1
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Bopp L, Martinez ML, Schumacher C, Seitz R, Arana MH, Klapproth H, Lukas D, Oh JH, Neumayer D, Lackmann JW, Mueller S, von Stebut E, Brachvogel B, Brodesser S, Klein Geltink RI, Fabri M. Glutamine promotes human CD8 + T cells and counteracts imiquimod-induced T cell hyporesponsiveness. iScience 2024; 27:109767. [PMID: 38736545 PMCID: PMC11088342 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells protect tissues from cancer. Although investigations in mice showed that amino acids (AA) critically regulate T cell immunity, this remains poorly understood in humans. Here, we describe the AA composition of interstitial fluids in keratinocyte-derived skin cancers (KDSCs) and study the effect of AA on T cells using models of primary human cells and tissues. Gln contributed to ∼15% of interstitial AAs and promoted interferon gamma (IFN-γ), but not granzyme B (GzB) expression, in CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the Toll-like receptor 7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ), a common treatment for KDSCs, down-regulated the metabolic gatekeepers c-MYC and mTORC1, as well as the AA transporter ASCT2 and intracellular Gln, Asn, Ala, and Asp in T cells. Reduced proliferation and IFN-γ expression, yet increased GzB, paralleled IMQ effects on AA. Finally, Gln was sufficient to promote IFN-γ-production in IMQ-treated T cells. Our findings indicate that Gln metabolism can be harnessed for treating KDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Bopp
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Lopéz Martinez
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Clara Schumacher
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Robert Seitz
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Huerta Arana
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Klapproth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dominika Lukas
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ju Hee Oh
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniela Neumayer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan W. Lackmann
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Mueller
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Esther von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Ramon I. Klein Geltink
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mario Fabri
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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2
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Yadav K, Singh D, Singh MR, Minz S, Princely Ebenezer Gnanakani S, Sucheta, Yadav R, Vora L, Sahu KK, Bagchi A, Singh Chauhan N, Pradhan M. Preclinical study models of psoriasis: State-of-the-art techniques for testing pharmaceutical products in animal and nonanimal models. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109945. [PMID: 36871534 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Local and systemic treatments exist for psoriasis, but none can do more than control its symptoms because of its numerous unknown mechanisms. The lack of validated testing models or a defined psoriatic phenotypic profile hinders antipsoriatic drug development. Despite their intricacy, immune-mediated diseases have no improved and precise treatment. The treatment actions may now be predicted for psoriasis and other chronic hyperproliferative skin illnesses using animal models. Their findings confirmed that a psoriasis animal model could mimic a few disease conditions. However, their ethical approval concerns and inability to resemble human psoriasis rightly offer to look for more alternatives. Hence, in this article, we have reported various cutting-edge techniques for the preclinical testing of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Yadav
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India; Raipur Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sarona, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Deependra Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Manju Rawat Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Sunita Minz
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India
| | | | - Sucheta
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana 122103, India
| | - Renu Yadav
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana 122103, India
| | - Lalitkumar Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Kantrol Kumar Sahu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Anindya Bagchi
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nagendra Singh Chauhan
- Drugs Testing Laboratory Avam Anusandhan Kendra (AYUSH), Government Ayurvedic College, Raipur, India
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3
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Kanzaki A, Kato Y, Kariya T, Kanda Y, Shirai K, Arai T, Tsuboi R. Response of basal cell carcinoma to imiquimod was associated with the Gli1 : Gli3 expression ratio. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:1406-1407. [PMID: 30019418 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Kanzaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Kato
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, 1163 Tatemachi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 193-0944, Japan
| | - T Kariya
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Shirai
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Arai
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Tsuboi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Zhao Z, Henowitz L, Zweifach A. A Multiplexed Assay That Monitors Effects of Multiple Compound Treatment Times Reveals Candidate Immune-Enhancing Compounds. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 23:646-655. [PMID: 29884089 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218777731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed a flow cytometry assay that monitored lytic granule exocytosis in cytotoxic T lymphocytes stimulated by contacting beads coated with activating anti-CD3 antibodies. That assay was multiplexed in that responses of cells that did or did not receive the activating stimulus were distinguished via changes in light scatter accompanying binding of cells to beads, allowing us to discriminate compounds that activate responses on their own from compounds that enhance responses in cells that received the activating stimulus, all within a single sample. Here we add a second dimension of multiplexing by developing means to assess in a single sample the effects of treating cells with test compounds for different times. Bar-coding cells before adding them to test wells lets us determine compound treatment time while also monitoring activation status and response amplitude at the point of interrogation. This multiplexed assay is suitable for screening 96-well plates. We used it to screen compounds from the National Cancer Institute, identifying several compounds that enhance anti-LAMP1 responses. Multiple-treatment-time (MTT) screening enabled by bar-coding and read via high-throughput flow cytometry may be a generally useful method for facilitating the discovery of compounds of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Zhao
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Liza Henowitz
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Adam Zweifach
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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5
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Abstract
Background: Imiquimod is a topical immunomodulator that is indicated for the treatment of external genital and perianal warts. This drug has been recently approved for the treatment of actinic keratoses and superficial basal cell carcinoma. There is a growing body of evidence for its effectiveness in treating a variety of other skin conditions. Objective: This review examines the role of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of skin diseases such as actinic keratoses, basal cell carcinoma, Bowen's disease, lentigo maligna, and extramammary Paget's disease. Methods: Published literature containing the words “Imiquimod” or “Aldara” was reviewed and summarized. Results: This agent has demonstrated indirect antiviral and antitumor effects in animal models. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, imiquimod is an agonist for toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and is thought to act by inducing cytokines, such as interferon alpha (IFN-α), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). These cytokines trigger the immune system to recognize the presence of a viral infection or tumor and the associated lesion is ultimately eradicated. Side effects are generally well tolerated with local skin reactions reported most frequently. Conclusion: Imiquimod has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment for a variety of skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K. Gupta
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Science Center (Sunnybrook site) and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mediprobe Research Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Stephen K. Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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6
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Gao D, Zeng J, Wang X, Liu Y, Li W, Hu Y, Gao N, Diao Y, Wang Z, Jiang W, Chen J, Jin G. Conjugation of weak ligands with weak antigens to activate TLR-7: A step toward better vaccine adjuvants. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 120:111-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Gao D, Liu Y, Diao Y, Gao N, Wang Z, Jiang W, Jin G. Synthesis and Evaluation of Conjugates of Novel TLR7 Inert Ligands as Self-Adjuvanting Immunopotentiators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:249-53. [PMID: 25815141 DOI: 10.1021/ml5003647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During the design and synthesis of a series of 8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-adenine derivatives bearing various substituted -RCOOH groups at the 9-position, we identified a TLR7-inert ligand, which does not activate TLR7 signaling pathway. Of interest, the coupling of weakly immunogenic antigens via the -RCOOH group was able to significantly enhance the immunogenicity of the antigens. Herein, an inert ligand, 9-(3-carboxypropyl)-8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-adenine (5, GD2), was synthesized and conjugated to 5 different weakly immunogenic antigens (BSA, OVA, MSA, MG7, and thymosin). Compared with the GD2 and the potent agonist UC-1 V150, all conjugates demonstrated potent immunogenicity in vitro and in vivo. All conjugates induced prolonged increases, while UC-1 V150 showed a rapid decline in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines following initial increases. These data indicate that the immunostimulatory activity of TLR7-inert ligands could be amplified and prolonged by conjugation to antigens, thus broadening the potential therapeutic application of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices
and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuwen Diao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ningning Gao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhulin Wang
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Guangyi Jin
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
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8
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Chatillon JF, Hamieh M, Bayeux F, Abasq C, Fauquembergue E, Drouet A, Guisier F, Latouche JB, Musette P. Direct Toll-Like Receptor 8 signaling increases the functional avidity of human CD8+ T lymphocytes generated for adoptive T cell therapy strategies. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2015; 3:1-13. [PMID: 25866635 PMCID: PMC4386909 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of in vitro activated and expanded antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is a promising therapeutic strategy for infectious diseases and cancers. Obtaining in vitro a sufficient amount of highly specific cytotoxic cells and capable of retaining cytotoxic activity in vivo remains problematic. We studied the role of Toll-Like Receptor-8 (TLR8) engagement on peripheral CTLs activated with melanoma antigen MART-1-expressing artificial antigen-presenting cells (AAPCs). After a 3-week co-culture, 3–27% of specific CTLs were consistently obtained. CTLs expressed TLR8 in the intracellular compartment and at the cell surface. Specific CTLs activated with a TLR8 agonist (CL075) 24 h before the end of the culture displayed neither any change in their production levels of molecules involved in cytotoxicity (IFN-γ, Granzyme B, and TNF-α) nor major significant change in their cell surface phenotype. However, these TLR8-stimulated lymphocytes displayed increased cytotoxic activity against specific peptide-pulsed target cells related to an increase in specific anti-melanoma CTL functional avidity. TLR8 engagement on CTLs could, therefore, be useful in different immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Chatillon
- University of Rouen Rouen, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U905 Rouen, France
| | - Mohamad Hamieh
- University of Rouen Rouen, France ; INSERM U1079 Rouen, France
| | - Florence Bayeux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U905 Rouen, France
| | - Claire Abasq
- University of Rouen Rouen, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U905 Rouen, France ; Rouen University Hospital Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Florian Guisier
- University of Rouen Rouen, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U905 Rouen, France ; Rouen University Hospital Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Latouche
- University of Rouen Rouen, France ; INSERM U1079 Rouen, France ; Rouen University Hospital Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Musette
- University of Rouen Rouen, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U905 Rouen, France ; Rouen University Hospital Rouen, France
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9
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Gao D, Liu Y, Li W, Zhong F, Zhang X, Diao Y, Gao N, Wang X, Jiang W, Jin G. Synthesis and immunoregulatory activities of conjugates of a Toll-like receptor 7 inert ligand. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5792-5795. [PMID: 25453821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the synthesis and modification of the analogs of an adenine type of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 agonists, we found a special compound, 9-propionyloxy-8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-adenine (6). It is a synthesized TLR7 inert ligand, which does not respond to TLR7 itself. However, it can be coupled with protein or peptide antigens via propionyloxy functional group to promote their immunogenicity significantly. The compound was covalently coupled to protein and peptide to get the conjugates. The inductivity of cytokine production by the conjugates was 872.4-fold compared with the unconjugated antigens in vitro by mouse splenocyte. These data show that the immunostimulatory activity of inert TLR7 ligand can be endowed, and the activity of antigens can be amplified by conjugation with various proteins and peptides, thus broadening the potential therapeutic application and reducing the risk of TLR7 agonists' side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wang Li
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Fangshu Zhong
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuwen Diao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ningning Gao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Guangyi Jin
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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10
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Roses RE, Datta J, Czerniecki BJ. Radiation as immunomodulator: implications for dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. Radiat Res 2014; 182:211-8. [PMID: 24992163 DOI: 10.1667/rr13495.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed significant progress in the field of cancer immunotherapy. This has, in part, been driven by a growing recognition that elements of the innate immune response can be harnessed to induce robust immunity against tumor-associated targets. Nonetheless, as clinically effective immunotherapy for the majority of cancers remains a distant goal, attention has shifted toward multimodality approaches to cancer therapy, sometimes combining novel immunotherapeutics and conventional therapeutics. The traditional view of radiation therapy as immunosuppressive has been challenged, prompting a re-evaluation of its potential as an adjunct to, or even a component of immunotherapy. Radiation therapy may enhance expression of tumor-associated antigens, induce targeting of tumor stroma, diminish regulatory T-cell activity and activate effectors of innate immunity such as dendritic cells through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent mechanisms. Here, we review recent progress in the field of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy, evidence for radiation-induced antitumor immunity and TLR signaling and the results of efforts to rationally integrate radiation into dendritic cell-based immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Roses
- a Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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11
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Seth A, Heo MB, Lim YT. Poly (γ-glutamic acid) based combination of water-insoluble paclitaxel and TLR7 agonist for chemo-immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7992-8001. [PMID: 24954733 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Advanced anti-cancer regimens are being introduced for more effective cancer treatment with improved life expectancy. In this research, immuno-stimulating agent toll-like receptor-7 (TLR-7) agonist-imiquimod and low dose chemotherapeutic agent-paclitaxel were synergized to demonstrate tumor therapy along with anti-tumor memory effect. Both therapeutic agents being water insoluble were dispersed in water with the help of water soluble polymer: poly (γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) using a co-solvent systems leading to formation of micro-dispersions of drugs. Paclitaxel and imiquimod formed crystalline microstructures in the size range of 2-3 μm and were stably dispersed in γ-PGA matrix for more than 6 months. Paclitaxel and combination of paclitaxel and imiquimod had significant tumor killing effect in-vitro on various tumor cell lines, while antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells-DCs) treated with the same concentration of imiquimod along with the combination led to enhanced proliferation (250%). In DCs, enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory and Th1 cytokines was observed in cells co-treated with paclitaxel and imiquimod dispersed in γ-PGA. When administered by intra-tumoral injection in mouse melanoma tumor model, the treatment with combination exemplified drastic inhibition of tumor growth leading to 70% survival as compared to individual components with 0% survival at day 41. The anti-tumor response generated was also found to have systemic memory response since the vaccinated mice significantly deferred secondary tumor development at distant site 6 weeks after treatment. The relative number and activation status of DCs in-vivo was found to be dramatically increased in case of mice treated with combination. The dramatic inhibition of tumor treated with combination is expected to be mediated by both chemotherapeutic killing of tumor cells followed by uptake of released antigen by the DCs and due to enhanced proliferation and activation of the DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Seth
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Beom Heo
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Imiquimod directly inhibits Hedgehog signalling by stimulating adenosine receptor/protein kinase A-mediated GLI phosphorylation. Oncogene 2013; 32:5574-81. [PMID: 23995793 PMCID: PMC3898320 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Imiquimod (IMQ), a nucleoside analogue of the imidazoquinoline family, is used in the topical treatment of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and other skin diseases. It is reported to be a TLR7 and TLR8 agonist and, as such, initiates a Th1 immune response by activating sentinel cells in the vicinity of the tumour. BCC is a hedgehog (HH)-driven malignancy with oncogenic glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) signalling activated in a ligand-independent manner. Here we show that IMQ can also directly repress HH signalling by negatively modulating GLI activity in BCC and medulloblastoma cells. Further, we provide evidence that the repressive effect of IMQ on HH signalling is not dependent on TLR/MYD88 signalling. Our results suggest a mechanism for IMQ engaging adenosine receptors (ADORAs) to control GLI signalling. Pharmacological activation of ADORA with either an ADORA agonist or IMQ resulted in a protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated GLI phosphorylation and reduction in GLI activator levels. The activation of PKA and HH pathway target gene downregulation in response to IMQ were abrogated by ADORA inhibition. Furthermore, activated Smoothened signalling, which positively signals to GLI transcription factors, could be effectively counteracted by IMQ. These results reveal a previously unknown mode of action of IMQ in the treatment of BCC and also suggest a role for ADORAs in the regulation of oncogenic HH signalling.
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14
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Walsh KB, Teijaro JR, Zuniga EI, Welch MJ, Fremgen DM, Blackburn SD, von Tiehl K, Wherry EJ, Flavell RA, Oldstone MBA. Toll-like receptor 7 is required for effective adaptive immune responses that prevent persistent virus infection. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11:643-53. [PMID: 22704624 PMCID: PMC3377981 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
TLR7 is an innate signaling receptor that recognizes single-stranded viral RNA and is activated by viruses that cause persistent infections. We show that TLR7 signaling dictates either clearance or establishment of life-long chronic infection by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Cl 13 but does not affect clearance of the acute LCMV Armstrong 53b strain. TLR7(-/-) mice infected with LCMV Cl 13 remained viremic throughout life from defects in the adaptive antiviral immune response-notably, diminished T cell function, exacerbated T cell exhaustion, decreased plasma cell maturation, and negligible antiviral antibody production. Adoptive transfer of TLR7(+/+) LCMV immune memory cells that enhanced clearance of persistent LCMV Cl 13 infection in TLR7(+/+) mice failed to purge LCMV Cl 13 infection in TLR7(-/-) mice, demonstrating that a TLR7-deficient environment renders antiviral responses ineffective. Therefore, methods that promote TLR7 signaling are promising treatment strategies for chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B. Walsh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R. Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elina I. Zuniga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Megan J. Welch
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel M. Fremgen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shawn D. Blackburn
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karl von Tiehl
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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15
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Abstract
Two critical defensive functions of the outer epidermis, the permeability barrier and antimicrobial defense, share certain structural and biochemical features. Moreover, 3antimicrobial peptides (AMP); i.e., mouse beta-defensin 3 (mBD3), mouse cathelicidin protein (mCAMP), and the neuroendocrine peptide, catestatin, all localize to the outer epidermis, and both mBD3 and mCAMP are secreted from epidermal lamellar bodies with other organelle contents that subserve the permeability barrier. These 3 AMP are up-regulated in response to acute permeability barrier disruption, while conversely, mCAMP−/− mice (unable to combatgram-positive pathogens) also display abnormal barrier homeostasis. To determine further whether these two functions are co-regulated, we investigated changes in immunostaining for these 3 AMP in skin samples in which permeability barrier function in mice had been either compromised or enhanced. Compromised or enhanced barrier function correlated with reduced or enhanced immunohistochemical expression of mCAMP, respectively, but conversely with Cst expression likely due to the role of this AMP as an endogenous inhibitor of cathelicidin expression. mBD3 expression correlated with experimental barrier perturbations, but poorly with developmental changes in barrier function. These studies show that changes in cathelicidin and Cst expression parallel changes in permeability barrier status, with a less clear relationship with mBD3 expression.
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17
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Imiquimod enhances IFN-gamma production and effector function of T cells infiltrating human squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2676-85. [PMID: 19516264 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are sun-induced skin cancers that are particularly numerous and aggressive in patients taking T-cell immunosuppressant medications. Imiquimod is a topical immune response modifier and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist that induces the immunological destruction of SCC and other skin cancers. TLR7 activation by imiquimod has pleiotropic effects on innate immune cells, but its effects on T cells remain largely uncharacterized. Because tumor destruction and formation of immunological memory are ultimately T-cell-mediated effects, we studied the effects of imiquimod therapy on effector T cells infiltrating human SCC. SCC treated with imiquimod before excision contained dense T-cell infiltrates associated with tumor cell apoptosis and histological evidence of tumor regression. Effector T cells from treated SCC produced more IFN-gamma, granzyme, and perforin and less IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) than T cells from untreated tumors. Treatment of normal human skin with imiquimod induced activation of resident T cells and reduced IL-10 production but had no effect on IFN-gamma, perforin, or granzyme, suggesting that these latter effects arise from the recruitment of distinct populations of T cells into tumors. Thus, imiquimod stimulates tumor destruction by recruiting cutaneous effector T cells from blood and by inhibiting tonic anti-inflammatory signals within the tumor.
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18
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19
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since imiquimod, a nucleoside analogue of the imidazoquinoline family, has shown efficacy against many tumour entities, its mode of action has become a focus of scientific interest. RESULTS The major biologic effects of imiquimod are mediated through agonistic activity towards toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 and 8, and consecutively, activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB). The result of this activity is the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and other mediators leading to activation of antigen-presenting cells and other components of innate immunity and, eventually, the mounting of a profound T-helper (Th1)-weighted antitumoral cellular immune response. Several secondary effects on the molecular and cellular level may also be explained, at least in part, by the activation of NF-kappaB. Moreover, independent of TLR-7 and TLR-8, imiquimod appears to interfere with adenosine receptor signalling pathways, and the compound causes receptor-independent reduction of adenylyl cyclase activity. This novel mechanism may augment the pro-inflammatory activity of the compound through suppression of a negative regulatory feedback mechanism which normally limits inflammatory responses. Finally, imiquimod induces apoptosis of tumour cells at higher concentrations. The pro-apoptotic activity of imiquimod involves caspase activation and appears to depend on B cell lymphoma/leukemia protein (Bcl)-2 proteins. CONCLUSIONS Overall, imiquimod acts on several levels, which appear to synergistically underlie the profound antitumoral activity of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Schön
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine and Department of Dermatology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany.
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20
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Wang GD, Zhang KF, Zhang ZP, Zou ZH, Jia XW, Wang SH, Lin P, Wang YL. Molecular cloning and responsive expression of macrophage expressed gene from small abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 24:346-359. [PMID: 18255313 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The complete cDNA sequence of macrophage expressed gene (saMpeg1), a perforin-like molecule, was isolated from small abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) by homology cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA of saMpeg1 was 2781 bp, consisting of a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 252 bp, a 3'-terminal UTR of 342 bp with a signal sequence TAA and a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame of 2184 bp. The deduced protein (saMpeg1) was composed of 728 amino acids, and contains the cytolytic "helix-turn-helix" domain of perforin (residues 171-218), of which the alpha-helices are amphipathic as are those of perforin. A putative single transmembrane domain is located at residues 667-689, and a modified furin cleavage site (KRRRK; residues 689-693) immediately follows. The result of real time quantitative PCR showed that saMpeg1 was highly expressed at 8h and 96 h post-injection of the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus, but there was no change after TBT exposure. The structural similarity to mammalian perforin and the different gene expression level to bacterial infection and TBT exposure suggest that saMpeg1 may play a role in the immune response against microorganisms in small abalone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
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21
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Abstract
Small-molecule agonists at Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR8 have sparked a vivid interest in cancer research owing to their profound antitumoral activity. The lead compound of the imidazoquinoline family, imiquimod, is marketed as a topical formulation. It is efficacious against many primary skin tumors and cutaneous metastases. Using different imidazoquinoline species, distinct functions of TLR7 and TLR8 have been discovered. The predominant antitumoral mode of action of these agents is TLR7/8-mediated activation of the central transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB, which leads to induction of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators. Cutaneous dendritic cells are the primary responsive cell type and initiate a strong Th1-weighted antitumoral cellular immune response. Recent research has shown that dendritic cells themselves acquire direct antitumoral activity upon stimulation by imiquimod. In addition, there are a number of secondary effects on the molecular and cellular level that can be explained through the activation of TLR7/8. The proinflammatory activity of imiquimod, but not resiquimod, appears to be augmented by suppression of a regulatory mechanism, which normally limits inflammatory responses. This is achieved independently of TLR7/8 through interference with adenosine receptor signaling pathways. Finally, at higher concentrations imiquimod exerts Bcl-2- and caspase-dependent proapoptotic activity against tumor cells.
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22
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Radiation therapy and Toll-like receptor signaling: implications for the treatment of cancer. Oncogene 2008; 27:200-7. [PMID: 18176601 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, conserved microbial structures that act on Toll-like receptors, has led to a novel avenue of investigation aimed at developing a new generation of cancer immunotherapies. Ligation of Toll-like receptors results in the induction of robust immune responses that may be directed against tumor-associated antigens. Recent data suggest that such strategies may result in enhanced antitumor immunity. Nonetheless, as clinically effective immunotherapy for cancer remains a somewhat distant goal, attention has shifted toward multimodality approaches to cancer therapy, sometimes combining novel immune interventions and conventional treatments. The traditional view of radiation therapy as immunosuppressive has now been challenged, prompting a re-evaluation of its potential as an adjunct to immunotherapy. Radiation therapy can enhance the expression of tumor-associated antigens, induce immune-mediated targeting of tumor stroma, and diminish regulatory T cell activity. Recent evidence suggests that radiation therapy may also activate effectors of innate immunity through TLR-dependent mechanisms, thereby augmenting the adaptive immune response to cancer. In this paper, we will review evidence for enhanced tumor-directed immunity resulting from radiation exposure and early promising data suggesting synergistic effects of radiation and TLR-targeted immunotherapies.
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23
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Wu CCN, Hayashi T, Takabayashi K, Sabet M, Smee DF, Guiney DD, Cottam HB, Carson DA. Immunotherapeutic activity of a conjugate of a Toll-like receptor 7 ligand. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3990-5. [PMID: 17360465 PMCID: PMC1820696 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611624104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunotherapeutic activity of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activators has been difficult to exploit because of side effects related to the release and systemic dispersion of proinflammatory cytokines. To overcome this barrier, we have synthesized a versatile TLR7 agonist, 4-[6-amino-8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)purin-9-ylmethyl]benzaldehyde (UC-1V150), bearing a free aldehyde that could be coupled to many different auxiliary chemical entities through a linker molecule with a hydrazine or amino group without any loss of activity. UC-1V150 was covalently coupled to mouse serum albumin (MSA) at a 5:1 molar ratio to yield a stable molecule with a characteristically altered UV spectrum. Compared with the unconjugated TLR7 agonist, the UC-1V150/MSA was a 10- to 100-fold more potent inducer of cytokine production in vitro by mouse bone marrow-derived macrophage and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. When administrated to the lung, the conjugate induced a prolonged local release of cytokines at levels 10-fold or more higher than those found in serum. Under the same conditions, the untethered TLR7 ligand induced quick systemic cytokine release with resultant toxicity. In addition, two pulmonary infectious disease models were investigated wherein mice were pretreated with the conjugate and then challenged with either Bacillus anthracis spores or H1N1 influenza A virus. Significant delay in mortality was observed in both disease models with UC-1V150/MSA-pretreated mice, indicating the potential usefulness of the conjugate as a localized and targeted immunotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenji Takabayashi
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820; and
| | - Mojgan Sabet
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820; and
| | - Donald F. Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5600
| | - Donald D. Guiney
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820; and
| | | | - Dennis A. Carson
- *The Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820. E-mail:
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24
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Lyons JM, Ito JI, Morré SA. Efficacy of an immune modulator in experimental Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the female genital tract. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2006; 2006:61265. [PMID: 17093354 PMCID: PMC1581471 DOI: 10.1155/idog/2006/61265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. The aim of this study was to
determine if vaginal application of the immune response
modifier imiquimod (Aldara cream, 3M Pharmaceuticals, St Paul,
Minn) would alter the course and/or outcome of female genital
tract infection with a human isolate of Chlamydia
trachomatis in a murine model. Methods. Groups
of CF-1 mice were treated with Aldara on three different
schedules: (1) ongoing beginning 5 days prior to and continuing
through day 5 of infection; (2) a single prophylactic dose 2
hours prior to infection; and (3) therapeutic from day 4
to day 14 of infection. Mice were infected vaginally
with a serovar D strain of C trachomatis, and
monitored by culture to determine the level of shedding and
duration of infection. Results. We observed a
significant reduction in both duration of infection and the level
of shedding during the acute phase in mice treated on an ongoing
basis commencing 5 days prior to infection. There was no effect
with respect to the other regimens.
Conclusion. These results demonstrate that
ongoing Aldara treatment has efficacy and may enhance local innate
immunity which reduces the duration of subsequent infection with
human isolates of C trachomatis in a murine
model of female genital tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Lyons
- Department of Infectious Diseases, City of Hope
National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute,
Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- *Joseph M. Lyons:
| | - James I. Ito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, City of Hope
National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute,
Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Servaas A. Morré
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Section Immunogenetics
of Infectious Diseases, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Ignacio G, Nordone S, Howard KE, Dean GA. Toll-like receptor expression in feline lymphoid tissues. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 106:229-37. [PMID: 15963821 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that activate the innate immune system. While it is clear that TLRs are important in the immune response against pathogens, they may also be exploited by some pathogens. Our objective is to determine whether feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection affects TLR expression or function thereby resulting in innate immune dysfunction. To this end, we cloned partial sequences for feline TLRs 1--3, 5--8, and developed real-time PCR assays to quantify feline TLRs 1--9. TLR expression was quantified in normal cat lymphoid tissues, purified lymphocyte subsets, and FIV-infected cell lines. Different expression patterns of TLRs were found in spleen, mesenteric lymph node, retropharyngeal lymph node, thymus, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, and lamina propria lymphocytes. B lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells all expressed TLRs 2--5, 7--9; however, the relative levels of expression varied among lymphocyte phenotypes. Infection of cell lines with FIV resulted in altered TLR expression levels that differed depending on cell type. These results demonstrate that tissue distribution of TLRs is associated with the immunological role of a particular tissue, that lymphocytes may also express these 'innate immune' receptors, and that FIV infection can alter TLR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glicerio Ignacio
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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26
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Demierre MF, Sondak VK. Cutaneous melanoma: pathogenesis and rationale for chemoprevention. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005; 53:225-39. [PMID: 15718148 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To critically review aspects of melanoma pathogenesis that lend themselves to a chemoprevention strategy. To discuss potential candidate chemoprevention agents with an emphasis on the lipid lowering drugs, the statins, currently, the most promising agents. DATA SOURCES A retrospective review of the literature. STUDY SELECTION Studies included those relevant to melanoma pathogenesis, to the scientific rationale of chemoprevention, and pertinent epidemiologic, pre-clinical, and clinical studies. The referenced study designs and methodologies varied. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were extracted by two reviewers, and the main results are presented in a quantitative descriptive manner. CONCLUSION Melanoma is a preventable disease by altering behavior (sun exposure) among at-risk individuals. There is also considerable evidence to suggest that melanoma development may be prevented or delayed by drugs of sufficiently low toxicity to make clinical trials of chemoprevention feasible and potentially successful. Among potential candidate agents, statins have compelling data for long-term safety and sufficient pre-clinical and clinical evidence for efficacy to justify their evaluation in well-designed trials in high-risk individuals, incorporating intermediate biologic endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Demierre
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Oncology Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 720 Harrison Ave-DOB 801A, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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27
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Smorlesi A, Papalini F, Orlando F, Donnini A, Re F, Provinciali M. Imiquimod and S-27609 as adjuvants of DNA vaccination in a transgenic murine model of HER2/neu-positive mammary carcinoma. Gene Ther 2005; 12:1324-32. [PMID: 15944732 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccination against HER-2/neu is an effective way to induce an immune response able to oppose the spontaneous development of mammary tumours occurring in HER-2/neu transgenic mice. In this study, we have evaluated the potential of Imiquimod and the analogue S-27609 as adjuvants of DNA vaccination against HER-2/neu in transgenic mice. The association of a DNA vaccine encoding a portion of rat HER2/neu with either Imiquimod or S-27609 was found to delay the development of spontaneous mammary tumours and to reduce their incidence, in comparison with DNA vaccination alone. Almost 80 or 40% of tumour-free mice were found at the end of measurement time in mice vaccinated and supplemented with Imiquimod or S-27609, respectively. The antitumour preventive effect was associated with increased antibody and cell-mediated immune responsiveness against HER-2/neu. In mice vaccinated and supplemented with Imiquimod, a small but significant increase of rat p185neu-specific cytotoxicity and of IFN-gamma and IL-2-producing CD8T cells, together with a reduction of IL-4-producing CD4T cells, and a switch from an IgG1 towards a IgG2a phenotype of anti-p185neu antibodies, suggested a TH1 polarization of the immune response. The immunoregulatory efficacy of S-27609 was lower than that observed for Imiquimod. These data highlight the potential of Imiquimod, and, to a lower extent, of S-27609, as immunological adjuvants of therapeutic DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Smorlesi
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Immunology Center, INRCA Research Department, Ancona, Italy
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28
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Wiens M, Korzhev M, Krasko A, Thakur NL, Perović-Ottstadt S, Breter HJ, Ushijima H, Diehl-Seifert B, Müller IM, Müller WEG. Innate immune defense of the sponge Suberites domuncula against bacteria involves a MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Induction of a perforin-like molecule. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:27949-59. [PMID: 15923643 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504049200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) are the phylogenetically oldest metazoa; as filter feeders, they are abundantly exposed to marine microorganisms. Here we present data indicating that the demosponge Suberites domuncula is provided with a recognition system for gram-negative bacteria. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-interacting protein was identified as a receptor on the sponge cell surface, which recognizes the bacterial endotoxin LPS. The cDNA was isolated, and the protein (Mr 49,937) was expressed. During binding to LPS, the protein dimerizes and interacts with MyD88, which was also identified and cloned. The sponge MyD88 (Mr 28,441) is composed of two protein interaction domains, a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain (found in MyD88 and in Toll-like receptors) and a death domain (present in MyD88 and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase). Northern blot experiments and in situ hybridization studies showed that after LPS treatment, the level of the LPS-interacting protein remains unchanged, whereas MyD88 is strongly up-regulated. A perforin-like molecule (Mr 74,171), the macrophage-expressed protein, was identified as an executing molecule of this pathway. This gene is highly expressed after LPS treatment, especially at the surfaces of the animals. The recombinant protein possesses biological activity and eliminates gram-negative bacteria; it is inactive against gram-positive bacteria. These data indicate that S. domuncula is provided with an innate immune system against gram-negative bacteria; the ligand LPS (a pathogen-associated molecular pattern) is recognized by the pattern recognition receptor (LPS-interacting protein), which interacts with MyD88. A signal transduction is established, which results in an elevated expression of MyD88 as well as of the macrophage-expressed protein as an executing protein.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cross-Linking Reagents/pharmacology
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate/pharmacology
- Gene Library
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunoprecipitation
- In Situ Hybridization
- Ligands
- Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Perforin
- Phylogeny
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Suberites/immunology
- Suberites/metabolism
- Suberites/microbiology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiens
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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29
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Imiquimod is a topical immunomodulator that is indicated for the treatment of external genital and perianal warts. This drug has been recently approved for the treatment of actinic keratoses and superficial basal cell carcinoma. There is a growing body of evidence for its effectiveness in treating a variety of other skin conditions. OBJECTIVE This review examines the role of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of skin diseases such as actinic keratoses, basal cell carcinoma, Bowen's disease, lentigo maligna, and extramammary Paget's disease. METHODS Published literature containing the words "Imiquimod" or "Aldara" was reviewed and summarized. RESULTS This agent has demonstrated indirect antiviral and antitumor effects in animal models. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, imiquimod is an agonist for toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and is thought to act by inducing cytokines, such as interferon alpha (IFN-alpha), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). These cytokines trigger the immune system to recognize the presence of a viral infection or tumor and the associated lesion is ultimately eradicated. Side effects are generally well tolerated with local skin reactions reported most frequently. CONCLUSION Imiquimod has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment for a variety of skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Gupta
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Science Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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