similarity of the misfolded core and despite forming crudely similar complexes, as revealed by dimethyl sulfate footprinting. Interestingly, the effects of CYT-18 and P5abc on folding kinetics differ. Whereas P5abc inhibits refolding of the misfolded conformation by forming peripheral contacts that must break during refolding, CYT-18 does not display analogous inhibition, most likely because it relies to a greater extent on direct interactions with the core. Although CYT-18 does not encounter this RNA in vivo, our results suggest that it stabilizes its cognate group I introns relative to analogous misfolded intermediates. By specifically recognizing native structural features, CYT-18 may also interact with earlier folding intermediates to avoid RNA misfolding or to trap native contacts as they form. More generally, our results highlight the ability of a protein cofactor to stabilize a functional RNA structure specifically without incurring associated costs in RNA folding kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Chadee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
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17
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Boniecki MT, Rho SB, Tukalo M, Hsu JL, Romero EP, Martinis SA. Leucyl-tRNA synthetase-dependent and -independent activation of a group I intron. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:26243-50. [PMID: 19622748 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.031179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) is an essential RNA splicing factor for yeast mitochondrial introns. Intracellular experiments have suggested that it works in collaboration with a maturase that is encoded within the bI4 intron. RNA deletion mutants of the large bI4 intron were constructed to identify a competently folded intron for biochemical analysis. The minimized bI4 intron was active in RNA splicing and contrasts with previous proposals that the canonical core of the bI4 intron is deficient for catalysis. The activity of the minimized bI4 intron was enhanced in vitro by the presence of the bI4 maturase or LeuRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal T Boniecki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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18
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Del Campo M, Mohr S, Jiang Y, Jia H, Jankowsky E, Lambowitz AM. Unwinding by local strand separation is critical for the function of DEAD-box proteins as RNA chaperones. J Mol Biol 2009; 389:674-93. [PMID: 19393667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The DEAD-box proteins CYT-19 in Neurospora crassa and Mss116p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are broadly acting RNA chaperones that function in mitochondria to stimulate group I and group II intron splicing and to activate mRNA translation. Previous studies showed that the S. cerevisiae cytosolic/nuclear DEAD-box protein Ded1p could stimulate group II intron splicing in vitro. Here, we show that Ded1p complements mitochondrial translation and group I and group II intron splicing defects in mss116Delta strains, stimulates the in vitro splicing of group I and group II introns, and functions indistinguishably from CYT-19 to resolve different nonnative secondary and/or tertiary structures in the Tetrahymena thermophila large subunit rRNA-DeltaP5abc group I intron. The Escherichia coli DEAD-box protein SrmB also stimulates group I and group II intron splicing in vitro, while the E. coli DEAD-box protein DbpA and the vaccinia virus DExH-box protein NPH-II gave little, if any, group I or group II intron splicing stimulation in vitro or in vivo. The four DEAD-box proteins that stimulate group I and group II intron splicing unwind RNA duplexes by local strand separation and have little or no specificity, as judged by RNA-binding assays and stimulation of their ATPase activity by diverse RNAs. In contrast, DbpA binds group I and group II intron RNAs nonspecifically, but its ATPase activity is activated specifically by a helical segment of E. coli 23S rRNA, and NPH-II unwinds RNAs by directional translocation. The ability of DEAD-box proteins to stimulate group I and group II intron splicing correlates primarily with their RNA-unwinding activity, which, for the protein preparations used here, was greatest for Mss116p, followed by Ded1p, CYT-19, and SrmB. Furthermore, this correlation holds for all group I and group II intron RNAs tested, implying a fundamentally similar mechanism for both types of introns. Our results support the hypothesis that DEAD-box proteins have an inherent ability to function as RNA chaperones by virtue of their distinctive RNA-unwinding mechanism, which enables refolding of localized RNA regions or structures without globally disrupting RNA structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Del Campo
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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19
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Vicens Q, Paukstelis PJ, Westhof E, Lambowitz AM, Cech TR. Toward predicting self-splicing and protein-facilitated splicing of group I introns. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 14:2013-2029. [PMID: 18768647 PMCID: PMC2553746 DOI: 10.1261/rna.1027208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the current era of massive discoveries of noncoding RNAs within genomes, being able to infer a function from a nucleotide sequence is of paramount interest. Although studies of individual group I introns have identified self-splicing and nonself-splicing examples, there is no overall understanding of the prevalence of self-splicing or the factors that determine it among the >2300 group I introns sequenced to date. Here, the self-splicing activities of 12 group I introns from various organisms were assayed under six reaction conditions that had been shown previously to promote RNA catalysis for different RNAs. Besides revealing that assessing self-splicing under only one condition can be misleading, this survey emphasizes that in vitro self-splicing efficiency is correlated with the GC content of the intron (>35% GC was generally conductive to self-splicing), and with the ability of the introns to form particular tertiary interactions. Addition of the Neurospora crassa CYT-18 protein activated splicing of two nonself-splicing introns, but inhibited the second step of self-splicing for two others. Together, correlations between sequence, predicted structure and splicing begin to establish rules that should facilitate our ability to predict the self-splicing activity of any group I intron from its sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Vicens
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA.
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20
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Hausmann CD, Ibba M. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complexes: molecular multitasking revealed. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:705-21. [PMID: 18522650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate synthesis of proteins, dictated by the corresponding nucleotide sequence encoded in mRNA, is essential for cell growth and survival. Central to this process are the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), which provide amino acid substrates for the growing polypeptide chain in the form of aminoacyl-tRNAs. The aaRSs are essential for coupling the correct amino acid and tRNA molecules, but are also known to associate in higher order complexes with proteins involved in processes beyond translation. Multiprotein complexes containing aaRSs are found in all three domains of life playing roles in splicing, apoptosis, viral assembly, and regulation of transcription and translation. An overview of the complexes aaRSs form in all domains of life is presented, demonstrating the extensive network of connections between the translational machinery and cellular components involved in a myriad of essential processes beyond protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne D Hausmann
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1292, USA
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21
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Identification and evolution of fungal mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases with group I intron splicing activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:6010-5. [PMID: 18413600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801722105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bifunctional Neurospora crassa mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (CYT-18 protein) both aminoacylates mitochondrial tRNA(Tyr) and acts as a structure-stabilizing splicing cofactor for group I introns. Previous studies showed that CYT-18 has distinct tRNA(Tyr) and group I intron-binding sites, with the latter formed by three small "insertions" in the nucleotide-binding fold and other structural adaptations compared with nonsplicing bacterial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases. Here, analysis of genomic sequences shows that mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases with structural adaptations similar to CYT-18's are uniquely characteristic of fungi belonging to the subphylum Pezizomycotina, and biochemical assays confirm group I intron splicing activity for the enzymes from several of these organisms, including Aspergillus nidulans and the human pathogens Coccidioides posadasii and Histoplasma capsulatum. By combining multiple sequence alignments with a previously determined cocrystal structure of a CYT-18/group I intron RNA complex, we identify conserved features of the Pezizomycotina enzymes related to group I intron and tRNA interactions. Our results suggest that mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases with group I intron splicing activity evolved during or after the divergence of the fungal subphyla Pezizomycotina and Saccharomycotina by a mechanism involving the concerted differentiation of preexisting protein loop regions. The unique group I intron splicing activity of these fungal enzymes may provide a new target for antifungal drugs.
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22
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Kaspar BJ, Bifano AL, Caprara MG. A shared RNA-binding site in the Pet54 protein is required for translational activation and group I intron splicing in yeast mitochondria. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:2958-68. [PMID: 18388132 PMCID: PMC2396411 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pet54p protein is an archetypical example of a dual functioning ('moonlighting') protein: it is required for translational activation of the COX3 mRNA and splicing of the aI5beta group I intron in the COX1 pre-mRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria (mt). Genetic and biochemical analyses in yeast are consistent with Pet54p forming a complex with other translational activators that, in an unknown way, associates with the 5' untranslated leader (UTL) of COX3 mRNA. Likewise, genetic analysis suggests that Pet54p along with another distinct set of proteins facilitate splicing of the aI5beta intron, but the function of Pet54 is, also, obscure. In particular, it remains unknown whether Pet54p is a primary RNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes the 5' UTL and intron RNAs or whether its functional specificity is governed in other ways. Using recombinant protein, we show that Pet54p binds with high specificity and affinity to the aI5beta intron and facilitates exon ligation in vitro. In addition, Pet54p binds with similar affinity to the COX3 5' UTL RNA. Competition experiments show that the COX3 5'UTL and aI5beta intron RNAs bind to the same or overlapping surface on Pet54p. Delineation of the Pet54p-binding sites by RNA deletions and RNase footprinting show that Pet54p binds across a similar length sequence in both RNAs. Alignment of the sequences shows significant (56%) similarity and overlap between the binding sites. Given that its role in splicing is likely an acquired function, these data support a model in which Pet54p's splicing function may have resulted from a fortuitous association with the aI5beta intron. This association may have lead to the selection of Pet54p variants that increased the efficiency of aI5beta splicing and provided a possible means to coregulate COX1 and COX3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Kaspar
- Center for RNA Molecular Biology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4960, USA
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23
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Bonnefond L, Frugier M, Touzé E, Lorber B, Florentz C, Giegé R, Sauter C, Rudinger-Thirion J. Crystal structure of human mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase reveals common and idiosyncratic features. Structure 2008; 15:1505-16. [PMID: 17997975 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the structure of a strictly mitochondrial human synthetase, namely tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (mt-TyrRS), in complex with an adenylate analog at 2.2 A resolution. The structure is that of an active enzyme deprived of the C-terminal S4-like domain and resembles eubacterial TyrRSs with a canonical tyrosine-binding pocket and adenylate-binding residues typical of class I synthetases. Two bulges at the enzyme surface, not seen in eubacterial TyrRSs, correspond to conserved sequences in mt-TyrRSs. The synthetase electrostatic surface potential differs from that of other TyrRSs, including the human cytoplasmic homolog and the mitochondrial one from Neurospora crassa. The homodimeric human mt-TyrRS shows an asymmetry propagating from the dimer interface toward the two catalytic sites and extremities of each subunit. Mutagenesis of the catalytic domain reveals functional importance of Ser200 in line with an involvement of A73 rather than N1-N72 in tyrosine identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bonnefond
- Département Machineries Traductionnelles, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 15 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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24
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Paukstelis PJ, Chen JH, Chase E, Lambowitz AM, Golden BL. Structure of a tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase splicing factor bound to a group I intron RNA. Nature 2008; 451:94-7. [PMID: 18172503 DOI: 10.1038/nature06413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 'RNA world' hypothesis holds that during evolution the structural and enzymatic functions initially served by RNA were assumed by proteins, leading to the latter's domination of biological catalysis. This progression can still be seen in modern biology, where ribozymes, such as the ribosome and RNase P, have evolved into protein-dependent RNA catalysts ('RNPzymes'). Similarly, group I introns use RNA-catalysed splicing reactions, but many function as RNPzymes bound to proteins that stabilize their catalytically active RNA structure. One such protein, the Neurospora crassa mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS; CYT-18), is bifunctional and both aminoacylates mitochondrial tRNA(Tyr) and promotes the splicing of mitochondrial group I introns. Here we determine a 4.5-A co-crystal structure of the Twort orf142-I2 group I intron ribozyme bound to splicing-active, carboxy-terminally truncated CYT-18. The structure shows that the group I intron binds across the two subunits of the homodimeric protein with a newly evolved RNA-binding surface distinct from that which binds tRNA(Tyr). This RNA binding surface provides an extended scaffold for the phosphodiester backbone of the conserved catalytic core of the intron RNA, allowing the protein to promote the splicing of a wide variety of group I introns. The group I intron-binding surface includes three small insertions and additional structural adaptations relative to non-splicing bacterial TyrRSs, indicating a multistep adaptation for splicing function. The co-crystal structure provides insight into how CYT-18 promotes group I intron splicing, how it evolved to have this function, and how proteins could have incrementally replaced RNA structures during the transition from an RNA world to an RNP world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Paukstelis
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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25
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Mohr G, Del Campo M, Mohr S, Yang Q, Jia H, Jankowsky E, Lambowitz AM. Function of the C-terminal domain of the DEAD-box protein Mss116p analyzed in vivo and in vitro. J Mol Biol 2007; 375:1344-64. [PMID: 18096186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The DEAD-box proteins CYT-19 in Neurospora crassa and Mss116p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are general RNA chaperones that function in splicing mitochondrial group I and group II introns and in translational activation. Both proteins consist of a conserved ATP-dependent RNA helicase core region linked to N and C-terminal domains, the latter with a basic tail similar to many other DEAD-box proteins. In CYT-19, this basic tail was shown to contribute to non-specific RNA binding that helps tether the core helicase region to structured RNA substrates. Here, multiple sequence alignments and secondary structure predictions indicate that CYT-19 and Mss116p belong to distinct subgroups of DEAD-box proteins, whose C-terminal domains have a defining extended alpha-helical region preceding the basic tail. We find that mutations or C-terminal truncations in the predicted alpha-helical region of Mss116p strongly inhibit RNA-dependent ATPase activity, leading to loss of function in both translational activation and RNA splicing. These findings suggest that the alpha-helical region may stabilize and/or regulate the activity of the RNA helicase core. By contrast, a truncation that removes only the basic tail leaves high RNA-dependent ATPase activity and causes only a modest reduction in translation and RNA splicing efficiency in vivo and in vitro. Biochemical analysis shows that deletion of the basic tail leads to weaker non-specific binding of group I and group II intron RNAs, and surprisingly, also impairs RNA-unwinding at saturating protein concentrations and nucleotide-dependent tight binding of single-stranded RNAs by the RNA helicase core. Together, our results indicate that the two sub-regions of Mss116p's C-terminal domain act in different ways to support and modulate activities of the core helicase region, whose RNA-unwinding activity is critical for both the translation and RNA splicing functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Mohr
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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26
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Bonnefond L, Frugier M, Touzé E, Lorber B, Florentz C, Giegé R, Rudinger-Thirion J, Sauter C. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase: the first crystallization of a human mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:338-41. [PMID: 17401211 PMCID: PMC2330213 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107012481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase and a truncated version with its C-terminal S4-like domain deleted were purified and crystallized. Only the truncated version, which is active in tyrosine activation and Escherichia coli tRNA(Tyr) charging, yielded crystals suitable for structure determination. These tetragonal crystals, belonging to space group P4(3)2(1)2, were obtained in the presence of PEG 4000 as a crystallizing agent and diffracted X-rays to 2.7 A resolution. Complete data sets could be collected and led to structure solution by molecular replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bonnefond
- Département ‘Machineries Traductionnelles’, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Magali Frugier
- Département ‘Machineries Traductionnelles’, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elodie Touzé
- Département ‘Machineries Traductionnelles’, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Lorber
- Département ‘Machineries Traductionnelles’, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Florentz
- Département ‘Machineries Traductionnelles’, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard Giegé
- Département ‘Machineries Traductionnelles’, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Joëlle Rudinger-Thirion
- Département ‘Machineries Traductionnelles’, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Claude Sauter
- Département ‘Machineries Traductionnelles’, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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27
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Halls C, Mohr S, Del Campo M, Yang Q, Jankowsky E, Lambowitz AM. Involvement of DEAD-box proteins in group I and group II intron splicing. Biochemical characterization of Mss116p, ATP hydrolysis-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and general RNA chaperone activity. J Mol Biol 2006; 365:835-55. [PMID: 17081564 PMCID: PMC1832103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-catalyzed splicing of group I and group II introns is facilitated by proteins that stabilize the active RNA structure or act as RNA chaperones to disrupt stable inactive structures that are kinetic traps in RNA folding. In Neurospora crassa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the latter function is fulfilled by specific DEAD-box proteins, denoted CYT-19 and Mss116p, respectively. Previous studies showed that purified CYT-19 stimulates the in vitro splicing of structurally diverse group I and group II introns, and uses the energy of ATP binding or hydrolysis to resolve kinetic traps. Here, we purified Mss116p and show that it has RNA-dependent ATPase activity, unwinds RNA duplexes in a non-polar fashion, and promotes ATP-independent strand-annealing. Further, we show that Mss116p binds RNA non-specifically and promotes in vitro splicing of both group I and group II intron RNAs, as well as RNA cleavage by the aI5gamma-derived D135 ribozyme. However, Mss116p also has ATP hydrolysis-independent effects on some of these reactions, which are not shared by CYT-19 and may reflect differences in its RNA-binding properties. We also show that a non-mitochondrial DEAD-box protein, yeast Ded1p, can function almost as efficiently as CYT-19 and Mss116p in splicing the yeast aI5gamma group II intron and less efficiently in splicing the bI1 group II intron. Together, our results show that Mss116p, like CYT-19, can act broadly as an RNA chaperone to stimulate the splicing of diverse group I and group II introns, and that Ded1p also has an RNA chaperone activity that can be assayed by its effect on splicing mitochondrial introns. Nevertheless, these DEAD-box protein RNA chaperones are not completely interchangeable and appear to function in somewhat different ways, using biochemical activities that have likely been tuned by coevolution to function optimally on specific RNA substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Halls
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Sabine Mohr
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Mark Del Campo
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Quansheng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for RNA Molecular Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Eckhard Jankowsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for RNA Molecular Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Alan M. Lambowitz
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- *Corresponding author: Phone: 512-232-3418, Fax: 512-232-3420, e-mail:
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28
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Vicens Q, Cech TR. Atomic level architecture of group I introns revealed. Trends Biochem Sci 2005; 31:41-51. [PMID: 16356725 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-two years after their discovery as ribozymes, the self-splicing group I introns are finally disclosing their architecture at the atomic level. The crystal structures of three group I introns solved at moderately high resolution (3.1-3.8A) reveal a remarkably conserved catalytic core bound to the metal ions required for activity. The structure of the core is stabilized by an intron-specific set of long-range interactions that involves peripheral elements. Group I intron structures thus provide much awaited and extremely valuable snapshots of how these ribozymes coordinate substrate binding and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Vicens
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA
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29
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Bonnefond L, Giegé R, Rudinger-Thirion J. Evolution of the tRNATyr/TyrRS aminoacylation systems. Biochimie 2005; 87:873-83. [PMID: 16164994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2004] [Revised: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The tRNA identity rules ensuring fidelity of translation are globally conserved throughout evolution except for tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases (TyrRSs) that display species-specific tRNA recognition. This discrimination originates from the presence of a conserved identity pair, G1-C72, located at the top of the acceptor stem of tRNA(Tyr) from eubacteria that is invariably replaced by an unusual C1-G72 pair in archaeal and eubacterial tRNA(Tyr). In addition to the key role of pair 1-72 in tyrosylation, discriminator base A73, the anticodon triplet and the large variable region (present in eubacterial tRNA(Tyr) but not found in eukaryal tRNA(Tyr)) contribute to tyrosylation with variable strengths. Crystallographic structures of two tRNA(Tyr)/TyrRS complexes revealed different interaction modes in accordance with the phylum-specificity. Recent functional studies on the human mitochondrial tRNA(Tyr)/TyrRS system indicates strong deviations from the canonical tyrosylation rules. These differences are discussed in the light of the present knowledge on TyrRSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bonnefond
- Département Mécanismes et Macromolécules de la Synthèse Protéique et Cristallogenèse, UPR 9002, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, 15, rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
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30
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Longo A, Leonard CW, Bassi GS, Berndt D, Krahn JM, Hall TMT, Weeks KM. Evolution from DNA to RNA recognition by the bI3 LAGLIDADG maturase. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2005; 12:779-87. [PMID: 16116439 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
LAGLIDADG endonucleases bind across adjacent major grooves via a saddle-shaped surface and catalyze DNA cleavage. Some LAGLIDADG proteins, called maturases, facilitate splicing by group I introns, raising the issue of how a DNA-binding protein and an RNA have evolved to function together. In this report, crystallographic analysis shows that the global architecture of the bI3 maturase is unchanged from its DNA-binding homologs; in contrast, the endonuclease active site, dispensable for splicing facilitation, is efficiently compromised by a lysine residue replacing essential catalytic groups. Biochemical experiments show that the maturase binds a peripheral RNA domain 50 A from the splicing active site, exemplifying long-distance structural communication in a ribonucleoprotein complex. The bI3 maturase nucleic acid recognition saddle interacts at the RNA minor groove; thus, evolution from DNA to RNA function has been mediated by a switch from major to minor groove interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Longo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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