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Activation of TLR-pathway to induce host Th1 immune respons eagainst visceral leishmaniasis: Involvement of galactosylated-flavonoids. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09868. [PMID: 35847617 PMCID: PMC9284459 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic strategies against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are pertinent because of the emergence of resistance against existing chemotherapy, coupled with their toxicity and high costs. Various bioactive components with potential immunomodulatory activity, such as alkaloids, terpenes, saponins, flavonoids obtained primarily from medicinal plants, have been screened against different disease models. Reports suggested that glycans containing terminal β-galactose can skew host immune response towards Th1 by engaging TLRs. In this study, two synthesized terminal galactose-containing flavones, Quercetin 3-d-galactoside (Q-gal) and Kaempferol 3-O-d-galactoside (K-gal), are profiled in terms of inducing host protective Th1 response in both in vitro & in vivo animal models of experimental VL individually against antimony-resistant & antimony-susceptible Leishmania donovani. Further, we explored that both Q-gal and K-gal induce TLR4 mediated Th1 response to encounter VL. Molecular docking analysis also suggested strong interaction with TLR4 for both the galactosides, with a slightly better binding potential towards Q-gal. Treatment with both Q-gal and K-gal showed significant antileishmanial efficacy. Each considerably diminished the liver and splenic parasite burden 60 days after post-infection (>90% in AG83 infected mice and >87% in GE1F8R infected mice) when administered at a 5 mg/kg/day body-weight dose for ten consecutive days. However, the treatments failed to clear the parasites in the TLR4 deficient C3H/HeJ mice. Treatment with these compounds favors the elevation of TLR4 dependent host protective Th1 cytokines and suppression of disease-promoting IL-10. Q-gal and K-gal also triggered sufficient ROS generation in macrophages to kill intracellular parasites directly. Galactosilated flavonoids treatment clears in-vivo drug-resistant Leishmania donovani infection. Quercetin 3-d-galactoside (Q-gal) & Kaempferol 3-O-d-galactoside (K-gal) induce host TLR4 pathway. These flavonoids up-regulate Th1 cytokines and suppress the disease-promoting IL-10. TLR4 deficient C3H/HeJ mice are unresponsive towards Q-gal and K-gal treatment.
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Bąska P, Norbury LJ. The Role of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) in the Immune Response against Parasites. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030310. [PMID: 35335634 PMCID: PMC8950322 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system consists of various cells, organs, and processes that interact in a sophisticated manner to defend against pathogens. Upon initial exposure to an invader, nonspecific mechanisms are raised through the activation of macrophages, monocytes, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, innate lymphoid cells, or natural killer cells. During the course of an infection, more specific responses develop (adaptive immune responses) whose hallmarks include the expansion of B and T cells that specifically recognize foreign antigens. Cell to cell communication takes place through physical interactions as well as through the release of mediators (cytokines, chemokines) that modify cell activity and control and regulate the immune response. One regulator of cell states is the transcription factor Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) which mediates responses to various stimuli and is involved in a variety of processes (cell cycle, development, apoptosis, carcinogenesis, innate and adaptive immune responses). It consists of two protein classes with NF-κB1 (p105/50) and NF-κB2 (p100/52) belonging to class I, and RelA (p65), RelB and c-Rel belonging to class II. The active transcription factor consists of a dimer, usually comprised of both class I and class II proteins conjugated to Inhibitor of κB (IκB). Through various stimuli, IκB is phosphorylated and detached, allowing dimer migration to the nucleus and binding of DNA. NF-κB is crucial in regulating the immune response and maintaining a balance between suppression, effective response, and immunopathologies. Parasites are a diverse group of organisms comprised of three major groups: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. Each group induces distinct effector immune mechanisms and is susceptible to different types of immune responses (Th1, Th2, Th17). This review describes the role of NF-κB and its activity during parasite infections and its contribution to inducing protective responses or immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Luke J. Norbury
- Department of Biosciences and Food Technology, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
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Taenia hydatigena larvae vesicular concentrate reduces the egg shedding of Haemonchus contortus associated with the overexpression of abomasal cytokines in lambs. Vet Parasitol 2021; 292:109390. [PMID: 33752037 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The expression patterns of some cytokines were compared by RT-qPCR between lambs with and without Taenia hydatigena larvae vesicular concentrate (ThLVC) administration and subsequent infection with Haemonchus contortus. Lambs that received ThLVC prior to infection with H. contortus showed lower (p < 0.03) cumulative FEC (AUC = 18450 ± 3384) than infected lambs who did not receive ThLVC (AUC = 31081 ± 3277). Lambs infected with H. contortus, in general, overexpressed Th1 and Th2 cytokines in abomasal mucosa and abomasal lymph nodes, which seems to indicate a generalized and nonpolarized activation of the immune response by H. contortus. The main immunomodulatory effects of ThLVC were observed in the abomasal fundic region. The lambs that were given ThLVC prior to infection strongly overexpressed most of the studied cytokines representing the Th1 (IFNγ and IL2) and Th2 profiles (IL4, IL5, IL6 and IL10), proinflammatory cytokines (SOD1 and PRDX6) and IgE receptor; in contrast, lambs that were infected but did not receive ThLVC only moderately overexpressed IFNγ, IL4 and IL6. The absence of the significant overexpression of cytokines in lambs that only received ThLVC suggests that this derived from T. hydatigena does not have a stimulating effect per se; however, the presence of H. contortus did produce the highest expression (p < 0.01) cytokine profile among lambs that received ThLVC prior to infection compared to those who did not receive it, so its effect seems to be immunomodulatory and not only immunostimulatory.
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Matisz CE, Leung G, Reyes JL, Wang A, Sharkey KA, McKay DM. Adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-pulsed dendritic cells protects against the development of experimental colitis in mice. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3126-39. [PMID: 26332354 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with helminth parasites and treatment with worm extracts can suppress inflammatory disease, including colitis. Postulating that dendritic cells (DCs) participated in the suppression of inflammation and seeking to move beyond the use of helminths per se, we tested the ability of Hymenolepis diminuta antigen-pulsed DCs to suppress colitis as a novel cell-based immunotherapy. Bone marrow derived DCs pulsed with H. diminuta antigen (HD-DCs), or PBS-, BSA-, or LPS-DCs as controls, were transferred into wild-type (WT), interleukin-10 (IL-10) knock-out (KO), and RAG-1 KO mice, and the impact on dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis and splenic cytokine production assessed 72 h later. Mice receiving HD-DCs were significantly protected from DNBS-induced colitis and of the experimental groups only these mice displayed increased Th2 cytokines and IL-10 production. Adoptive transfer of HD-DCs protected neither RAG-1 nor IL-10 KO mice from DNBS-colitis. Furthermore, the transfer of CD4(+) splenocytes from recipients of HD-DCs protected naïve mice against DNBS-colitis, in an IL-10 dependent manner. Thus, HD-DCs are a novel anti-colitic immunotherapy that can educate anti-colitic CD4(+) T cells: mechanistically, the anti-colitic effect of HD-DCs requires that the host has an adaptive immune response and the ability to mobilize IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Matisz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gabriella Leung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jose Luis Reyes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arthur Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M McKay
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Buendía-Jiménez J, Muñoz-Guzmán M, Vega-López M, Cuenca-Verde C, Martínez-Labat J, Cuéllar-Ordaz J, Alba-Hurtado F. Partial protection and abomasal cytokine expression in sheep experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus and pre-treated with Taenia hydatigena vesicular concentrate. Vet Parasitol 2015; 211:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Grenfell RFQ, Coelho PMZ, Taboada D, de Mattos ACA, Davis R, Harn DA. Newly established monoclonal antibody diagnostic assays for Schistosoma mansoni direct detection in areas of low endemicity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87777. [PMID: 24498191 PMCID: PMC3909226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current available methods for diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni lack sufficient sensitivity, which results in underreporting of infectious in areas of low endemicity. Methodology/Principal Findings We developed three novel diagnostic methodologies for the direct detection of schistosome infection in serum samples. These three new methods were evaluated with positive patients from a low endemicity area in southeast Brazil. The basis of the assay was the production of monoclonal antibodies against the protein backbone of heavily glycosylated Circulating Cathodic Antigen (CCA). The antibodies were also selected for having no specificity to repeating poly-Lewis x units. Assays based on the detection CCA-protein should not encounter a limitation in sensitivity due to a biological background of this particular epitope. Three diagnostic methodologies were developed and validated, (i) Immunomagnetic Separation based on improved incubation steps of non-diluted serum, (ii) Direct Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay and (iii) Fluorescent Microscopy Analysis as a qualitative assay. The two quantitative assays presented high sensitivity (94% and 92%, respectively) and specificity (100%), equivalent to the analysis of 3 stool samples and 16 slides by Kato-Katz, showing promising results on the determination of cure. Conclusions/Significance The Immunomagnetic Separation technique showed excellent correlation with parasite burden by Cohen coefficient. The qualitative method detected 47 positive individuals out of 50 with the analysis of 3 slides. This easy-to-do method was capable of discriminating positive from negative cases, even for patients with low parasite burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella Fortini Queiroz Grenfell
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paulo Marcos Zech Coelho
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana Taboada
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Alves de Mattos
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ruth Davis
- Monoclonal Antibody Facility, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Harn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Zurabian R, Aguilar-Vega L, Terrones Vargas E, Cervera Hernández ME, Willms K, Ruíz-Velasco Acosta S. In vivo albendazole treatment of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci strain WFU: proliferation, damage, and recovery. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3961-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Grenfell R, Harn DA, Tundup S, Da'dara A, Siqueira L, Coelho PMZ. New approaches with different types of circulating cathodic antigen for the diagnosis of patients with low Schistosoma mansoni load. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2054. [PMID: 23469295 PMCID: PMC3585039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis mansoni is a debilitating and sometimes fatal disease. Accurate diagnosis plays a key role in patient management and infection control. However, currently available parasitological methods are laborious and lack sensitivity. The selection of target antigen candidates has turned out to be a promising tool for the development of more sensitive diagnostic methods. In our previous investigations, the use of crude antigens led to false-positive results. Recently, focus has been given to highly purified Schistosoma mansoni antigens, especially to circulating antigens. METHOD Thus, our main goal was to test different types of circulating cathodic antigen glycoprotein (CCA), as "crude antigen," the protein chain of recombinant CCA and two individual peptides. These schistosome proteins/peptides were tested in a new diagnostic method employing immunomagnetic separation based on the improvement of antigen-antibody binding. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Use of recombinant CCA as a diagnostic antigen allowed us to develop a diagnostic assay with high sensitivity and specificity with no false-negative results. Interestingly, the "crude antigen" worked as a good marker for control of cure after praziquantel treatment. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our new diagnostic method was superior to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in diagnosing low endemicity patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella Grenfell
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Center for Tropical and Emerging Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Harn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Center for Tropical and Emerging Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Smanla Tundup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Center for Tropical and Emerging Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Akram Da'dara
- Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liliane Siqueira
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcos Zech Coelho
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Hernandez JLR, Leung G, McKay DM. Cestode regulation of inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Int J Parasitol 2012; 43:233-43. [PMID: 23058631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites are masters of immune regulation; a likely prerequisite for long-term survival by circumventing their hosts' attempt to eradicate them. From a translational perspective, knowledge of immune events as a response to infection with a helminth parasite could be used to reduce the intensity of unwanted inflammatory reactions. Substantial data have accumulated showing that inflammatory reactions that promote a variety of auto-inflammatory diseases are dampened as a consequence of infection with helminth parasites, via either the mobilization of an anti-worm spectrum of immune events or by the direct effect of secretory/excretory bioactive immunomodulatory molecules released from the parasite. However, many issues are outstanding in the definition of the mechanism(s) by which infection with helminth parasites can affect the outcome, positively or negatively, of concomitant disease. We focus on a subgroup of this complex group of metazoan parasites, the cestodes, summarizing studies from rodent models that illustrate if, and by what mechanisms, infection with tapeworms ameliorate or exaggerate disease in their host. The ability of infection with cestodes, or other classes of helminth, to worsen a disease course or confer susceptibility to intracellular pathogens should be carefully considered in the context of 'helminth therapy'. In addition, poorly characterised cestode extracts can regulate murine and human immunocyte function, yet the impact of these in the context of autoimmune or allergic diseases is poorly understood. Thus, studies with cestodes, as representative helminths, have helped cement the concept that infection with parasitic helminths can inhibit concomitant disease; however, issues relating to long-term effects, potential side-effects, mixed pathogen infections and purification of immunomodulatory molecules from the parasite remain as challenges that need to be addressed in order to achieve the use of helminths as anti-inflammatory agents for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Luis Reyes Hernandez
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Paul J, Karmakar S, De T. TLR-mediated distinct IFN-γ/IL-10 pattern induces protective immunity against murine visceral leishmaniasis. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2087-99. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Paul
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; India
| | - Subir Karmakar
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; India
| | - Tripti De
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; India
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Tundup S, Srivastava L, Harn Jr. DA. Polarization of host immune responses by helminth-expressed glycans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1253:E1-E13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Karmakar S, Bhaumik SK, Paul J, De T. TLR4 and NKT cell synergy in immunotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002646. [PMID: 22511870 PMCID: PMC3325212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NKT cells play an important role in autoimmune diseases, tumor surveillance, and infectious diseases, providing in most cases protection against infection. NKT cells are reactive to CD1d presented glycolipid antigens. They can modulate immune responses by promoting the secretion of type 1, type 2, or immune regulatory cytokines. Pathogen-derived signals to dendritic cells mediated via Toll like Receptors (TLR) can be modulated by activated invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells. The terminal β-(1–4)-galactose residues of glycans can modulate host responsiveness in a T helper type-1 direction via IFN-γ and TLRs. We have attempted to develop a defined immunotherapeutic, based on the cooperative action of a TLR ligand and iNKT cell using a mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis. We evaluated the anti-Leishmania immune responses and the protective efficacy of the β-(1–4)-galactose terminal NKT cell ligand glycosphingophospholipid (GSPL) antigen of L. donovani parasites. Our results suggest that TLR4 can function as an upstream sensor for GSPL and provoke intracellular inflammatory signaling necessary for parasite killing. Treatment with GSPL was able to induce a strong effective T cell response that contributed to effective control of acute parasite burden and led to undetectable parasite persistence in the infected animals. These studies for the first time demonstrate the interactions between a TLR ligand and iNKT cell activation in visceral leishmaniasis immunotherapeutic. Kala azar (visceral leishmaniasis) is a deadly disease caused by the parasitic protozoa Leishmania donovani. In absence of a suitable vaccine, the incidence of leishmaniasis has increased. The World Health Organization observes that, if the disease is not treated, the fatality rate in developing countries can be as high as 100% within 2 years. Therapy of visceral leishmaniasis can be complicated by toxic side effects, drug resistance, and the need for prolonged treatment regimens. Therefore, improved therapy for leishmaniasis remains desirable. Immunotherapy to selectively induce type 1 immune responses considered essential for resistance to leishmaniasis has shown great promise. CD1d-binding glycolipids stimulate TCR signaling and activation of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Terminal β-(1–4)-galactose residues in glycoconjugates have been identified as the TLR ligand that induces IFN-γ via TLR signaling. We have used the β-(1–4)-galactose terminal glycosphingophospholipid (GSPL) antigen from L. donovani parasites to treat infected BALB/c mice. We report that immunotherapy with GSPL induced IFN-γ, a type 1 cytokine, through the cooperative action of TLR4 and NKT-cells that contributed to effective control of acute parasite burden in the infected animals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, CD1d/genetics
- Antigens, CD1d/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d/metabolism
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/metabolism
- Antigens, Protozoan/pharmacology
- Cricetinae
- Glycosphingolipids/genetics
- Glycosphingolipids/immunology
- Glycosphingolipids/metabolism
- Glycosphingolipids/pharmacology
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmania donovani/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Polysaccharides/genetics
- Polysaccharides/immunology
- Polysaccharides/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tripti De
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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Reyes JL, González MI, Ledesma-Soto Y, Satoskar AR, Terrazas LI. TLR2 mediates immunity to experimental cysticercosis. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1323-33. [PMID: 22110384 PMCID: PMC3221368 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Information concerning TLR-mediated antigen recognition and regulation of immune responses during helminth infections is scarce. TLR2 is a key molecule required for innate immunity and is involved in the recognition of a wide range of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Here, we evaluated the role of TLR2 in a Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis model. We compared the course of T. crassiceps infection in C57BL/6 TLR2 knockout mice (TLR2-/-) with that in wild type C57BL/6 (TLR2+/+) mice. In addition, we assessed serum antibody and cytokine profiles, splenic cellular responses and cytokine profiles and the recruitment of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMφs) to the site of the infection. Unlike wild type mice, TLR2-/- mice failed to produce significant levels of inflammatory cytokines in either the serum or the spleen during the first two weeks of Taenia infection. TLR2-/- mice developed a Th2-dominant immune response, whereas TLR2+/+ mice developed a Th1-dominant immune response after Taenia infection. The insufficient production of inflammatory cytokines at early time points and the lack of Th1-dominant adaptive immunity in TLR2-/- mice were associated with significantly elevated parasite burdens; in contrast, TLR2+/+ mice were resistant to infection. Furthermore, increased recruitment of AAMφs expressing PD-L1, PD-L2, OX40L and mannose receptor was observed in TLR2-/- mice. Collectively, these findings indicate that TLR2-dependent signaling pathways are involved in the recognition of T. crassiceps and in the subsequent activation of the innate immune system and production of inflammatory cytokines, which appear to be essential to limit infection during experimental cysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Reyes
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-UNAM, Mexico
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Cuenca-Verde C, Buendía-Jiménez J, Valdivia-Anda G, Cuéllar-Ordaz J, Muñoz-Guzmán M, Alba-Hurtado F. Decrease in establishment of Haemonchus contortus caused by inoculation of a Taenia hydatigena larvae vesicular concentrate. Vet Parasitol 2011; 177:332-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bhaumik SK, Naskar K, De T. Complete protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis with complete soluble antigen from attenuatedLeishmania donovanipromastigotes involves Th1-immunity and down-regulation of IL-10. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2146-60. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
SUMMARYInfection with parasitic helminths takes a heavy toll on the health and well-being of humans and their domestic livestock, concomitantly resulting in major economic losses. Analyses have consistently revealed bioactive molecules in extracts of helminths or in their excretory/secretory products that modulate the immune response of the host. It is our view that parasitic helminths are an untapped source of immunomodulatory substances that, in pure form, could become new drugs (or models for drug design) to treat disease. Here, we illustrate the range of immunomodulatory molecules in selected parasitic trematodes, cestodes and nematodes, their impact on the immune cells in the host and how the host may recognize these molecules. There are many examples of the partial characterization of helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules, but these have not yet translated into new drugs, reflecting the difficulty of isolating and fully characterizing proteins, glycoproteins and lipid-based molecules from small amounts of parasite material. However, this should not deter the investigator, since analytical techniques are now being used to accrue considerable structural information on parasite-derived molecules, even when only minute quantities of tissue are available. With the introduction of methodologies to purify and structurally-characterize molecules from small amounts of tissue and the application of high throughput immunological assays, one would predict that an assessment of parasitic helminths will yield a variety of novel drug candidates in the coming years.
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Possible role for Toll-like receptors in interaction of Fasciola hepatica excretory/secretory products with bovine macrophages. Infect Immun 2007; 76:678-84. [PMID: 18070895 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00732-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative activation of macrophages (Mphi) during helminth infection is a characteristic feature of the host immune response. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMphi) are distinguished from others by high arginase 1 (Arg-1) activity, low nitric oxide (NO), and high interleukin 10 (IL-10) production. In murine models, these cells have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties. They have also been implicated in exacerbating a subsequent infection with a secondary pathogen. In this study we used cattle experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica to monitor the kinetics of IL-4 and IL-10 over the course of infection. Using naïve Mphi in vitro, we examined the effects of exposure to F. hepatica excretory/secretory products (FhepES) alone or in combination with IL-4. Our results suggest that FhepES may work in combination with IL-4 to produce AAMphi. The effects of FhepES on the subsequent responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and purified protein derivative from Mycobacterium bovis (PPD-B), which are bovine Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR2 antagonists, respectively, were also examined. We found that Mphi stimulated with FhepES together with LPS or PPD-B have reduced NO or gamma interferon production, respectively. The ability of FhepES to produce AAMphi was found to be heat labile and partially dependent on glycan residues. A possible role for TLR recognition is discussed.
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