1
|
Karayol R, Borroto MC, Haghshenas S, Namasivayam A, Reilly J, Levy MA, Relator R, Kerkhof J, McConkey H, Shvedunova M, Petersen AK, Magnussen K, Zweier C, Vasileiou G, Reis A, Savatt JM, Mulligan MR, Bicknell LS, Poke G, Abu-El-Haija A, Duis J, Hannig V, Srivastava S, Barkoudah E, Hauser NS, van den Born M, Hamiel U, Henig N, Baris Feldman H, McKee S, Krapels IPC, Lei Y, Todorova A, Yordanova R, Atemin S, Rogac M, McConnell V, Chassevent A, Barañano KW, Shashi V, Sullivan JA, Peron A, Iascone M, Canevini MP, Friedman J, Reyes IA, Kierstein J, Shen JJ, Ahmed FN, Mao X, Almoguera B, Blanco-Kelly F, Platzer K, Treu AB, Quilichini J, Bourgois A, Chatron N, Januel L, Rougeot C, Carere DA, Monaghan KG, Rousseau J, Myers KA, Sadikovic B, Akhtar A, Campeau PM. MSL2 variants lead to a neurodevelopmental syndrome with lack of coordination, epilepsy, specific dysmorphisms, and a distinct episignature. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:1330-1351. [PMID: 38815585 PMCID: PMC11267526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation has emerged as an important etiological mechanism of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Pathogenic variation in epigenetic regulators can impair deposition of histone post-translational modifications leading to aberrant spatiotemporal gene expression during neurodevelopment. The male-specific lethal (MSL) complex is a prominent multi-subunit epigenetic regulator of gene expression and is responsible for histone 4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16ac). Using exome sequencing, here we identify a cohort of 25 individuals with heterozygous de novo variants in MSL complex member MSL2. MSL2 variants were associated with NDD phenotypes including global developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, and motor issues such as coordination problems, feeding difficulties, and gait disturbance. Dysmorphisms and behavioral and/or psychiatric conditions, including autism spectrum disorder, and to a lesser extent, seizures, connective tissue disease signs, sleep disturbance, vision problems, and other organ anomalies, were observed in affected individuals. As a molecular biomarker, a sensitive and specific DNA methylation episignature has been established. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from three members of our cohort exhibited reduced MSL2 levels. Remarkably, while NDD-associated variants in two other members of the MSL complex (MOF and MSL3) result in reduced H4K16ac, global H4K16ac levels are unchanged in iPSCs with MSL2 variants. Regardless, MSL2 variants altered the expression of MSL2 targets in iPSCs and upon their differentiation to early germ layers. Our study defines an MSL2-related disorder as an NDD with distinguishable clinical features, a specific blood DNA episignature, and a distinct, MSL2-specific molecular etiology compared to other MSL complex-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remzi Karayol
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Carla Borroto
- Centre de recherche Azrieli du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Sadegheh Haghshenas
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Anoja Namasivayam
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jack Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Neurological Sciences and Epidemiology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Michael A Levy
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Raissa Relator
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kerkhof
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Haley McConkey
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Maria Shvedunova
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea K Petersen
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Randall Children's and Legacy Emanuel Hospitals, Portland, OR 97227, USA
| | - Kari Magnussen
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Randall Children's and Legacy Emanuel Hospitals, Portland, OR 97227, USA
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Vasileiou
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juliann M Savatt
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Meghan R Mulligan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Louise S Bicknell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gemma Poke
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Aya Abu-El-Haija
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Duis
- Section of Genetics & Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vickie Hannig
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Siddharth Srivastava
- Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Natalie S Hauser
- Medical Genetics, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA
| | - Myrthe van den Born
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Uri Hamiel
- Genetics Institute and Genomics Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center & Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Noa Henig
- Genetics Institute and Genomics Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Hagit Baris Feldman
- Genetics Institute and Genomics Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center & Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Shane McKee
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Ingrid P C Krapels
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yunping Lei
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albena Todorova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria; Genetic Medico-Diagnostic Laboratory "Genica", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ralitsa Yordanova
- Department of pediatrics "Prof. Ivan Andreev", Medical university - Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital "St. George", Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Slavena Atemin
- Genetic Medico-Diagnostic Laboratory "Genica", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mihael Rogac
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vivienne McConnell
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Anna Chassevent
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristin W Barañano
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Angela Peron
- SOC Genetica Medica, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy; Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Iascone
- Department of Medical Genetics, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maria P Canevini
- Epilepsy Center - Sleep Medicine Center, Childhood and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jennifer Friedman
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Iris A Reyes
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Janell Kierstein
- Section of Genetics & Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joseph J Shen
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, MIND Institute, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Faria N Ahmed
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Xiao Mao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Hunan, China; Nanhua University, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Berta Almoguera
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Health Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain; Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Health Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain; Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, German
| | | | - Juliette Quilichini
- Service de Médecine Génomique des maladies de système et d'organe, APHP, Centre Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexia Bourgois
- Normandy University, UNICAEN, Caen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, UR 7450 BioTARGen, FHU G4 Genomics, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France; Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle (PGNM, UCBL - CNRS UMR5261 - INSERM U1315), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Louis Januel
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Justine Rousseau
- Centre de recherche Azrieli du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Child Health and Human Development, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bekim Sadikovic
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Philippe M Campeau
- Centre de recherche Azrieli du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tikhonova EA, Georgiev PG, Maksimenko OG. Functional Role of C-terminal Domains in the MSL2 Protein of Drosophila melanogaster. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:663-673. [PMID: 38831503 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Dosage compensation complex (DCC), which consists of five proteins and two non-coding RNAs roX, specifically binds to the X chromosome in males, providing a higher level of gene expression necessary to compensate for the monosomy of the sex chromosome in male Drosophila compared to the two X chromosomes in females. The MSL2 protein contains the N-terminal RING domain, which acts as an E3 ligase in ubiquitination of proteins and is the only subunit of the complex expressed only in males. Functional role of the two C-terminal domains of the MSL2 protein, enriched with proline (P-domain) and basic amino acids (B-domain), was investigated. As a result, it was shown that the B-domain destabilizes the MSL2 protein, which is associated with the presence of two lysines ubiquitination of which is under control of the RING domain of MSL2. The unstructured proline-rich domain stimulates transcription of the roX2 gene, which is necessary for effective formation of the dosage compensation complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel G Georgiev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Oksana G Maksimenko
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tikhonova E, Revel-Muroz A, Georgiev P, Maksimenko O. Interaction of MLE with CLAMP zinc finger is involved in proper MSL proteins binding to chromosomes in Drosophila. Open Biol 2024; 14:230270. [PMID: 38471568 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila male-specific lethal (MSL) complex binds to the male X chromosome to activate transcription. It comprises five proteins (MSL1, MSL2, MSL3, male absent on the first (MOF), and maleless (MLE)) and two long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs; roX1 and roX2). The MLE helicase remodels the roX lncRNAs, enabling the lncRNA-mediated assembly of the Drosophila dosage compensation complex. MSL2 is expressed only in males and interacts with the N-terminal zinc finger of the transcription factor chromatin-linked adapter for MSL proteins (CLAMP), which is important for the specific recruitment of the MSL complex to the male X chromosome. Here, we found that MLE's unstructured C-terminal region interacts with the sixth zinc-finger domain of CLAMP. In vitro, 4-5 zinc fingers are critical for the specific DNA-binding of CLAMP with GA repeats, which constitute the core motif at the high affinity binding sites for MSL proteins. Deleting the CLAMP binding region in MLE decreases the association of MSL proteins with the male X chromosome and increases male lethality. These results suggest that interactions of unstructured regions in MSL2 and MLE with CLAMP zinc finger domains are important for the specific recruitment of the MSL complex to the male X chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Tikhonova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Anastasia Revel-Muroz
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Pavel Georgiev
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Oksana Maksimenko
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jagtap PKA, Müller M, Kiss AE, Thomae AW, Lapouge K, Beck M, Becker PB, Hennig J. Structural basis of RNA-induced autoregulation of the DExH-type RNA helicase maleless. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4318-4333.e10. [PMID: 37989319 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
RNA unwinding by DExH-type helicases underlies most RNA metabolism and function. It remains unresolved if and how the basic unwinding reaction of helicases is regulated by auxiliary domains. We explored the interplay between the RecA and auxiliary domains of the RNA helicase maleless (MLE) from Drosophila using structural and functional studies. We discovered that MLE exists in a dsRNA-bound open conformation and that the auxiliary dsRBD2 domain aligns the substrate RNA with the accessible helicase tunnel. In an ATP-dependent manner, dsRBD2 associates with the helicase module, leading to tunnel closure around ssRNA. Furthermore, our structures provide a rationale for blunt-ended dsRNA unwinding and 3'-5' translocation by MLE. Structure-based MLE mutations confirm the functional relevance of our model for RNA unwinding. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the fundamental mechanics of auxiliary domains in DExH helicase MLE, which serves as a model for its human ortholog and potential therapeutic target, DHX9/RHA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar Ankush Jagtap
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Chair of Biochemistry IV, Biophysical Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Marisa Müller
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anna E Kiss
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas W Thomae
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Core Facility Bioimaging at the Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Karine Lapouge
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Beck
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter B Becker
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Janosch Hennig
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Chair of Biochemistry IV, Biophysical Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eggers N, Gkountromichos F, Krause S, Campos-Sparr A, Becker P. Physical interaction between MSL2 and CLAMP assures direct cooperativity and prevents competition at composite binding sites. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:9039-9054. [PMID: 37602401 PMCID: PMC10516644 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
MSL2, the DNA-binding subunit of the Drosophila dosage compensation complex, cooperates with the ubiquitous protein CLAMP to bind MSL recognition elements (MREs) on the X chromosome. We explore the nature of the cooperative binding to these GA-rich, composite sequence elements in reconstituted naïve embryonic chromatin. We found that the cooperativity requires physical interaction between both proteins. Remarkably, disruption of this interaction does not lead to indirect, nucleosome-mediated cooperativity as expected, but to competition. The protein interaction apparently not only increases the affinity for composite binding sites, but also locks both proteins in a defined dimeric state that prevents competition. High Affinity Sites of MSL2 on the X chromosome contain variable numbers of MREs. We find that the cooperation between MSL2/CLAMP is not influenced by MRE clustering or arrangement, but happens largely at the level of individual MREs. The sites where MSL2/CLAMP bind strongly in vitro locate to all chromosomes and show little overlap to an expanded set of X-chromosomal MSL2 in vivo binding sites generated by CUT&RUN. Apparently, the intrinsic MSL2/CLAMP cooperativity is limited to a small selection of potential sites in vivo. This restriction must be due to components missing in our reconstitution, such as roX2 lncRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Eggers
- Biomedical Center, Molecular Biology Division, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Silke Krause
- Biomedical Center, Molecular Biology Division, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Peter B Becker
- Biomedical Center, Molecular Biology Division, LMU, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Titus MB, Chang AW, Popitsch N, Ebmeier CC, Bono JM, Olesnicky EC. The identification of protein and RNA interactors of the splicing factor Caper in the adult Drosophila nervous system. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1114857. [PMID: 37435576 PMCID: PMC10332324 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1114857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional gene regulation is a fundamental mechanism that helps regulate the development and healthy aging of the nervous system. Mutations that disrupt the function of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), which regulate post-transcriptional gene regulation, have increasingly been implicated in neurological disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Fragile X Syndrome, and spinal muscular atrophy. Interestingly, although the majority of RBPs are expressed widely within diverse tissue types, the nervous system is often particularly sensitive to their dysfunction. It is therefore critical to elucidate how aberrant RNA regulation that results from the dysfunction of ubiquitously expressed RBPs leads to tissue specific pathologies that underlie neurological diseases. The highly conserved RBP and alternative splicing factor Caper is widely expressed throughout development and is required for the development of Drosophila sensory and motor neurons. Furthermore, caper dysfunction results in larval and adult locomotor deficits. Nonetheless, little is known about which proteins interact with Caper, and which RNAs are regulated by Caper. Here we identify proteins that interact with Caper in both neural and muscle tissue, along with neural specific Caper target RNAs. Furthermore, we show that a subset of these Caper-interacting proteins and RNAs genetically interact with caper to regulate Drosophila gravitaxis behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Brandon Titus
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Adeline W. Chang
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Niko Popitsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jeremy M. Bono
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Eugenia C. Olesnicky
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu T, Zhao B, Cai C, Chen Y, Miao Y, Chu J, Sui Y, Li F, Chen W, Cai Y, Wang F, Jin J. The Males Absent on the First (MOF) Mediated Acetylation Alters the Protein Stability and Transcriptional Activity of YY1 in HCT116 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108719. [PMID: 37240065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a well-known transcription factor that controls the expression of many genes and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of various cancers. We previously found that the human males absent on the first (MOF)-containing histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complex may be involved in regulating YY1 transcriptional activity; however, the precise interaction between MOF-HAT and YY1, as well as whether the acetylation activity of MOF impacts the function of YY1, has not been reported. Here, we present evidence that the MOF-containing male-specific lethal (MSL) HAT complex regulates YY1 stability and transcriptional activity in an acetylation-dependent manner. First, the MOF/MSL HAT complex was bound to and acetylated YY1, and this acetylation further promoted the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway of YY1. The MOF-mediated degradation of YY1 was mainly related to the 146-270 amino acid residues of YY1. Further research clarified that acetylation-mediated ubiquitin degradation of YY1 mainly occurred through lysine 183. A mutation at the YY1K183 site was sufficient to alter the expression level of p53-mediated downstream target genes, such as CDKN1A (encoding p21), and it also suppressed the transactivation of YY1 on CDC6. Furthermore, a YY1K183R mutant and MOF remarkably antagonized the clone-forming ability of HCT116 and SW480 cells facilitated by YY1, suggesting that the acetylation-ubiquitin mode of YY1 plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation. These data may provide new strategies for the development of therapeutic drugs for tumors with high expression of YY1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bingxin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chengyu Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuyang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yujuan Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jinmeng Chu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yi Sui
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fuqiang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wenqi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jingji Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dosage Compensation in Drosophila: Its Canonical and Non-Canonical Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810976. [PMID: 36142884 PMCID: PMC9506574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dosage compensation equalizes gene expression in a single male X chromosome with that in the pairs of autosomes and female X chromosomes. In the fruit fly Drosophila, canonical dosage compensation is implemented by the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex functioning in all male somatic cells. This complex contains acetyl transferase males absent on the first (MOF), which performs H4K16 hyperacetylation specifically in the male X chromosome, thus facilitating transcription of the X-linked genes. However, accumulating evidence points to an existence of additional, non-canonical dosage compensation mechanisms operating in somatic and germline cells. In this review, we discuss current advances in the understanding of both canonical and non-canonical mechanisms of dosage compensation in Drosophila.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yuan JW, Song HX, Chang YW, Yang F, Du YZ. Transcriptome analysis and screening of putative sex-determining genes in the invasive pest, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 43:101008. [PMID: 35752128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The invasive insect pest, Frankliniella occidentalis, is a well-known vector that transmits a variety of ornamental and vegetable viruses. The mechanistic basis of sex determination in F. occidentalis is not well understood, and this hinders our ability to deploy sterile insect technology as an integrated pest management strategy. In this study, six cDNA libraries from female and male adults of F. occidentalis (three biological replicates each) were constructed and transcriptomes were sequenced. A total of 6000 differentially-expressed genes were identified in the two sexes including 2355 up- and 3645 down-regulated genes. A total of 149 sex-related genes were identified based on GO enrichment data and included transformer-2 (tra2), fruitless (fru), male-specific lethal (msl) and sex lethal (sxl); several of these exhibited sex-specific and/or sex-biased expression in F. occidentalis. This study contributes to our understanding of the sex-determined cascade in F. occidentalis and other members of the Thysanoptera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Yuan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hai-Xia Song
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ya-Wen Chang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yu-Zhou Du
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wei T, Liu H, Zhu H, Chen W, Wu T, Bai Y, Zhang X, Miao Y, Wang F, Cai Y, Jin J. Two distinct males absent on the first (MOF)-containing histone acetyltransferases are involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in different ways in human cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:238. [PMID: 35416545 PMCID: PMC11073432 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human males absent on the first (MOF), a histone acetyltransferase (HAT), forms male-specific lethal (MSL) and non-specific lethal (NSL), two multiprotein HATs, in cells. MSL was originally discovered in dosage compensation study in Drosophila that can specifically acetylate H4K16, while NSL can simultaneously catalyze the H4 at K5, K8, and K16 sites. However, comparative studies of the two HATs in regulating specific biological functions are rarely reported. Here, we present evidence to argue that MSL and NSL function in different ways in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. At first, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated MSL1 (a key subunit of the MSL)-knockout (KO) and NSL3 (a key subunit of the NSL)-KO cells seem to prefer to grow in clusters. Interestingly, the former promotes cell survival and clonal formation, while the latter has the opposite effect on it. Cell staining revealed that MSL1-KO leads to multipolarized spindles, while NSL3-KO causes more lumen-like cells. Furthermore, in Transwell experiments, silencing of MSL1 promotes cell invasion in 293 T, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast, the inhibitory effects on cell invasion are observed in the same NSL3-silenced cells. Consistent with this, mesenchymal biomarkers, like N-cadherin, vimentin, and snail, are negatively correlated with the expression level of MSL1; however, a positive relationship between these proteins and NSL3 in cells has been found. Further studies have clarified that MSL1, but not NSL3, can specifically bind to the E-box-containing Snail promoter region and thereby negatively regulate Snail transactivation. Also, silencing of MSL1 promotes the lung metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells in mice. Finally, ChIP-Seq analysis indicated that the NSL may be mainly involved in phosphoinositide-mediated signaling pathways. Taken together, the MOF-containing MSL and NSL HATs may regulate the EMT process in different ways in order to respond to different stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157000, China
| | - Hongsen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Huihui Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157000, China
| | - Wenqi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yuerong Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yujuan Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Jingji Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Majane AC, Cridland JM, Begun DJ. Single-nucleus transcriptomes reveal evolutionary and functional properties of cell types in the Drosophila accessory gland. Genetics 2022; 220:iyab213. [PMID: 34849871 PMCID: PMC9097260 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many traits responsible for male reproduction evolve quickly, including gene expression phenotypes in germline and somatic male reproductive tissues. Rapid male evolution in polyandrous species is thought to be driven by competition among males for fertilizations and conflicts between male and female fitness interests that manifest in postcopulatory phenotypes. In Drosophila, seminal fluid proteins secreted by three major cell types of the male accessory gland and ejaculatory duct are required for female sperm storage and use, and influence female postcopulatory traits. Recent work has shown that these cell types have overlapping but distinct effects on female postcopulatory biology, yet relatively little is known about their evolutionary properties. Here, we use single-nucleus RNA-Seq of the accessory gland and ejaculatory duct from Drosophila melanogaster and two closely related species to comprehensively describe the cell diversity of these tissues and their transcriptome evolution for the first time. We find that seminal fluid transcripts are strongly partitioned across the major cell types, and expression of many other genes additionally defines each cell type. We also report previously undocumented diversity in main cells. Transcriptome divergence was found to be heterogeneous across cell types and lineages, revealing a complex evolutionary process. Furthermore, protein adaptation varied across cell types, with potential consequences for our understanding of selection on male postcopulatory traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Majane
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Julie M Cridland
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David J Begun
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
When Down Is Up: Heterochromatin, Nuclear Organization and X Upregulation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123416. [PMID: 34943924 PMCID: PMC8700316 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms with highly differentiated sex chromosomes face an imbalance in X-linked gene dosage. Male Drosophila solve this problem by increasing expression from virtually every gene on their single X chromosome, a process known as dosage compensation. This involves a ribonucleoprotein complex that is recruited to active, X-linked genes to remodel chromatin and increase expression. Interestingly, the male X chromosome is also enriched for several proteins associated with heterochromatin. Furthermore, the polytenized male X is selectively disrupted by the loss of factors involved in repression, silencing, heterochromatin formation or chromatin remodeling. Mutations in many of these factors preferentially reduce male survival or enhance the lethality of mutations that prevent normal recognition of the X chromosome. The involvement of primarily repressive factors in a process that elevates expression has long been puzzling. Interestingly, recent work suggests that the siRNA pathway, often associated with heterochromatin formation and repression, also helps the dosage compensation machinery identify the X chromosome. In light of this finding, we revisit the evidence that links nuclear organization and heterochromatin to regulation of the male X chromosome.
Collapse
|
13
|
Keller Valsecchi CI, Marois E, Basilicata MF, Georgiev P, Akhtar A. Distinct mechanisms mediate X chromosome dosage compensation in Anopheles and Drosophila. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/9/e202000996. [PMID: 34266874 PMCID: PMC8321682 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR knockout of msl-2 and epigenome analyses in Anopheles reveal that X chromosome dosage compensation in mosquitos and Drosophila is achieved by two different molecular mechanisms. Sex chromosomes induce potentially deleterious gene expression imbalances that are frequently corrected by dosage compensation (DC). Three distinct molecular strategies to achieve DC have been previously described in nematodes, fruit flies, and mammals. Is this a consequence of distinct genomes, functional or ecological constraints, or random initial commitment to an evolutionary trajectory? Here, we study DC in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. The Anopheles and Drosophila X chromosomes evolved independently but share a high degree of homology. We find that Anopheles achieves DC by a mechanism distinct from the Drosophila MSL complex–histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation pathway. CRISPR knockout of Anopheles msl-2 leads to embryonic lethality in both sexes. Transcriptome analyses indicate that this phenotype is not a consequence of defective X chromosome DC. By immunofluorescence and ChIP, H4K16ac does not preferentially enrich on the male X. Instead, the mosquito MSL pathway regulates conserved developmental genes. We conclude that a novel mechanism confers X chromosome up-regulation in Anopheles. Our findings highlight the pluralism of gene-dosage buffering mechanisms even under similar genomic and functional constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Marois
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR9022, Inserm U1257, Strasbourg, France
| | - M Felicia Basilicata
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Plamen Georgiev
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Babosha VA, Georgiev PG, Maksimenko OG. Mutations of Phosphorylation Sites in MSL1 Protein Do Not Affect Dosage Compensation in Drosophila melanogaster. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2021; 499:225-227. [PMID: 34426916 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672921040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteins MSL1 and MSL2 form the core of the Drosophila dosage compensation complex, which specifically binds to the X chromosome of males. Phosphorylation of certain amino acid residues was previously shown to regulate MSL1 activity. In the present work, transgenic lines of Drosophila expressing mutant variants of the MSL1 protein were obtained, in which amino acids undergoing phosphorylation were replaced. As a result, it was shown that inactivation of phosphorylation sites does not affect the efficiency of specific binding of the dosage compensation complex to the X chromosome of males and its functional activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V A Babosha
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - P G Georgiev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - O G Maksimenko
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
RNA nucleation by MSL2 induces selective X chromosome compartmentalization. Nature 2020; 589:137-142. [PMID: 33208948 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Confinement of the X chromosome to a territory for dosage compensation is a prime example of how subnuclear compartmentalization is used to regulate transcription at the megabase scale. In Drosophila melanogaster, two sex-specific non-coding RNAs (roX1 and roX2) are transcribed from the X chromosome. They associate with the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex1, which acetylates histone H4 lysine 16 and thereby induces an approximately twofold increase in expression of male X-linked genes2,3. Current models suggest that X-over-autosome specificity is achieved by the recognition of cis-regulatory DNA high-affinity sites (HAS) by the MSL2 subunit4,5. However, HAS motifs are also found on autosomes, indicating that additional factors must stabilize the association of the MSL complex with the X chromosome. Here we show that the low-complexity C-terminal domain (CTD) of MSL2 renders its recruitment to the X chromosome sensitive to roX non-coding RNAs. roX non-coding RNAs and the MSL2 CTD form a stably condensed state, and functional analyses in Drosophila and mammalian cells show that their interactions are crucial for dosage compensation in vivo. Replacing the CTD of mammalian MSL2 with that from Drosophila and expressing roX in cis is sufficient to nucleate ectopic dosage compensation in mammalian cells. Thus, the condensing nature of roX-MSL2CTD is the primary determinant for specific compartmentalization of the X chromosome in Drosophila.
Collapse
|
16
|
Müller M, Schauer T, Krause S, Villa R, Thomae AW, Becker PB. Two-step mechanism for selective incorporation of lncRNA into a chromatin modifier. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:7483-7501. [PMID: 32510132 PMCID: PMC7528653 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The MLE DExH helicase and the roX lncRNAs are essential components of the chromatin modifying Dosage Compensation Complex (DCC) in Drosophila. To explore the mechanism of ribonucleoprotein complex assembly, we developed vitRIP, an unbiased, transcriptome-wide in vitro assay that reveals RNA binding specificity. We found that MLE has intrinsic specificity for U-/A-rich sequences and tandem stem-loop structures and binds many RNAs beyond roX in vitro. The selectivity of the helicase for physiological substrates is further enhanced by the core DCC. Unwinding of roX2 by MLE induces a highly selective RNA binding surface in the unstructured C-terminus of the MSL2 subunit and triggers-specific association of MLE and roX2 with the core DCC. The exquisite selectivity of roX2 incorporation into the DCC thus originates from intimate cooperation between the helicase and the core DCC involving two distinct RNA selection principles and their mutual refinement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Müller
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tamas Schauer
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Bioinformatics Unit, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Silke Krause
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Raffaella Villa
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas W Thomae
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Core Facility Bioimaging at the Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter B Becker
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Albig C, Tikhonova E, Krause S, Maksimenko O, Regnard C, Becker PB. Factor cooperation for chromosome discrimination in Drosophila. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:1706-1724. [PMID: 30541149 PMCID: PMC6393291 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription regulators select their genomic binding sites from a large pool of similar, non-functional sequences. Although general principles that allow such discrimination are known, the complexity of DNA elements often precludes a prediction of functional sites. The process of dosage compensation in Drosophila allows exploring the rules underlying binding site selectivity. The male-specific-lethal (MSL) Dosage Compensation Complex (DCC) selectively binds to some 300 X chromosomal ‘High Affinity Sites’ (HAS) containing GA-rich ‘MSL recognition elements’ (MREs), but disregards thousands of other MRE sequences in the genome. The DNA-binding subunit MSL2 alone identifies a subset of MREs, but fails to recognize most MREs within HAS. The ‘Chromatin-linked adaptor for MSL proteins’ (CLAMP) also interacts with many MREs genome-wide and promotes DCC binding to HAS. Using genome-wide DNA-immunoprecipitation we describe extensive cooperativity between both factors, depending on the nature of the binding sites. These are explained by physical interaction between MSL2 and CLAMP. In vivo, both factors cooperate to compete with nucleosome formation at HAS. The male-specific MSL2 thus synergises with a ubiquitous GA-repeat binding protein for refined X/autosome discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Albig
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 82151 Martinsried, Germany.,Graduate School for Quantitative Biosciences (QBM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Evgeniya Tikhonova
- Group of Molecular Organization of Genome, Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Silke Krause
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 82151 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Oksana Maksimenko
- Group of Molecular Organization of Genome, Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Catherine Regnard
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 82151 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter B Becker
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 82151 Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tikhonova E, Fedotova A, Bonchuk A, Mogila V, Larschan EN, Georgiev P, Maksimenko O. The simultaneous interaction of MSL2 with CLAMP and DNA provides redundancy in the initiation of dosage compensation in Drosophila males. Development 2019; 146:dev.179663. [PMID: 31320325 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The binding of the Drosophila male-specific lethal dosage compensation complex (DCC) exclusively to the male X chromosome provides an excellent model system to understand mechanisms of selective recruitment of protein complexes to chromatin. Previous studies showed that the male-specific organizer of the complex, MSL2, and the ubiquitous DNA-binding protein CLAMP are key players in the specificity of X chromosome binding. The CXC domain of MSL2 binds to genomic sites of DCC recruitment in vitro Another conserved domain of MSL2, named Clamp-binding domain (CBD) directly interacts with the N-terminal zinc-finger domain of CLAMP. Here, we found that inactivation of CBD or CXC individually only modestly affected recruitment of the DCC to the X chromosome in males. However, combination of these two genetic lesions within the same MSL2 mutant resulted in an increased loss of DCC recruitment to the X chromosome. Thus, proper MSL2 positioning requires an interaction with either CLAMP or DNA to initiate dosage compensation in Drosophila males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Tikhonova
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Anna Fedotova
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Artem Bonchuk
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Vladic Mogila
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Erica N Larschan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Pavel Georgiev
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Oksana Maksimenko
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Genomic Structural Variations Within Five Continental Populations of Drosophila melanogaster. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:3247-3253. [PMID: 30111620 PMCID: PMC6169376 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal structural variations (SV) including insertions, deletions, inversions, and translocations occur within the genome and can have a significant effect on organismal phenotype. Some of these effects are caused by structural variations containing genes. Large structural variations represent a significant amount of the genetic diversity within a population. We used a global sampling of Drosophila melanogaster (Ithaca, Zimbabwe, Beijing, Tasmania, and Netherlands) to represent diverse populations within the species. We used long-read sequencing and optical mapping technologies to identify SVs in these genomes. Among the five lines examined, we found an average of 2,928 structural variants within these genomes. These structural variations varied greatly in size and location, included many exonic regions, and could impact adaptation and genomic evolution.
Collapse
|
20
|
Dosage Compensation in Drosophila-a Model for the Coordinate Regulation of Transcription. Genetics 2017; 204:435-450. [PMID: 27729494 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.185108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex chromosomes have special significance in the history of genetics. The chromosomal basis of inheritance was firmly established when Calvin Bridges demonstrated that exceptions to Mendel's laws of segregation were accompanied at the cytological level by exceptional sex chromosome segregation. The morphological differences between X and Y exploited in Bridges' experiments arose as a consequence of the evolution of the sex chromosomes. Originally a homologous chromosome pair, the degeneration of the Y chromosome has been accompanied by a requirement for increased expression of the single X chromosome in males. Drosophila has been a model for the study of this dosage compensation and has brought key strengths, including classical genetics, the exceptional cytology of polytene chromosomes, and more recently, comprehensive genomics. The impact of these studies goes beyond sex chromosome regulation, providing valuable insights into mechanisms for the establishment and maintenance of chromatin domains, and for the coordinate regulation of transcription.
Collapse
|
21
|
Villa R, Schauer T, Smialowski P, Straub T, Becker PB. PionX sites mark the X chromosome for dosage compensation. Nature 2016; 537:244-248. [PMID: 27580037 DOI: 10.1038/nature19338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rules defining which small fraction of related DNA sequences can be selectively bound by a transcription factor are poorly understood. One of the most challenging tasks in DNA recognition is posed by dosage compensation systems that require the distinction between sex chromosomes and autosomes. In Drosophila melanogaster, the male-specific lethal dosage compensation complex (MSL-DCC) doubles the level of transcription from the single male X chromosome, but the nature of this selectivity is not known. Previous efforts to identify X-chromosome-specific target sequences were unsuccessful as the identified MSL recognition elements lacked discriminative power. Therefore, additional determinants such as co-factors, chromatin features, RNA and chromosome conformation have been proposed to refine targeting further. Here, using an in vitro genome-wide DNA binding assay, we show that recognition of the X chromosome is an intrinsic feature of the MSL-DCC. MSL2, the male-specific organizer of the complex, uses two distinct DNA interaction surfaces-the CXC and proline/basic-residue-rich domains-to identify complex DNA elements on the X chromosome. Specificity is provided by the CXC domain, which binds a novel motif defined by DNA sequence and shape. This motif characterizes a subclass of MSL2-binding sites, which we name PionX (pioneering sites on the X) as they appeared early during the recent evolution of an X chromosome in D. miranda and are the first chromosomal sites to be bound during de novo MSL-DCC assembly. Our data provide the first, to our knowledge, documented molecular mechanism through which the dosage compensation machinery distinguishes the X chromosome from an autosome. They highlight fundamental principles in the recognition of complex DNA elements by protein that will have a strong impact on many aspects of chromosome biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Villa
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tamas Schauer
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pawel Smialowski
- Bioinformatics Unit, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Bioinformatics Unit, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter B Becker
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nainar S, Feng C, Spitale RC. Chemical Tools for Dissecting the Role of lncRNAs in Epigenetic Regulation. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2091-100. [PMID: 27267401 PMCID: PMC5068361 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proper control and maintenance of gene expression is critical for cellular identity and maintenance. Transcription of RNA from the genome is intimately controlled by post-translational chemical modification of histone tails and DNA. Recent studies have demonstrated that chromatin-remodeling complexes seek out their target genomic loci through the help of noncoding RNA molecules. Within this Review, we will outline how the use of biochemical techniques has shed light on the mechanisms employed by RNA to guide these complexes and therefore control gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nainar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine. Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Chao Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine. Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Robert C. Spitale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine. Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chlamydas S, Holz H, Samata M, Chelmicki T, Georgiev P, Pelechano V, Dündar F, Dasmeh P, Mittler G, Cadete FT, Ramírez F, Conrad T, Wei W, Raja S, Manke T, Luscombe NM, Steinmetz LM, Akhtar A. Functional interplay between MSL1 and CDK7 controls RNA polymerase II Ser5 phosphorylation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:580-9. [PMID: 27183194 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Proper gene expression requires coordinated interplay among transcriptional coactivators, transcription factors and the general transcription machinery. We report here that MSL1, a central component of the dosage compensation complex in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis, displays evolutionarily conserved sex-independent binding to promoters. Genetic and biochemical analyses reveal a functional interaction of MSL1 with CDK7, a subunit of the Cdk-activating kinase (CAK) complex of the general transcription factor TFIIH. Importantly, MSL1 depletion leads to decreased phosphorylation of Ser5 of RNA polymerase II. In addition, we demonstrate that MSL1 is a phosphoprotein, and transgenic flies expressing MSL1 phosphomutants show mislocalization of the histone acetyltransferase MOF and histone H4 K16 acetylation, thus ultimately causing male lethality due to a failure of dosage compensation. We propose that, by virtue of its interaction with components of the general transcription machinery, MSL1 exists in different phosphorylation states, thereby modulating transcription in flies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarantis Chlamydas
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Herbert Holz
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Maria Samata
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Tomasz Chelmicki
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Plamen Georgiev
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Vicent Pelechano
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Friederike Dündar
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Pouria Dasmeh
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Gerhard Mittler
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | | | - Fidel Ramírez
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Conrad
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Wu Wei
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Sunil Raja
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Manke
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Nicholas M Luscombe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lars M Steinmetz
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kirkegaard K, Villesen P, Jensen JM, Hindkjær JJ, Kølvraa S, Ingerslev HJ, Lykke-Hartmann K. Distinct differences in global gene expression profiles in non-implanted blastocysts and blastocysts resulting in live birth. Gene 2015; 571:212-20. [PMID: 26117173 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Results from animal models points towards the existence of a gene expression profile that is distinguishably different in viable embryos compared with non-viable embryos. Knowledge of human embryo transcripts is however limited, in particular with regard to how gene expression is related to clinical outcome. The purpose of the present study was therefore to determine the global gene expression profiles of human blastocysts. Next Generation Sequencing was used to identify genes that were differentially expressed in non-implanted embryos and embryos resulting in live birth. Three trophectoderm biopsies were obtained from morphologically high quality blastocysts resulting in live birth and three biopsies were obtained from non-implanting blastocysts of a comparable morphology. Total RNA was extracted from all samples followed by complete transcriptome sequencing. Using a set of filtering criteria, we obtained a list of 181 genes that were differentially expressed between trophectoderm biopsies from embryos resulting in either live birth or no implantation (negative hCG), respectively. We found that 37 of the 181 genes displayed significantly differential expression (p<0.05), e.g. EFNB1, CYTL1 and TEX26 and TESK1, MSL1 and EVI5 in trophectoderm biopsies associated with live birth and non-implanting, respectively. Out of the 181 genes, almost 80% (145 genes) were up-regulated in biopsies from un-implanted embryos, whereas only 20% (36 genes) showed an up-regulation in the samples from embryos resulting in live birth. Our findings suggest the presence of molecular differences visually undetectable between implanted and non-implanted embryos, and represent a proof of principle study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine Kirkegaard
- Centre for Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, The Fertility Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Palle Villesen
- Aarhus University, Bioinformatics Research Center (BIRC), C.F. Møllers Allé 8, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Malte Jensen
- Aarhus University, Bioinformatics Research Center (BIRC), C.F. Møllers Allé 8, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Johnny Juhl Hindkjær
- Centre for Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, The Fertility Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Steen Kølvraa
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Hospital, DK-7100 Vejle, Denmark; Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Jakob Ingerslev
- Centre for Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, The Fertility Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark; Aarhus University, Department of Clinical Medicine, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Dosage compensation in Drosophila increases the transcription of genes on the single X chromosome in males to equal that of both X chromosomes in females. Site-specific histone acetylation by the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex is thought to play a fundamental role in the increased transcriptional output of the male X. Nucleation and sequence-independent spreading of the complex to active genes serves as a model for understanding the targeting and function of epigenetic chromatin-modifying complexes. Interestingly, two noncoding RNAs are key for MSL assembly and spreading to active genes along the length of the X chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Lucchesi
- Department of Biology, O. W. Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Mitzi I Kuroda
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Keller CI, Akhtar A. The MSL complex: juggling RNA-protein interactions for dosage compensation and beyond. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 31:1-11. [PMID: 25900149 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Male Specific Lethal (MSL) complex provides an exquisite example of an epigenetic modulator that is involved in chromosome-wide as well as individual gene regulation in flies and mammals. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in biochemical and structural understanding of the MSL complex modules and how they function in X chromosome regulation in flies. Moreover, we describe possible conserved and dosage compensation-independent functions of the MSL complex with a particular focus on mammalian systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Isabelle Keller
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zheng S, Villa R, Wang J, Feng Y, Wang J, Becker PB, Ye K. Structural basis of X chromosome DNA recognition by the MSL2 CXC domain during Drosophila dosage compensation. Genes Dev 2015; 28:2652-62. [PMID: 25452275 PMCID: PMC4248295 DOI: 10.1101/gad.250936.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The male-specific lethal dosage compensation complex (MSL-DCC) selectively assembles on the X chromosome in Drosophila and activates gene transcription by twofold through histone acetylation. An MSL recognition element (MRE) sequence motif nucleates the initial MSL association. Here, Zheng et al. identified the CXC domain of MSL2 specifically recognizing the MRE motif and determined its crystal structure bound to specific and nonspecific DNAs. Specific DNA-binding mutants of MSL2 are impaired in MRE binding and X chromosome localization in vivo. The male-specific lethal dosage compensation complex (MSL-DCC) selectively assembles on the X chromosome in Drosophila males and activates gene transcription by twofold through histone acetylation. An MSL recognition element (MRE) sequence motif nucleates the initial MSL association, but how it is recognized remains unknown. Here, we identified the CXC domain of MSL2 specifically recognizing the MRE motif and determined its crystal structure bound to specific and nonspecific DNAs. The CXC domain primarily contacts one strand of DNA duplex and employs a single arginine to directly read out dinucleotide sequences from the minor groove. The arginine is flexible when bound to nonspecific sequences. The core region of the MRE motif harbors two binding sites on opposite strands that can cooperatively recruit a CXC dimer. Specific DNA-binding mutants of MSL2 are impaired in MRE binding and X chromosome localization in vivo. Our results reveal multiple dynamic DNA-binding modes of the CXC domain that target the MSL-DCC to X chromosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanduo Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Raffaella Villa
- Molecular Biology Unit, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yingang Feng
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shangdong 266101, China
| | | | - Peter B Becker
- Molecular Biology Unit, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Keqiong Ye
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Soruco MML, Larschan E. A new player in X identification: the CLAMP protein is a key factor in Drosophila dosage compensation. Chromosome Res 2014; 22:505-15. [PMID: 25102930 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-014-9438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dosage compensation adjusts the expression levels of genes on one or both targeted sex chromosomes in heterogametic species. This process results in the normalized transcriptional output of important and essential gene families encoded on multiple chromosomes. The mechanisms of dosage compensation have been studied in many model organisms, including Drosophila melanogaster (fly), Caenorhabditis elegans (worm), and Mus musculus (mouse). Although the mechanisms of dosage compensations differ among these species, all of these processes rely on the initial discrimination of the X chromosome from autosomes. Recently, a new paradigm for how the X chromosome is targeted for regulation was identified in Drosophila. This mechanism involves a newly identified zinc finger protein, CLAMP. Here, we review important factors involved in dosage compensation across species with special focus on the fly. Understanding how the newly identified CLAMP protein is involved in X targeting in the fly could provide key insights into how the X chromosome is initially identified across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela M L Soruco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dias J, Van Nguyen N, Georgiev P, Gaub A, Brettschneider J, Cusack S, Kadlec J, Akhtar A. Structural analysis of the KANSL1/WDR5/KANSL2 complex reveals that WDR5 is required for efficient assembly and chromatin targeting of the NSL complex. Genes Dev 2014; 28:929-42. [PMID: 24788516 PMCID: PMC4018492 DOI: 10.1101/gad.240200.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The subunits of the nonspecific lethal (NSL) complex, which include the histone acetyltransferase MOF, play important roles in transcription regulation and stem cell maintenance. Dias et al. provide the first biochemical and structural insights into the molecular architecture of this complex. The data show that the interactions of WDR5 with the MOF-containing NSL complex and the MLL/COMPASS histone methyltransferase complexes are mutually exclusive. The authors propose that WDR5 plays a key role in assembling distinct histone-modifying complexes with different epigenetic regulatory roles. The subunits of the nonspecific lethal (NSL) complex, which include the histone acetyltransferase MOF (males absent on the first), play important roles in various cellular functions, including transcription regulation and stem cell identity maintenance and reprogramming, and are frequently misregulated in disease. Here, we provide the first biochemical and structural insights into the molecular architecture of this large multiprotein assembly. We identified several direct interactions within the complex and show that KANSL1 acts as a scaffold protein interacting with four other subunits, including WDR5, which in turn binds KANSL2. Structural analysis of the KANSL1/WDR5/KANSL2 subcomplex reveals how WDR5 is recruited into the NSL complex via conserved linear motifs of KANSL1 and KANSL2. Using structure-based KANSL1 mutants in transgenic flies, we show that the KANSL1–WDR5 interaction is required for proper assembly, efficient recruitment of the NSL complex to target promoters, and fly viability. Our data clearly show that the interactions of WDR5 with the MOF-containing NSL complex and MLL/COMPASS histone methyltransferase complexes are mutually exclusive. We propose that rather than being a shared subunit, WDR5 plays an important role in assembling distinct histone-modifying complexes with different epigenetic regulatory roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Dias
- Grenoble Outstation, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 38042 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chelmicki T, Dündar F, Turley MJ, Khanam T, Aktas T, Ramírez F, Gendrel AV, Wright PR, Videm P, Backofen R, Heard E, Manke T, Akhtar A. MOF-associated complexes ensure stem cell identity and Xist repression. eLife 2014; 3:e02024. [PMID: 24842875 PMCID: PMC4059889 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetyl transferases (HATs) play distinct roles in many cellular processes and are frequently misregulated in cancers. Here, we study the regulatory potential of MYST1-(MOF)-containing MSL and NSL complexes in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and neuronal progenitors. We find that both complexes influence transcription by targeting promoters and TSS-distal enhancers. In contrast to flies, the MSL complex is not exclusively enriched on the X chromosome, yet it is crucial for mammalian X chromosome regulation as it specifically regulates Tsix, the major repressor of Xist lncRNA. MSL depletion leads to decreased Tsix expression, reduced REX1 recruitment, and consequently, enhanced accumulation of Xist and variable numbers of inactivated X chromosomes during early differentiation. The NSL complex provides additional, Tsix-independent repression of Xist by maintaining pluripotency. MSL and NSL complexes therefore act synergistically by using distinct pathways to ensure a fail-safe mechanism for the repression of X inactivation in ESCs. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02024.001 Gene expression is controlled by a complicated network of mechanisms involving a wide range of enzymes and protein complexes. Many of these mechanisms are identical in males and females, but some are not. Female mammals, for example, carry two X chromosomes, whereas males have one X and one Y chromosome. Since the two X chromosomes in females contain essentially the same set of genes, one of them undergoes silencing to prevent the overproduction of certain proteins. This process, which is called X-inactivation, occurs during different stages of development and it must be tightly controlled. An enzyme called MOF was originally found in flies in two distinct complexes—the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex, which forms only in males, and the non-specific lethal (NSL) complex, which is ubiquitous in both males and females. These complexes are evolutionary conserved and are also found in mammals. While mammalian MOF is reasonably well understood, the MSL and NSL complexes are not, so Chelmicki, Dündar et al. have used various sequencing techniques, in combination with biochemical experiments, to investigate their roles in embryonic stem cells and neuronal progenitor cells in mice. These experiments show that MSL and NSL complexes engage in the regulation of thousands of genes. Although the two complexes often show different gene preferences, they often regulate the same cellular processes. The MSL/NSL-dependent regulation of X chromosome inactivation is a prime example of this phenomenon. The MSL complex reduces the production of an RNA molecule called Xist, which is responsible for the inactivation of one of the two X chromosomes in females. The NSL complex, meanwhile, ensures the production of multiple proteins that are crucial for the development of embryonic stem cells, and are also involved in the repression of X inactivation. This analysis sheds light on how different complexes can cooperate and complement each other in order to reach the same goal in the cell. The knowledge gained from this study will pave the way towards better understanding of complex processes such as embryonic development, organogenesis and the pathogenesis of disorders like cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02024.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Chelmicki
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Dündar
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Bioinformatics Department, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthew James Turley
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tasneem Khanam
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tugce Aktas
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fidel Ramírez
- Bioinformatics Department, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Rudolf Wright
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pavankumar Videm
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Backofen
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Center for Non-Coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Edith Heard
- Mammalian Developmental Epigenetics Group, Institute Curie, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Manke
- Bioinformatics Department, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chery J, Larschan E. X-marks the spot: X-chromosome identification during dosage compensation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:234-40. [PMID: 24406325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dosage compensation is the essential process that equalizes the dosage of X-linked genes between the sexes in heterogametic species. Because all of the genes along the length of a single chromosome are co-regulated, dosage compensation serves as a model system for understanding how domains of coordinate gene regulation are established. Dosage compensation has been best studied in mammals, flies and worms. Although dosage compensation systems are seemingly diverse across species, there are key shared principles of nucleation and spreading that are critical for accurate targeting of the dosage compensation complex to the X-chromosome(s). We will highlight the mechanisms by which long non-coding RNAs function together with DNA sequence elements to tether dosage compensation complexes to the X-chromosome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chromatin and epigenetic regulation of animal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chery
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Erica Larschan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ilik IA, Quinn JJ, Georgiev P, Tavares-Cadete F, Maticzka D, Toscano S, Wan Y, Spitale RC, Luscombe N, Backofen R, Chang HY, Akhtar A. Tandem stem-loops in roX RNAs act together to mediate X chromosome dosage compensation in Drosophila. Mol Cell 2013; 51:156-73. [PMID: 23870142 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dosage compensation in Drosophila is an epigenetic phenomenon utilizing proteins and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) for transcriptional upregulation of the male X chromosome. Here, by using UV crosslinking followed by deep sequencing, we show that two enzymes in the Male-Specific Lethal complex, MLE RNA helicase and MSL2 ubiquitin ligase, bind evolutionarily conserved domains containing tandem stem-loops in roX1 and roX2 RNAs in vivo. These domains constitute the minimal RNA unit present in multiple copies in diverse arrangements for nucleation of the MSL complex. MLE binds to these domains with distinct ATP-independent and ATP-dependent behavior. Importantly, we show that different roX RNA domains have overlapping function, since only combinatorial mutations in the tandem stem-loops result in severe loss of dosage compensation and consequently male-specific lethality. We propose that repetitive structural motifs in lncRNAs could provide plasticity during multiprotein complex assemblies to ensure efficient targeting in cis or in trans along chromosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Avsar Ilik
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Maenner S, Müller M, Fröhlich J, Langer D, Becker PB. ATP-dependent roX RNA remodeling by the helicase maleless enables specific association of MSL proteins. Mol Cell 2013; 51:174-84. [PMID: 23870143 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dosage compensation in Drosophila involves a global activation of genes on the male X chromosome. The activating complex (MSL-DCC) consists of male-specific-lethal (MSL) proteins and two long, noncoding roX RNAs. The roX RNAs are essential for X-chromosomal targeting, but their contributions to MSL-DCC structure and function are enigmatic. Conceivably, the RNA helicase MLE, itself an MSL subunit, is actively involved in incorporating roX into functional DCC. We determined the secondary structure of roX2 and mapped specific interaction sites for MLE in vitro. Upon addition of ATP, MLE disrupted a functionally important stem loop in roX2. This RNA remodeling enhanced specific ATP-dependent association of MSL2, the core subunit of the MSL-DCC, providing a link between roX and MSL subunits. Probing the conformation of roX in vivo revealed a remodeled stem loop in chromatin-bound roX2. The active remodeling of a stable secondary structure by MLE may constitute a rate-limiting step for MSL-DCC assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Maenner
- Adolf-Butenandt-Institute and Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Aguado-Llera D, Hamidi T, Doménech R, Pantoja-Uceda D, Gironella M, Santoro J, Velázquez-Campoy A, Neira JL, Iovanna JL. Deciphering the binding between Nupr1 and MSL1 and their DNA-repairing activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78101. [PMID: 24205110 PMCID: PMC3813506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The stress protein Nupr1 is a highly basic, multifunctional, intrinsically disordered protein (IDP). MSL1 is a histone acetyl transferase-associated protein, known to intervene in the dosage compensation complex (DCC). In this work, we show that both Nupr1 and MSL1 proteins were recruited and formed a complex into the nucleus in response to DNA-damage, which was essential for cell survival in reply to cisplatin damage. We studied the interaction of Nupr1 and MSL1, and their binding affinities to DNA by spectroscopic and biophysical methods. The MSL1 bound to Nupr1, with a moderate affinity (2.8 µM) in an entropically-driven process. MSL1 did not bind to non-damaged DNA, but it bound to chemically-damaged-DNA with a moderate affinity (1.2 µM) also in an entropically-driven process. The Nupr1 protein bound to chemically-damaged-DNA with a slightly larger affinity (0.4 µM), but in an enthalpically-driven process. Nupr1 showed different interacting regions in the formed complexes with Nupr1 or DNA; however, they were always disordered (“fuzzy”), as shown by NMR. These results underline a stochastic description of the functionality of the Nupr1 and its other interacting partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Aguado-Llera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Tewfik Hamidi
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1068, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unit 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Rosa Doménech
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - David Pantoja-Uceda
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Meritxell Gironella
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1068, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unit 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Santoro
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Velázquez-Campoy
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Unidad Asociada IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y Desarrollo (ARAID), Diputación General de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José L. Neira
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Unidad Asociada IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- * E-mail: (JLN); (JLI)
| | - Juan L. Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1068, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unit 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (JLN); (JLI)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lai Z, Moravcová S, Canitrot Y, Andrzejewski LP, Walshe DM, Rea S. Msl2 is a novel component of the vertebrate DNA damage response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68549. [PMID: 23874665 PMCID: PMC3706407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
hMSL2 (male-specific lethal 2, human) is a RING finger protein with ubiquitin ligase activity. Although it has been shown to target histone H2B at lysine 34 and p53 at lysine 351, suggesting roles in transcription regulation and apoptosis, its function in these and other processes remains poorly defined. To further characterize this protein, we have disrupted the Msl2 gene in chicken DT40 cells. Msl2−/− cells are viable, with minor growth defects. Biochemical analysis of the chromatin in these cells revealed aberrations in the levels of several histone modifications involved in DNA damage response pathways. DNA repair assays show that both Msl2−/− chicken cells and hMSL2-depleted human cells have defects in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair. DNA damage assays also demonstrate that both Msl2 and hMSL2 proteins are modified and stabilized shortly after induction of DNA damage. Moreover, hMSL2 mediates modification, presumably ubiquitylation, of a key DNA repair mediator 53BP1 at lysine 1690. Similarly, hMSL1 and hMOF (males absent on the first) are modified in the presence of hMSL2 shortly after DNA damage. These data identify a novel role for Msl2/hMSL2 in the cellular response to DNA damage. The kinetics of its stabilization suggests a function early in the NHEJ repair pathway. Moreover, Msl2 plays a role in maintaining normal histone modification profiles, which may also contribute to the DNA damage response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Lai
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Simona Moravcová
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Lukasz P. Andrzejewski
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dervla M. Walshe
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Stephen Rea
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|