1
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He Q, Liu C, Liu Q, Wang L, Song L. CgADAR1 involved in regulating the synthesis of interferon-like protein in Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109620. [PMID: 38740229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) is a dsRNA adenosine (A)-to-inosine (I) editing enzyme that regulates the innate immune response against virus invasion. In the present study, a novel CgADAR1 was identified from the oyster Crassostrea gigas. The open reading frame (ORF) of CgADAR1 was of 3444 bp encoding a peptide of 1147 amino acid residues with two Zα domains, one dsRNA binding motif (DSRM) and one RNA adenosine deaminase domain (ADEAMc). The mRNA transcripts of CgADAR1 were detected in all the examined tissues, with higher expression levels in mantle and gill, which were 7.11-fold and 4.90-fold (p < 0.05) of that in labial palp, respectively. The mRNA transcripts of CgADAR1 in haemocytes were significantly induced at 24 h and 36 h after Poly (A: U) stimulation, which were 6.03-fold (p < 0.01) and 1.37-fold (p < 0.001) of that in control group, respectively. At 48 h after Poly (A:U) stimulation, the mRNA expression of CgRIG-Ⅰ, CgIRF8 and CgIFNLP significantly increased, which were 4.36-fold (p < 0.001), 1.82-fold (p < 0.05) and 1.92-fold (p < 0.05) of that in control group. After CgADAR1 expression was inhibited by RNA interference (RNAi), the mRNA expression levels of CgMDA5, CgRIG-Ⅰ, CgTBK1, CgIRF8 and CgIFNLP were significantly increased, which were 11.88-fold, 11.51-fold, 2.22-fold, 2.85-fold and 2.52-fold of that in control group (p < 0.001), and the phosphorylation level of CgTBK1 was also significantly increased. These results suggested that CgADAR1 played a regulation role in the early stages of viral infection by inhibiting the synthesis of interferon-like protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian He
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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2
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Hu SB, Li JB. RNA editing and immune control: from mechanism to therapy. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2024; 86:102195. [PMID: 38643591 PMCID: PMC11162905 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2024.102195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing, catalyzed by the enzymes ADAR1 and ADAR2, stands as a pervasive RNA modification. A primary function of ADAR1-mediated RNA editing lies in labeling endogenous double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) as 'self', thereby averting their potential to activate innate immune responses. Recent findings have highlighted additional roles of ADAR1, independent of RNA editing, that are crucial for immune control. Here, we focus on recent progress in understanding ADAR1's RNA editing-dependent and -independent roles in immune control. We describe how ADAR1 regulates various dsRNA innate immune receptors through distinct mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of ADAR1 and RNA editing in diseases, including autoimmune diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bin Hu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jin Billy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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3
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Dorrity TJ, Shin H, Gertie JA, Chung H. The Sixth Sense: Self-nucleic acid sensing in the brain. Adv Immunol 2024; 161:53-83. [PMID: 38763702 PMCID: PMC11186578 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Our innate immune system uses pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as a first line of defense to detect microbial ligands and initiate an immune response. Viral nucleic acids are key ligands for the activation of many PRRs and the induction of downstream inflammatory and antiviral effects. Initially it was thought that endogenous (self) nucleic acids rarely activated these PRRs, however emerging evidence indicates that endogenous nucleic acids are able to activate host PRRs in homeostasis and disease. In fact, many regulatory mechanisms are in place to finely control and regulate sensing of self-nucleic acids by PRRs. Sensing of self-nucleic acids is particularly important in the brain, as perturbations to nucleic acid sensing commonly leads to neuropathology. This review will highlight the role of nucleic acid sensors in the brain, both in disease and homeostasis. We also indicate the source of endogenous stimulatory nucleic acids where known and summarize future directions for the study of this growing field.
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Key Words
- Brain
- DNA sensing PRRs: cGAS, AIM2, TLR9
- Neurodegeneration: Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Stroke, Traumatic brain injury
- Neurodevelopment
- Neuroinflammation
- Nuecleic acid immunity
- Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
- RNA sensing PRRs: MDA5, RIG-I, PKR, TLR3, TLR7/8
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Dorrity
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Heegwon Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jake A Gertie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hachung Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
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4
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Patel B, Zhou Y, Babcock RL, Ma F, Zal MA, Kumar D, Medik YB, Kahn LM, Pineda JE, Park EM, Schneider SM, Tang X, Raso MG, Jeter CR, Zal T, Clise-Dwyer K, Keyomarsi K, Giancotti FG, Colla S, Watowich SS. STAT3 protects hematopoietic stem cells by preventing activation of a deleterious autocrine type-I interferon response. Leukemia 2024; 38:1143-1155. [PMID: 38467768 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-024-02218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) maintain blood-forming and immune activity, yet intrinsic regulators of HSPCs remain elusive. STAT3 function in HSPCs has been difficult to dissect as Stat3-deficiency in the hematopoietic compartment induces systemic inflammation, which can impact HSPC activity. Here, we developed mixed bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice with inducible Stat3 deletion in 20% of the hematopoietic compartment to avoid systemic inflammation. Stat3-deficient HSPCs were significantly impaired in reconstitution ability following primary or secondary bone marrow transplantation, indicating hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) defects. Single-cell RNA sequencing of Lin-ckit+Sca1+ BM cells (LSKs) revealed aberrant activation of cell cycle, p53, and interferon (IFN) pathways in Stat3-deficient HSPCs. Stat3-deficient LSKs accumulated γH2AX and showed increased expression of DNA sensors and type-I IFN (IFN-I), while treatment with A151-ODN inhibited expression of IFN-I and IFN-responsive genes. Further, the blockade of IFN-I receptor signaling suppressed aberrant cell cycling, STAT1 activation, and nuclear p53 accumulation. Collectively, our results show that STAT3 inhibits a deleterious autocrine IFN response in HSCs to maintain long-term HSC function. These data signify the importance of ensuring therapeutic STAT3 inhibitors are targeted specifically to diseased cells to avoid off-target loss of healthy HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Patel
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel L Babcock
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Anna Zal
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Herbert Irving Cancer Center and Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yusra B Medik
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura M Kahn
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Josué E Pineda
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Park
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah M Schneider
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ximing Tang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Gabriela Raso
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Collene R Jeter
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tomasz Zal
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen Clise-Dwyer
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Filippo G Giancotti
- Herbert Irving Cancer Center and Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simona Colla
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
- Program for Innovative Microbiome and Translational Research (PRIME-TR), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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5
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Jarmoskaite I, Li JB. Multifaceted roles of RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 in innate immunity. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 30:500-511. [PMID: 38531645 PMCID: PMC11019752 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079953.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Innate immunity must be tightly regulated to enable sensitive pathogen detection while averting autoimmunity triggered by pathogen-like host molecules. A hallmark of viral infection, double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are also abundantly encoded in mammalian genomes, necessitating surveillance mechanisms to distinguish "self" from "nonself." ADAR1, an RNA editing enzyme, has emerged as an essential safeguard against dsRNA-induced autoimmunity. By converting adenosines to inosines (A-to-I) in long dsRNAs, ADAR1 covalently marks endogenous dsRNAs, thereby blocking the activation of the cytoplasmic dsRNA sensor MDA5. Moreover, beyond its editing function, ADAR1 binding to dsRNA impedes the activation of innate immune sensors PKR and ZBP1. Recent landmark studies underscore the utility of silencing ADAR1 for cancer immunotherapy, by exploiting the ADAR1-dependence developed by certain tumors to unleash an antitumor immune response. In this perspective, we summarize the genetic and mechanistic evidence for ADAR1's multipronged role in suppressing dsRNA-mediated autoimmunity and explore the evolving roles of ADAR1 as an immuno-oncology target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Jarmoskaite
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- AIRNA Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jin Billy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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6
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Cottrell KA, Ryu S, Pierce JR, Soto Torres L, Bohlin HE, Schab AM, Weber JD. Induction of Viral Mimicry Upon Loss of DHX9 and ADAR1 in Breast Cancer Cells. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:986-1003. [PMID: 38530197 PMCID: PMC10993856 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Detection of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is an important component of innate immunity. However, many endogenous RNAs containing double-stranded regions can be misrecognized and activate innate immunity. The IFN-inducible ADAR1-p150 suppresses dsRNA sensing, an essential function for adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) in many cancers, including breast. Although ADAR1-p150 has been well established in this role, the functions of the constitutively expressed ADAR1-p110 isoform are less understood. We used proximity labeling to identify putative ADAR1-p110-interacting proteins in breast cancer cell lines. Of the proteins identified, the RNA helicase DHX9 was of particular interest. Knockdown of DHX9 in ADAR1-dependent cell lines caused cell death and activation of the dsRNA sensor PKR. In ADAR1-independent cell lines, combined knockdown of DHX9 and ADAR1, but neither alone, caused activation of multiple dsRNA sensing pathways leading to a viral mimicry phenotype. Together, these results reveal an important role for DHX9 in suppressing dsRNA sensing by multiple pathways. SIGNIFICANCE These findings implicate DHX9 as a suppressor of dsRNA sensing. In some cell lines, loss of DHX9 alone is sufficient to cause activation of dsRNA sensing pathways, while in other cell lines DHX9 functions redundantly with ADAR1 to suppress pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Cottrell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sua Ryu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jackson R. Pierce
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Luisangely Soto Torres
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Holly E. Bohlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Angela M. Schab
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason D. Weber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Biology, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
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7
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Luca D, Lee S, Hirota K, Okabe Y, Uehori J, Izawa K, Lanz AL, Schütte V, Sivri B, Tsukamoto Y, Hauck F, Behrendt R, Roers A, Fujita T, Nishikomori R, Lee-Kirsch MA, Kato H. Aberrant RNA sensing in regulatory T cells causes systemic autoimmunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk0820. [PMID: 38427731 PMCID: PMC10906915 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Chronic and aberrant nucleic acid sensing causes type I IFN-driven autoimmune diseases, designated type I interferonopathies. We found a significant reduction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in patients with type I interferonopathies caused by mutations in ADAR1 or IFIH1 (encoding MDA5). We analyzed the underlying mechanisms using murine models and found that Treg-specific deletion of Adar1 caused peripheral Treg loss and scurfy-like lethal autoimmune disorders. Similarly, knock-in mice with Treg-specific expression of an MDA5 gain-of-function mutant caused apoptosis of peripheral Tregs and severe autoimmunity. Moreover, the impact of ADAR1 deficiency on Tregs is multifaceted, involving both MDA5 and PKR sensing. Together, our results highlight the dysregulation of Treg homeostasis by intrinsic aberrant RNA sensing as a potential determinant for type I interferonopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domnica Luca
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sumin Lee
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiji Hirota
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Okabe
- Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junji Uehori
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazushi Izawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Anna-Lisa Lanz
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Centre for Rare Diseases (M-ZSE), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Schütte
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Burcu Sivri
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yuta Tsukamoto
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Hauck
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Centre for Rare Diseases (M-ZSE), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuta Nishikomori
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Min Ae Lee-Kirsch
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- University Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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8
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F De Jesus D, Zhang Z, Brown NK, Li X, Xiao L, Hu J, Gaffrey MJ, Fogarty G, Kahraman S, Wei J, Basile G, Rana TM, Mathews C, Powers AC, Parent AV, Atkinson MA, Dhe-Paganon S, Eizirik DL, Qian WJ, He C, Kulkarni RN. Redox regulation of m 6A methyltransferase METTL3 in β-cells controls the innate immune response in type 1 diabetes. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:421-437. [PMID: 38409327 PMCID: PMC11042681 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Several observations have renewed the interest in β-cell RNA sensors and editors. Here, we report that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an adaptive β-cell safeguard mechanism that controls the amplitude and duration of the antiviral innate immune response at T1D onset. m6A writer methyltransferase 3 (METTL3) levels increase drastically in β-cells at T1D onset but rapidly decline with disease progression. m6A sequencing revealed the m6A hypermethylation of several key innate immune mediators, including OAS1, OAS2, OAS3 and ADAR1 in human islets and EndoC-βH1 cells at T1D onset. METTL3 silencing enhanced 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase levels by increasing its mRNA stability. Consistently, in vivo gene therapy to prolong Mettl3 overexpression specifically in β-cells delayed diabetes progression in the non-obese diabetic mouse model of T1D. Mechanistically, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species blocked upregulation of METTL3 in response to cytokines, while physiological levels of nitric oxide enhanced METTL3 levels and activity. Furthermore, we report that the cysteines in position C276 and C326 in the zinc finger domains of the METTL3 protein are sensitive to S-nitrosylation and are important to the METTL3-mediated regulation of oligoadenylate synthase mRNA stability in human β-cells. Collectively, we report that m6A regulates the innate immune response at the β-cell level during the onset of T1D in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario F De Jesus
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zijie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Natalie K Brown
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ling Xiao
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiang Hu
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Garrett Fogarty
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sevim Kahraman
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiangbo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giorgio Basile
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tariq M Rana
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Clayton Mathews
- Department of Pathology, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Audrey V Parent
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Levanon EY, Cohen-Fultheim R, Eisenberg E. In search of critical dsRNA targets of ADAR1. Trends Genet 2024; 40:250-259. [PMID: 38160061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have underscored the pivotal role of adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing, catalyzed by ADAR1, in suppressing innate immune interferon responses triggered by cellular double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). However, the specific ADAR1 editing targets crucial for this regulatory function remain elusive. We review analyses of transcriptome-wide ADAR1 editing patterns and their evolutionary dynamics, which offer valuable insights into this unresolved query. The growing appreciation of the significance of immunogenic dsRNAs and their editing in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer calls for a more comprehensive understanding of dsRNA immunogenicity, which may promote our understanding of these diseases and open doors to therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Y Levanon
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - Roni Cohen-Fultheim
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Eli Eisenberg
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv, University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
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10
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Rivera M, Zhang H, Pham J, Isquith J, Zhou QJ, Balaian L, Sasik R, Enlund S, Mark A, Ma W, Holm F, Fisch KM, Kuo DJ, Jamieson C, Jiang Q. Malignant A-to-I RNA editing by ADAR1 drives T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse via attenuating dsRNA sensing. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113704. [PMID: 38265938 PMCID: PMC10962356 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) are regarded as the origin of leukemia relapse and therapeutic resistance. Identifying direct stemness determinants that fuel LIC self-renewal is critical for developing targeted approaches. Here, we show that the RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 is a crucial stemness factor that promotes LIC self-renewal by attenuating aberrant double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sensing. Elevated adenosine-to-inosine editing is a common attribute of relapsed T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) regardless of molecular subtype. Consequently, knockdown of ADAR1 severely inhibits LIC self-renewal capacity and prolongs survival in T-ALL patient-derived xenograft models. Mechanistically, ADAR1 directs hyper-editing of immunogenic dsRNA to avoid detection by the innate immune sensor melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). Moreover, we uncover that the cell-intrinsic level of MDA5 dictates the dependency on the ADAR1-MDA5 axis in T-ALL. Collectively, our results show that ADAR1 functions as a self-renewal factor that limits the sensing of endogenous dsRNA. Thus, targeting ADAR1 presents an effective therapeutic strategy for eliminating T-ALL LICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rivera
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jessica Pham
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jane Isquith
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qingchen Jenny Zhou
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Larisa Balaian
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Roman Sasik
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics (CCBB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0681, USA
| | - Sabina Enlund
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Pediatric Oncology and Pediatric Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Adam Mark
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics (CCBB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0681, USA
| | - Wenxue Ma
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Frida Holm
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Pediatric Oncology and Pediatric Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Kathleen M Fisch
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics (CCBB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0681, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis John Kuo
- Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Catriona Jamieson
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Qingfei Jiang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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11
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Zhang R, Karijolich J. RNA recognition by PKR during DNA virus infection. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29424. [PMID: 38285432 PMCID: PMC10832991 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Protein kinase R (PKR) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding protein that plays a crucial role in innate immunity during viral infection and can restrict both DNA and RNA viruses. The potency of its antiviral function is further reflected by the large number of viral-encoded PKR antagonists. However, much about the regulation of dsRNA accumulation and PKR activation during viral infection remains unknown. Since DNA viruses do not have an RNA genome or RNA replication intermediates like RNA viruses do, PKR-mediated dsRNA detection in the context of DNA virus infection is particularly intriguing. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of PKR activation and its antagonism during infection with DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville. Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
| | - John Karijolich
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville. Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
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12
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Mueller F, Witteveldt J, Macias S. Antiviral Defence Mechanisms during Early Mammalian Development. Viruses 2024; 16:173. [PMID: 38399949 PMCID: PMC10891733 DOI: 10.3390/v16020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The type-I interferon (IFN) response constitutes the major innate immune pathway against viruses in mammals. Despite its critical importance for antiviral defence, this pathway is inactive during early embryonic development. There seems to be an incompatibility between the IFN response and pluripotency, the ability of embryonic cells to develop into any cell type of an adult organism. Instead, pluripotent cells employ alternative ways to defend against viruses that are typically associated with safeguard mechanisms against transposable elements. The absence of an inducible IFN response in pluripotent cells and the constitutive activation of the alternative antiviral pathways have led to the hypothesis that embryonic cells are highly resistant to viruses. However, some findings challenge this interpretation. We have performed a meta-analysis that suggests that the susceptibility of pluripotent cells to viruses is directly correlated with the presence of receptors or co-receptors for viral adhesion and entry. These results challenge the current view of pluripotent cells as intrinsically resistant to infections and raise the fundamental question of why these cells have sacrificed the major antiviral defence pathway if this renders them susceptible to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Mueller
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jeroen Witteveldt
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Sara Macias
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
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13
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Cottrell KA, Andrews RJ, Bass BL. The competitive landscape of the dsRNA world. Mol Cell 2024; 84:107-119. [PMID: 38118451 PMCID: PMC10843539 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense and respond to infection is essential for life. Viral infection produces double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that are sensed by proteins that recognize the structure of dsRNA. This structure-based recognition of viral dsRNA allows dsRNA sensors to recognize infection by many viruses, but it comes at a cost-the dsRNA sensors cannot always distinguish between "self" and "nonself" dsRNAs. "Self" RNAs often contain dsRNA regions, and not surprisingly, mechanisms have evolved to prevent aberrant activation of dsRNA sensors by "self" RNA. Here, we review current knowledge about the life of endogenous dsRNAs in mammals-the biosynthesis and processing of dsRNAs, the proteins they encounter, and their ultimate degradation. We highlight mechanisms that evolved to prevent aberrant dsRNA sensor activation and the importance of competition in the regulation of dsRNA sensors and other dsRNA-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Cottrell
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Ryan J Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Brenda L Bass
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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14
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Dorrity TJ, Chung H. A tale of two pathways: Two distinct mechanisms of ADAR1 prevent fatal autoinflammation. Mol Cell 2023; 83:3760-3762. [PMID: 37922869 PMCID: PMC11056273 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In this issue, Hu and Heraud-Farlow et al.1 demonstrate that ADAR1 dsRNA editing and dsRNA binding activities are critical to repress MDA5 and PKR, respectively, and that PKR and MDA5 act in concert to induce fatality in ADAR1 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Dorrity
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hachung Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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