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Glaviano A, Wander SA, Baird RD, Yap KCH, Lam HY, Toi M, Carbone D, Geoerger B, Serra V, Jones RH, Ngeow J, Toska E, Stebbing J, Crasta K, Finn RS, Diana P, Vuina K, de Bruin RAM, Surana U, Bardia A, Kumar AP. Mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance to CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer treatment. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 76:101103. [PMID: 38943828 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Cell cycle dysregulation is a hallmark of cancer that promotes eccessive cell division. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) are key molecules in the G1-to-S phase cell cycle transition and are crucial for the onset, survival, and progression of breast cancer (BC). Small-molecule CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) block phosphorylation of tumor suppressor Rb and thus restrain susceptible BC cells in G1 phase. Three CDK4/6i are approved for the first-line treatment of patients with advanced/metastatic hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) BC in combination with endocrine therapy (ET). Though this has improved the clinical outcomes for survival of BC patients, there is no established standard next-line treatment to tackle drug resistance. Recent studies suggest that CDK4/6i can modulate other distinct effects in both BC and breast stromal compartments, which may provide new insights into aspects of their clinical activity. This review describes the biochemistry of the CDK4/6-Rb-E2F pathway in HR+ BC, then discusses how CDK4/6i can trigger other effects in BC/breast stromal compartments, and finally outlines the mechanisms of CDK4/6i resistance that have emerged in recent preclinical studies and clinical cohorts, emphasizing the impact of these findings on novel therapeutic opportunities in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Glaviano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Seth A Wander
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Richard D Baird
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kenneth C-H Yap
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Hiu Yan Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Masakazu Toi
- School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniela Carbone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Inserm U1015, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Violeta Serra
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert H Jones
- Cardiff University and Velindre Cancer Centre, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, 636921, Singapore; Cancer Genetics Service (CGS), National Cancer Centre Singapore, 168583, Singapore
| | - Eneda Toska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin Stebbing
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Karen Crasta
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore; Healthy Longetivity Translational Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Richard S Finn
- Department of Oncology, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Karla Vuina
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robertus A M de Bruin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Uttam Surana
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; SiNOPSEE Therapeutics Pte Ltd, A⁎STARTCentral, 139955, Singapore
| | - Aditya Bardia
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore.
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2
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Mikheeva AM, Bogomolov MA, Gasca VA, Sementsov MV, Spirin PV, Prassolov VS, Lebedev TD. Improving the power of drug toxicity measurements by quantitative nuclei imaging. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:181. [PMID: 38637526 PMCID: PMC11026393 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Imaging-based anticancer drug screens are becoming more prevalent due to development of automated fluorescent microscopes and imaging stations, as well as rapid advancements in image processing software. Automated cell imaging provides many benefits such as their ability to provide high-content data, modularity, dynamics recording and the fact that imaging is the most direct way to access cell viability and cell proliferation. However, currently most publicly available large-scale anticancer drugs screens, such as GDSC, CTRP and NCI-60, provide cell viability data measured by assays based on colorimetric or luminometric measurements of NADH or ATP levels. Although such datasets provide valuable data, it is unclear how well drug toxicity measurements can be integrated with imaging data. Here we explored the relations between drug toxicity data obtained by XTT assay, two quantitative nuclei imaging methods and trypan blue dye exclusion assay using a set of four cancer cell lines with different morphologies and 30 drugs with different mechanisms of action. We show that imaging-based approaches provide high accuracy and the differences between results obtained by different methods highly depend on drug mechanism of action. Selecting AUC metrics over IC50 or comparing data where significantly drugs reduced cell numbers noticeably improves consistency between methods. Using automated cell segmentation protocols we analyzed mitochondria activity in more than 11 thousand drug-treated cells and showed that XTT assay produces unreliable data for CDK4/6, Aurora A, VEGFR and PARP inhibitors due induced cell size growth and increase in individual mitochondria activity. We also explored several benefits of image-based analysis such as ability to monitor cell number dynamics, dissect changes in total and individual mitochondria activity from cell proliferation, and ability to identify chromatin remodeling drugs. Finally, we provide a web tool that allows comparing results obtained by different methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesya M Mikheeva
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Bogomolov
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Valentina A Gasca
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Sementsov
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Pavel V Spirin
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Prassolov
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Timofey D Lebedev
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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3
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Longhurst AD, Wang K, Suresh HG, Ketavarapu M, Ward HN, Jones IR, Narayan V, Hundley FV, Hassan AZ, Boone C, Myers CL, Shen Y, Ramani V, Andrews BJ, Toczyski DP. The PRC2.1 Subcomplex Opposes G1 Progression through Regulation of CCND1 and CCND2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585604. [PMID: 38562687 PMCID: PMC10983909 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle is the most highly regulated step in cellular division. We employed a chemogenomics approach to discover novel cellular networks that regulate cell cycle progression. This approach uncovered functional clusters of genes that altered sensitivity of cells to inhibitors of the G1/S transition. Mutation of components of the Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 rescued growth inhibition caused by the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib, but not to inhibitors of S phase or mitosis. In addition to its core catalytic subunits, mutation of the PRC2.1 accessory protein MTF2, but not the PRC2.2 protein JARID2, rendered cells resistant to palbociclib treatment. We found that PRC2.1 (MTF2), but not PRC2.2 (JARID2), was critical for promoting H3K27me3 deposition at CpG islands genome-wide and in promoters. This included the CpG islands in the promoter of the CDK4/6 cyclins CCND1 and CCND2, and loss of MTF2 lead to upregulation of both CCND1 and CCND2. Our results demonstrate a role for PRC2.1, but not PRC2.2, in promoting G1 progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Longhurst
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kyle Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Harsha Garadi Suresh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Mythili Ketavarapu
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henry N Ward
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Minneapolis MN USA
| | - Ian R Jones
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California
| | - Vivek Narayan
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frances V Hundley
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arshia Zernab Hassan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Minneapolis MN USA
| | - Charles Boone
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chad L Myers
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Minneapolis MN USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yin Shen
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vijay Ramani
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brenda J Andrews
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David P Toczyski
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Zhang M, Wei J, Sun Y, He C, Ma S, Pan X, Zhu X. The efferocytosis process in aging: Supporting evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic prospects for age-related diseases. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00109-7. [PMID: 38499245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is characterized by an ongoing struggle between the buildup of damage caused by a combination of external and internal factors. Aging has different effects on phagocytes, including impaired efferocytosis. A deficiency in efferocytosis can cause chronic inflammation, aging, and several other clinical disorders. AIM OF REVIEW Our review underscores the possible feasibility and extensive scope of employing dual targets in various age-related diseases to reduce the occurrence and progression of age-related diseases, ultimately fostering healthy aging and increasing lifespan. Key scientific concepts of review Hence, the concurrent implementation of strategies aimed at augmenting efferocytic mechanisms and anti-aging treatments has the potential to serve as a potent intervention for extending the duration of a healthy lifespan. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the concept and physiological effects of efferocytosis. Subsequently, we investigated the association between efferocytosis and the hallmarks of aging. Finally, we discuss growing evidence regarding therapeutic interventions for age-related disorders, focusing on the physiological processes of aging and efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Chang He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Shiyin Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
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5
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Huang YT, Hesting LL, Calvi BR. An unscheduled switch to endocycles induces a reversible senescent arrest that impairs growth of the Drosophila wing disc. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.14.585098. [PMID: 38559130 PMCID: PMC10980049 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.14.585098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A programmed developmental switch to G / S endocycles results in tissue growth through an increase in cell size. Unscheduled, induced endocycling cells (iECs) promote wound healing but also contribute to cancer. Much remains unknown, however, about how these iECs affect tissue growth. Using the D. melanogasterwing disc as model, we find that populations of iECs initially increase in size but then subsequently undergo a heterogenous arrest that causes severe tissue undergrowth. iECs acquired DNA damage and activated a Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, but, unlike other stressed cells, were apoptosis-resistant and not eliminated from the epithelium. Instead, iECs entered a JNK-dependent and reversible senescent-like arrest. Senescent iECs promoted division of diploid neighbors, but this compensatory proliferation did not rescue tissue growth. Our study has uncovered unique attributes of iECs and their effects on tissue growth that have important implications for understanding their roles in wound healing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Huang
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Lauren L. Hesting
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Brian R. Calvi
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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6
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Kim Y, Jang Y, Kim MS, Kang C. Metabolic remodeling in cancer and senescence and its therapeutic implications. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00037-7. [PMID: 38453603 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is a flexible and plastic network that often dictates physiological and pathological states of the cell, including differentiation, cancer, and aging. Recent advances in cancer metabolism represent a tremendous opportunity to treat cancer by targeting its altered metabolism. Interestingly, despite their stable growth arrest, senescent cells - a critical component of the aging process - undergo metabolic changes similar to cancer metabolism. A deeper understanding of the similarities and differences between these disparate pathological conditions will help identify which metabolic reprogramming is most relevant to the therapeutic liabilities of senescence. Here, we compare and contrast cancer and senescence metabolism and discuss how metabolic therapies can be established as a new modality of senotherapy for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Center for Systems Geroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Yeji Jang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Center for Systems Geroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Mi-Sung Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Center for Systems Geroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Chanhee Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Center for Systems Geroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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7
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Foy R, Lew KX, Saurin AT. The search for CDK4/6 inhibitor biomarkers has been hampered by inappropriate proliferation assays. NPJ Breast Cancer 2024; 10:19. [PMID: 38438376 PMCID: PMC10912267 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-024-00624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
CDK4/6 inhibitors are effective at treating advanced HR+ /HER2- breast cancer, however biomarkers that can predict response are urgently needed. We demonstrate here that previous large-scale screens designed to identify which tumour types or genotypes are most sensitive to CDK4/6 inhibitors have misrepresented the responsive cell lines because of a reliance on metabolic proliferation assays. CDK4/6-inhibited cells arrest in G1 but continue to grow in size, thereby producing more mitochondria. We show that this growth obscures the arrest using ATP-based proliferation assays but not if DNA-based assays are used instead. Furthermore, lymphoma lines, previously identified as the most sensitive, simply appear to respond the best using ATP-based assays because they fail to overgrow during the G1 arrest. Similarly, the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib appears to inhibit proliferation better than palbociclib because it also restricts cellular overgrowth through off-target effects. DepMap analysis of screening data using reliable assay types, demonstrates that palbociclib-sensitive cell types are also sensitive to Cyclin D1, CDK4 and CDK6 knockout/knockdown, whereas the palbociclib-resistant lines are sensitive to Cyclin E1, CDK2 and SKP2 knockout/knockdown. Potential biomarkers of palbociclib-sensitive cells are increased expression of CCND1 and RB1, and reduced expression of CCNE1 and CDKN2A. Probing DepMap with similar data from metabolic assays fails to reveal these associations. Together, this demonstrates why CDK4/6 inhibitors, and any other anti-cancer drugs that arrest the cell cycle but permit continued cell growth, must now be re-screened against a wide-range of cell types using an appropriate proliferation assay. This would help to better inform clinical trials and to identify much needed biomarkers of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Foy
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
| | - Kah Xin Lew
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Adrian T Saurin
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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8
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Rex N, Melk A, Schmitt R. Cellular senescence and kidney aging. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1805-1821. [PMID: 38126209 PMCID: PMC10739085 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Life expectancy is increasing worldwide, and by 2050 the proportion of the world's population over 65 years of age is estimated to surpass 1.5 billion. Kidney aging is associated with molecular and physiological changes that cause a loss of renal function and of regenerative potential. As the aging population grows, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying these changes, as they increase the susceptibility to developing acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Various cellular processes and molecular pathways take part in the complex process of kidney aging. In this review, we will focus on the phenomenon of cellular senescence as one of the involved mechanisms at the crossroad of kidney aging, age-related disease, and CKD. We will highlight experimental and clinical findings about the role of cellular senescence in kidney aging and CKD. In addition, we will review challenges in senescence research and emerging therapeutic aspects. We will highlight the great potential of senolytic strategies for the elimination of harmful senescent cells to promote healthy kidney aging and to avoid age-related disease and CKD. This review aims to give insight into recent discoveries and future developments, providing a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on cellular senescence and anti-senescent therapies in the kidney field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Rex
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Anette Melk
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Schmitt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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9
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Wilson GA, Vuina K, Sava G, Huard C, Meneguello L, Coulombe-Huntington J, Bertomeu T, Maizels RJ, Lauring J, Kriston-Vizi J, Tyers M, Ali S, Bertoli C, de Bruin RAM. Active growth signaling promotes senescence and cancer cell sensitivity to CDK7 inhibition. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4078-4092.e6. [PMID: 37977119 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumor growth is driven by continued cellular growth and proliferation. Cyclin-dependent kinase 7's (CDK7) role in activating mitotic CDKs and global gene expression makes it therefore an attractive target for cancer therapies. However, what makes cancer cells particularly sensitive to CDK7 inhibition (CDK7i) remains unclear. Here, we address this question. We show that CDK7i, by samuraciclib, induces a permanent cell-cycle exit, known as senescence, without promoting DNA damage signaling or cell death. A chemogenetic genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen identified that active mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling promotes samuraciclib-induced senescence. mTOR inhibition decreases samuraciclib sensitivity, and increased mTOR-dependent growth signaling correlates with sensitivity in cancer cell lines. Reverting a growth-promoting mutation in PIK3CA to wild type decreases sensitivity to CDK7i. Our work establishes that enhanced growth alone promotes CDK7i sensitivity, providing an explanation for why some cancers are more sensitive to CDK inhibition than normally growing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma A Wilson
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karla Vuina
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Georgina Sava
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Huard
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Leticia Meneguello
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jasmin Coulombe-Huntington
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thierry Bertomeu
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rory J Maizels
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Josh Lauring
- Janssen Research and Development, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janos Kriston-Vizi
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mike Tyers
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simak Ali
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cosetta Bertoli
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Robertus A M de Bruin
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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10
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Manohar S, Estrada ME, Uliana F, Vuina K, Alvarez PM, de Bruin RAM, Neurohr GE. Genome homeostasis defects drive enlarged cells into senescence. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4032-4046.e6. [PMID: 37977116 PMCID: PMC10659931 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence refers to an irreversible state of cell-cycle arrest and plays important roles in aging and cancer biology. Because senescence is associated with increased cell size, we used reversible cell-cycle arrests combined with growth rate modulation to study how excessive growth affects proliferation. We find that enlarged cells upregulate p21, which limits cell-cycle progression. Cells that re-enter the cell cycle encounter replication stress that is well tolerated in physiologically sized cells but causes severe DNA damage in enlarged cells, ultimately resulting in mitotic failure and permanent cell-cycle withdrawal. We demonstrate that enlarged cells fail to recruit 53BP1 and other non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) machinery to DNA damage sites and fail to robustly initiate DNA damage-dependent p53 signaling, rendering them highly sensitive to genotoxic stress. We propose that an impaired DNA damage response primes enlarged cells for persistent replication-acquired damage, ultimately leading to cell division failure and permanent cell-cycle exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Manohar
- Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich 8093, Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marianna E Estrada
- Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich 8093, Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Federico Uliana
- Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich 8093, Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karla Vuina
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Patricia Moyano Alvarez
- Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich 8093, Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robertus A M de Bruin
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gabriel E Neurohr
- Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich 8093, Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Khurana A, Chadha Y, Schmoller KM. Too big not to fail: Different paths lead to senescence of enlarged cells. Mol Cell 2023; 83:3946-3947. [PMID: 37977113 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In this issue of Molecular Cell, Crozier et al.,1 Foy et al.,2 Manohar et al.,3 and Wilson et al.4 show how excessive cell growth caused by a temporary G1 arrest leads to permanent cell cycle exit at different stages of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arohi Khurana
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yagya Chadha
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kurt M Schmoller
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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12
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Foy R, Crozier L, Pareri AU, Valverde JM, Park BH, Ly T, Saurin AT. Oncogenic signals prime cancer cells for toxic cell overgrowth during a G1 cell cycle arrest. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4047-4061.e6. [PMID: 37977117 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
CDK4/6 inhibitors are remarkable anti-cancer drugs that can arrest tumor cells in G1 and induce their senescence while causing only relatively mild toxicities in healthy tissues. How they achieve this mechanistically is unclear. We show here that tumor cells are specifically vulnerable to CDK4/6 inhibition because during the G1 arrest, oncogenic signals drive toxic cell overgrowth. This overgrowth causes permanent cell cycle withdrawal by either preventing progression from G1 or inducing genotoxic damage during the subsequent S-phase and mitosis. Inhibiting or reverting oncogenic signals that converge onto mTOR can rescue this excessive growth, DNA damage, and cell cycle exit in cancer cells. Conversely, inducing oncogenic signals in non-transformed cells can drive these toxic phenotypes and sensitize the cells to CDK4/6 inhibition. Together, this demonstrates that cell cycle arrest and oncogenic cell growth is a synthetic lethal combination that is exploited by CDK4/6 inhibitors to induce tumor-specific toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Foy
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Lisa Crozier
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Aanchal U Pareri
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Juan Manuel Valverde
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Ben Ho Park
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Tony Ly
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Adrian T Saurin
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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Macůrek L. Many Ways to the Cell Cycle Exit after Inhibition of CDK4/6. Folia Biol (Praha) 2023; 69:194-196. [PMID: 38583181 DOI: 10.14712/fb2023069050194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are master regulators of proliferation, and therefore they represent attractive targets for cancer therapy. Deve-lopment of selective CDK4/6 inhibitors including palbociclib revolutionized the treatment of advanced HR+/HER2- breast cancer. Inhibition of CDK4/6 leads to cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and eventually to a permanent cell cycle exit called senescence. One of the main features of the senescence is an increased cell size. For many years, it was believed that the non-dividing cells simply continue to grow and as a result, they become excessively large. There is now emerging evidence that the increased cell size is a cause rather than consequence of the cell cycle arrest. This review aims to summarize recent advances in our understanding of senescence induction, in particular that resulting from treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Macůrek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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