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Li C, Ge M, Chen D, Sun T, Jiang H, Xie Y, Lu H, Zhang B, Han L, Chen J, Zhu J. RPL21 siRNA Blocks Proliferation in Pancreatic Cancer Cells by Inhibiting DNA Replication and Inducing G1 Arrest and Apoptosis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1730. [PMID: 33014855 PMCID: PMC7509406 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous study showed that the ribosomal protein L21 (RPL21) may play an important role in the development and survival of pancreatic cancer. In this article, RNA interference (RNAi) experiments were performed with RPL21-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) to elucidate the mechanism by which RPL21 controls PC PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cell proliferation. Methods In the present study, PANC-1, BxPC-3 cells, and BALB/c nude mice were used to investigate antitumor effect and mechanism by which RPL21 controls cell proliferation and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The effects of RPL21 knockdown on PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cell proliferation, cell cycle and cell apoptosis in vitro were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays and flow cytometry assay. The mechanism of RPL21 regulating cell proliferation was investigated using transcriptome sequencing analysis and luciferase reporter assay. The effects of RPL21 knockdown on PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cell proliferation in vivo were determined using BALB/c nude mice tumor model. Results In PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells, the knockdown of RPL21 expression with corresponding siRNA suppressed cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, inhibited DNA replication, and induced arrests in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Further results showed that the mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) protein family (MCM2-7), CCND1 and CCNE1 were down-regulated significantly in PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells after transfected with RPL21 siRNA, which suggests that the suppression of DNA replication is due to the reduced expression of MCM2-7 family, and the induction of G1 arrest is correlated with the inhibition of CCND1 and CCNE1. Luciferase reporter assay showed that RPL21 controls the DNA replication and G1-S phase progression possibly through the regulation of E2F1 transcription factor in PC cells. Moreover, RPL21 siRNA showed an apoptosis-inducing effect only in BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cells but not in normal HPDE6-C7 cells. The increase of caspase-8 activities and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential after RPL21 silencing indicates that the RPL21 gene may be involved in caspase-8-related mitochondrial apoptosis. Conclusion Our findings suggest that siRNA against the RPL21 gene possesses a potential anti-cancer activity for PC cells by inhibiting their proliferation and DNA replication, as well as inducing cell cycle G1 arrest and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaodong Li
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Laiyi Center for Biopharmaceutical R&D, Shanghai, China
| | - Daijie Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Yueqing Xie
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Huili Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Han
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Junsheng Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China.,Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
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Gao Z, Man X, Li Z, Bi J, Liu X, Li Z, Li J, Zhang Z, Kong C. PLK1 promotes proliferation and suppresses apoptosis of renal cell carcinoma cells by phosphorylating MCM3. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 27:412-423. [PMID: 31186514 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Minichromosome maintenance 3 (MCM3) protein has been widely studied due to its essential role in DNA replication. In addition, it is overexpressed in several human tumor types. However, the role of this protein in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not widely known. In this study, we demonstrated that polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1)-mediated MCM3 phosphorylation regulates proliferation and apoptosis in RCC. Our results confirm that PLK1 and phospho-MCM3 (p-MCM3) are highly expressed in renal cell carcinoma. The expression of PLK1 is closely related to the clinical characteristics of renal cell carcinoma. They play important roles in the proliferation and apoptosis of RCC. In vitro, after overexpression of PLK1 or MCM3, the proliferation of RCC cells was significantly enhanced and cell apoptosis was inhibited, while after knockout, the proliferation of RCC cells was weakened and cell apoptosis was promoted. In addition, Mn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE, western blotting, and immunofluorescence were utilized to determine that MCM3 is a physiological substrate of PLK1, which is phosphorylated on serine 112 (Ser112) in a PLK1-dependent manner. PLK1-mediated MCM3 phosphorylation promotes RCC cell cycle proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in vitro. Moreover, we found that PLK1-mediated MCM3 phosphorylation induced cellular proliferation and decreased apoptosis, as well as tumor growth in mice. Overall, we conclude that PLK1-mediated MCM3 phosphorylation is a novel mechanism to regulate RCC proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Gao
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaojun Man
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianbin Bi
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiankui Liu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zeliang Li
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Chuize Kong
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Stewart PA, Khamis ZI, Zhau HE, Duan P, Li Q, Chung LWK, Sang QXA. Upregulation of minichromosome maintenance complex component 3 during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:39209-39217. [PMID: 28424404 PMCID: PMC5503607 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is often associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). To understand the molecular mechanisms of this process, we conducted proteomic analysis of androgen-repressed cancer of the prostate (ARCaP), an experimental model of metastatic human prostate cancer. The protein signatures of epithelial (ARCaPE) and mesenchymal (ARCaPM) cells were consistent with their phenotypes. Importantly, the expression of mini-chromosome maintenance 3 (MCM3) protein, a crucial subunit of DNA helicase, was significantly higher in ARCaPM cells than that of ARCaPE cells. This increased MCM3 protein expression level was verified using Western blot analysis of the ARCaP cell lineages. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of MCM3 protein levels in human prostate tissue specimens showed elevated expression in bone metastasis and advanced human prostate cancer tissue samples. Subcutaneous injection experiments using ARCaPE and ARCaPM cells in a mouse model also revealed increased MCM3 protein levels in mesenchymal-derived tumors. This study identifies MCM3 as an upregulated molecule in mesenchymal phenotype of human prostate cancer cells and advanced human prostate cancer specimens, suggesting MCM3 may be a new potential drug target for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Stewart
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
| | - Zahraa I Khamis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America.,Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Peng Duan
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Quanlin Li
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America.,Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
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Swuec P, Costa A. DNA replication and inter-strand crosslink repair: Symmetric activation of dimeric nanomachines? Biophys Chem 2016; 225:15-19. [PMID: 27989548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic DNA replication initiation and the Fanconi anemia pathway of interstrand crosslink repair both revolve around the recruitment of a set of DNA-processing factors onto a dimeric protein complex, which functions as a loading platform (MCM and FANCI-FANCD2 respectively). Here we compare and contrast the two systems, identifying a set of unresolved mechanistic questions. How is the dimeric loading platform assembled on the DNA? How can equivalent covalent modification of both factors in a dimer be achieved? Are multicomponent DNA-interacting machines built symmetrically around their dimeric loading platform? Recent biochemical reconstitution studies are starting to shed light on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Swuec
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Alessandro Costa
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK.
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Archaeal DNA Replication Origins and Recruitment of the MCM Replicative Helicase. DNA REPLICATION ACROSS TAXA 2016; 39:169-90. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Liu J, Zimmer K, Rusch DB, Paranjape N, Podicheti R, Tang H, Calvi BR. DNA sequence templates adjacent nucleosome and ORC sites at gene amplification origins in Drosophila. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:8746-61. [PMID: 26227968 PMCID: PMC4605296 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic origins of DNA replication are bound by the origin recognition complex (ORC), which scaffolds assembly of a pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) that is then activated to initiate replication. Both pre-RC assembly and activation are strongly influenced by developmental changes to the epigenome, but molecular mechanisms remain incompletely defined. We have been examining the activation of origins responsible for developmental gene amplification in Drosophila. At a specific time in oogenesis, somatic follicle cells transition from genomic replication to a locus-specific replication from six amplicon origins. Previous evidence indicated that these amplicon origins are activated by nucleosome acetylation, but how this affects origin chromatin is unknown. Here, we examine nucleosome position in follicle cells using micrococcal nuclease digestion with Ilumina sequencing. The results indicate that ORC binding sites and other essential origin sequences are nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs). Nucleosome position at the amplicons was highly similar among developmental stages during which ORC is or is not bound, indicating that being an NDR is not sufficient to specify ORC binding. Importantly, the data suggest that nucleosomes and ORC have opposite preferences for DNA sequence and structure. We propose that nucleosome hyperacetylation promotes pre-RC assembly onto adjacent DNA sequences that are disfavored by nucleosomes but favored by ORC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kurt Zimmer
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Douglas B Rusch
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Neha Paranjape
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Ram Podicheti
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Haixu Tang
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brian R Calvi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Maric M, Maculins T, De Piccoli G, Labib K. Cdc48 and a ubiquitin ligase drive disassembly of the CMG helicase at the end of DNA replication. Science 2014; 346:1253596. [PMID: 25342810 PMCID: PMC4300516 DOI: 10.1126/science.1253596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome replication is initiated by a universal mechanism in eukaryotic cells, involving the assembly and activation at replication origins of the CMG (Cdc45-MCM-GINS) DNA helicase, which is essential for the progression of replication forks. Disassembly of CMG is likely to be a key regulated step at the end of chromosome replication, but the mechanism was unknown until now. Here we show that the ubiquitin ligase known as SCF(Dia2) promotes ubiquitylation of CMG during the final stages of chromosome replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Cdc48/p97 segregase then associates with ubiquitylated CMG, leading rapidly to helicase disassembly. These findings indicate that the end of chromosome replication in eukaryotes is controlled in a similarly complex fashion to the much-better-characterized initiation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Maric
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Timurs Maculins
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Giacomo De Piccoli
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Karim Labib
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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Yardimci H, Walter JC. Prereplication-complex formation: a molecular double take? Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:20-5. [PMID: 24389553 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In G1, two copies of the MCM2-7 helicase are recruited to each origin of replication. Whereas recruitment of the first MCM2-7 is likely to be analogous to the loading of sliding clamps around DNA, how the second MCM2-7 complex is recruited is highly contentious. Here, we argue that MCM2-7 loading involves specific modifications to the clamp-loading reaction and propose that the first and second MCM2-7 molecules are loaded via similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Yardimci
- 1] Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, UK
| | - Johannes C Walter
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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