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Hwangpo TA, Schroeder HW. Study of stereotyped, allergen-specific IgE sequences from specific immunotherapy participants yields new insight into mechanisms of allergy suppression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:604-606. [PMID: 37343844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A Hwangpo
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
| | - Harry W Schroeder
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala.
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2
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Hoh RA, Thörnqvist L, Yang F, Godzwon M, King JJ, Lee JY, Greiff L, Boyd SD, Ohlin M. Clonal evolution and stereotyped sequences of human IgE lineages in aeroallergen-specific immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:214-229. [PMID: 36828082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic disease reflects specific inflammatory processes initiated by interaction between allergen and allergen-specific IgE. Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is an effective long-term treatment option, but the mechanisms by which SIT provides desensitization are not well understood. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to characterize IgE sequences expressed by allergen-specific B cells over a 3-year longitudinal study of patients with aeroallergies who were undergoing SIT. METHODS Allergen-specific IgE-expressing clones were identified by using combinatorial single-chain variable fragment libraries and tracked in PBMCs and nasal biopsy samples over a 3-year period with antibody gene repertoire sequencing. The characteristics of private IgE-expressing clones were compared with those of stereotyped or "public" IgE responses to the grass pollen allergen Phleum pratense (Phl p) 2. RESULT Members of the same allergen-specific IgE lineages were observed in nasal biopsy samples and blood, and lineages detected at baseline persisted in blood and nasal biopsy samples after 3 years of SIT, including B cells that express IgE. Evidence of progressive class switch recombination to IgG subclasses was observed after 3 years of SIT. A common stereotyped Phl p 2-specific antibody heavy chain sequence was detected in multiple donors. The amino acid residues enriched in IgE-stereotyped sequences from seropositive donors were analyzed with machine learning and k-mer motif discovery. Stereotyped IgE sequences had lower overall rates of somatic hypermutation and antigen selection than did single-chain variable fragment-derived allergen-specific sequences or IgE sequences of unknown specificity. CONCLUSION Longitudinal tracking of rare circulating and tissue-resident allergen-specific IgE+ clones demonstrates persistence of allergen-specific IgE+ clones, progressive class switch recombination to IgG subtypes, and distinct maturation of a stereotyped Phl p 2 clonotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | | | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | | | - Jasmine J King
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Lennart Greiff
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Mats Ohlin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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3
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Thörnqvist L, Sjöberg R, Greiff L, van Hage M, Ohlin M. Linear Epitope Binding Patterns of Grass Pollen-Specific Antibodies in Allergy and in Response to Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:859126. [PMID: 35769580 PMCID: PMC9234942 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.859126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases affect many individuals world-wide and are dependent on the interaction between allergens and antibodies of the IgE isotype. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) can alter the development of the disease, e.g., through induction of allergen-specific IgG that block allergen-IgE interactions. The knowledge of epitopes recognized by allergy-causing and protective antibodies are limited. Therefore, we developed an allergome-wide peptide microarray, aiming to track linear epitope binding patterns in allergic diseases and during AIT. Here, we focused on immune responses to grass pollen allergens and found that such epitopes were commonly recognized before initiation of AIT and that AIT commonly resulted in increased antibody production against additional epitopes already after 1 year of treatment. The linear epitope binding patterns were highly individual, both for subjects subjected to and for individuals not subjected to AIT. Still, antibodies against some linear epitopes were commonly developed during AIT. For example, the two rigid domains found in grass pollen group 5 allergens have previously been associated to a diversity of discontinuous epitopes. Here, we present evidence that also the flexible linker, connecting these domains, contains regions of linear epitopes against which antibodies are developed during AIT. We also describe some commonly recognized linear epitopes on Phl p 2 and suggest how antibodies against these epitopes may contribute to or prevent allergy in relation to a well-defined stereotyped/public IgE response against the same allergen. Finally, we identify epitopes that induce cross-reactive antibodies, but also antibodies that exclusively bind one of two highly similar variants of a linear epitope. Our findings highlight the complexity of antibody recognition of linear epitopes, with respect to both the studied individuals and the examined allergens. We expect that many of the findings in this study can be generalized also to discontinuous epitopes and that allergen peptide microarrays provide an important tool for enhancing the understanding of allergen-specific antibodies in allergic disease and during AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald Sjöberg
- Autoimmunity and Serology Profiling, Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Greiff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Ohlin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Mats Ohlin
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4
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Hsiao YC, Chen YJJ, Goldstein LD, Wu J, Lin Z, Schneider K, Chaudhuri S, Antony A, Bajaj Pahuja K, Modrusan Z, Seshasayee D, Seshagiri S, Hötzel I. Restricted epitope specificity determined by variable region germline segment pairing in rodent antibody repertoires. MAbs 2021; 12:1722541. [PMID: 32041466 PMCID: PMC7039645 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1722541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies from B-cell clonal lineages share sequence and structural properties as well as epitope specificity. Clonally unrelated antibodies can similarly share sequence and specificity properties and are said to be convergent. Convergent antibody responses against several antigens have been described in humans and mice and include different classes of shared sequence features. In particular, some antigens and epitopes can induce convergent responses of clonally unrelated antibodies with restricted heavy (VH) and light (VL) chain variable region germline segment usage without similarity in the heavy chain third complementarity-determining region (CDR H3), a critical specificity determinant. Whether these V germline segment-restricted responses reflect a general epitope specificity restriction of antibodies with shared VH/VL pairing is not known. Here, we investigated this question by determining patterns of antigen binding competition between clonally unrelated antigen-specific rat antibodies from paired-chain deep sequencing datasets selected based solely on VH/VL pairing. We found that antibodies with shared VH/VL germline segment pairings but divergent CDR H3 sequences almost invariably have restricted epitope specificity indicated by shared binding competition patterns. This epitope restriction included 82 of 85 clonally unrelated antibodies with 13 different VH/VL pairings binding in 8 epitope groups in 2 antigens. The corollary that antibodies with shared VH/VL pairing and epitope-restricted binding can accommodate widely divergent CDR H3 sequences was confirmed by in vitro selection of variants of anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 antibodies known to mediate critical antigen interactions through CDR H3. Our results show that restricted epitope specificity determined by VH/VL germline segment pairing is a general property of rodent antigen-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Hsiao
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ying-Jiun J Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leonard D Goldstein
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhonghua Lin
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kellen Schneider
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Subhra Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aju Antony
- Department of Molecular Biology, SciGenom Labs, Cochin, India
| | | | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dhaya Seshasayee
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Isidro Hötzel
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Flicker S, Zettl I, Tillib SV. Nanobodies-Useful Tools for Allergy Treatment? Front Immunol 2020; 11:576255. [PMID: 33117377 PMCID: PMC7561424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade single domain antibodies (nanobodies, VHH) qualified through their unique characteristics have emerged as accepted and even advantageous alternative to conventional antibodies and have shown great potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Currently nanobodies find their main medical application area in the fields of oncology and neurodegenerative diseases. According to late-breaking information, nanobodies specific for coronavirus spikes have been generated these days to test their suitability as useful therapeutics for future outbreaks. Their superior properties such as chemical stability, high affinity to a broad spectrum of epitopes, low immunogenicity, ease of their generation, selection and production proved nanobodies also to be remarkable to investigate their efficacy for passive treatment of type I allergy, an exaggerated immune reaction to foreign antigens with increasing global prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Flicker
- Division of Immunopathology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ines Zettl
- Division of Immunopathology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergei V. Tillib
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Valenta R, Karaulov A, Niederberger V, Gattinger P, van Hage M, Flicker S, Linhart B, Campana R, Focke-Tejkl M, Curin M, Eckl-Dorna J, Lupinek C, Resch-Marat Y, Vrtala S, Mittermann I, Garib V, Khaitov M, Valent P, Pickl WF. Molecular Aspects of Allergens and Allergy. Adv Immunol 2018; 138:195-256. [PMID: 29731005 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-associated allergy is the most common immune disorder. More than 30% of the population suffer from symptoms of allergy which are often severe, disabling, and life threatening such as asthma and anaphylaxis. Population-based birth cohort studies show that up to 60% of the world population exhibit IgE sensitization to allergens, of which most are protein antigens. Thirty years ago the first allergen-encoding cDNAs have been isolated. In the meantime, the structures of most of the allergens relevant for disease in humans have been solved. Here we provide an update regarding what has been learned through the use of defined allergen molecules (i.e., molecular allergology) and about mechanisms of allergic disease in humans. We focus on new insights gained regarding the process of sensitization to allergens, allergen-specific secondary immune responses, and mechanisms underlying allergic inflammation and discuss open questions. We then show how molecular forms of diagnosis and specific immunotherapy are currently revolutionizing diagnosis and treatment of allergic patients and how allergen-specific approaches may be used for the preventive eradication of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Verena Niederberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabine Flicker
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Linhart
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raffaela Campana
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirela Curin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Eckl-Dorna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Lupinek
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne Resch-Marat
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Vrtala
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Mittermann
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Garib
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; International Network of Universities for Molecular Allergology and Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Musa Khaitov
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Levin M, Levander F, Palmason R, Greiff L, Ohlin M. Antibody-encoding repertoires of bone marrow and peripheral blood-a focus on IgE. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:1026-1030. [PMID: 27521279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Levin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Levander
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert Palmason
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Medical Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lennart Greiff
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of ORL, Head & Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Ohlin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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8
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Hoh RA, Joshi SA, Liu Y, Wang C, Roskin KM, Lee JY, Pham T, Looney TJ, Jackson KJL, Dixit VP, King J, Lyu SC, Jenks J, Hamilton RG, Nadeau KC, Boyd SD. Single B-cell deconvolution of peanut-specific antibody responses in allergic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:157-167. [PMID: 26152318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequencies, cellular phenotypes, epitope specificity, and clonal diversity of allergen-specific B cells in patients with food allergy are not fully understood but are of major pathogenic and therapeutic significance. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize peanut allergen-specific B-cell populations and the sequences and binding activities of their antibodies before and during immunotherapy. METHODS B cells binding fluorescently labeled Ara h 1 or Ara h 2 were phenotyped and isolated by means of flow cytometric sorting from 18 patients at baseline and 13 patients during therapy. Fifty-seven mAbs derived from allergen-binding single B cells were evaluated by using ELISA, Western blotting, and peptide epitope mapping. Deep sequencing of the B-cell repertoires identified additional members of the allergen-specific B-cell clones. RESULTS Median allergen-binding B-cell frequencies were 0.0097% (Ara h 1) or 0.029% (Ara h 2) of B cells in baseline blood from allergic patients and approximately 3-fold higher during immunotherapy. Five of 57 allergen-specific cells belonged to clones containing IgE-expressing members. Almost all allergen-specific antibodies were mutated, and binding to both conformational and linear allergen epitopes was detected. Increasing somatic mutation of IgG4 members of a clone was seen in immunotherapy, whereas IgE mutation levels in the clone did not increase. CONCLUSION Most peanut allergen-binding B cells isolated by means of antigen-specific flow sorting express mutated and isotype-switched antibodies. Immunotherapy increases their frequency in the blood, and even narrowly defined allergen epitopes are recognized by numerous distinct B-cell clones in a patient. The results also suggest that oral immunotherapy can stimulate somatic mutation of allergen-specific IgG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Shilpa A Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | | | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Tho Pham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Tim J Looney
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | | | | | - Jasmine King
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Shu-Chen Lyu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Jennifer Jenks
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Robert G Hamilton
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
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9
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Levin M, Rotthus S, Wendel S, Najafi N, Källström E, Focke-Tejkl M, Valenta R, Flicker S, Ohlin M. Multiple independent IgE epitopes on the highly allergenic grass pollen allergen Phl p 5. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:1409-19. [PMID: 25262820 PMCID: PMC4278554 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Group 5 allergens are small proteins that consist of two domains. They belong to the most potent respiratory allergens. Objective To determine the binding sites and to study allergic patients' IgE recognition of the group 5 allergen (Phl p 5) from timothy grass pollen using human monoclonal IgE antibodies that have been isolated from grass pollen allergic patients. Methods Using recombinant isoallergens, fragments, mutants and synthetic peptides of Phl p 5, as well as peptide-specific antibodies, the interaction of recombinant human monoclonal IgE and Phl p 5 was studied using direct binding and blocking assays. Cross-reactivity of monoclonal IgE with group 5 allergens in several grasses was studied and inhibition experiments with patients' polyclonal IgE were performed. Results Monoclonal human IgE showed extensive cross-reactivity with group 5 allergens in several grasses. Despite its small size of 29 kDa, four independent epitope clusters on isoallergen Phl p 5.0101, two in each domain, were recognized by human IgE. Isoallergen Phl p 5.0201 carried two of these epitopes. Inhibition studies with allergic patients' polyclonal IgE suggest the presence of additional IgE epitopes on Phl p 5. Conclusions & Clinical Relevance Our results reveal the presence of a large number of independent IgE epitopes on the Phl p 5 allergen explaining the high allergenic activity of this protein and its ability to induce severe allergic symptoms. High-density IgE recognition may be a general feature of many potent allergens and form a basis for the development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Levin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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10
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Levin M, Davies AM, Liljekvist M, Carlsson F, Gould HJ, Sutton BJ, Ohlin M. Human IgE against the major allergen Bet v 1--defining an epitope with limited cross-reactivity between different PR-10 family proteins. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:288-99. [PMID: 24447087 PMCID: PMC4215112 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The interaction between IgE and allergen is a key event at the initiation of an allergic response, and its characteristics have substantial effects on the clinical manifestation. Despite this, the molecular details of the interaction between human IgE and the major birch allergen Bet v 1, one of the most potent tree allergens, still remain poorly investigated. Objective To isolate Bet v 1-specific human monoclonal IgE and characterize their interaction with the allergen. Methods Recombinant human IgE were isolated from a combinatorial antibody fragment library and their interaction with Bet v 1 assessed using various immunological assays. The structure of one such IgE in the single-chain fragment variable format was determined using X-ray crystallography. Results We present four novel Bet v 1-specific IgE, for one of which we solve the structure, all with their genetic origin in the IGHV5 germline gene, and demonstrate that they target two non-overlapping epitopes on the surface of Bet v 1, thereby fulfilling the basic criteria for FcεRI cross-linkage. We further define these epitopes and for one epitope pinpoint single amino acid residues important for the interaction with human IgE. This provides a potential explanation, at the molecular level, for the differences in recognition of isoforms of Bet v 1 and other allergens in the PR-10 protein family displayed by IgE targeting this epitope. Finally, we present the first high-resolution structure of a human allergen-specific IgE fragment in the single-chain fragment variable (scFv) format. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance We here display the usefulness of allergen-specific human monoclonal IgE as a tool in studies of the crucial molecular interaction taking place at the initiation of an allergic response. Such studies may aid us in development of better diagnostic tools and guide us in the development of new therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Levin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Kim HY, Wang X, Wahlberg B, Edwards WB. Discovery of hapten-specific scFv from a phage display library and applications for HER2-positive tumor imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1311-22. [PMID: 24898150 PMCID: PMC4103757 DOI: 10.1021/bc500173f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an anti-hapten antibody (single chain Fv, scFv) against a hapten probe was developed as a unique reporter system for molecular imaging or therapy. The hapten peptide (histamine-succinyl-GSYK, Him) was synthesized for phage displayed scFv affinity selection and for conjugation with cypate (Cy-Him) for in vivo near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging. Hapten-specific scFvs were affinity selected from the human single fold phage display scFv libraries (Tomlinson I + J) with high specificity and affinity. Utilizing HER2 targeting as a model system, the highest affinity scFv (clone J42) was recombinantly fused to an anti-HER2 affibody (scFv-L-Aff) with no loss of affinity of either protein. The functionality of the hapten-scFv reporter system was tested in vitro with a HER2-positive human breast cancer cell line, SK-BR3, and in vivo with SK-BR3 xenografts. ScFv-L-Aff mediated the binding of the hapten to HER2 on SK-BR3 cells and from tissue from the SK-BR3 xenograft; however, scFv-L-Aff did not mediate uptake of the hapten in the SK-BR3 xenografted tumors, presumably due to rapid internalization of the HER2/scFv-L-Aff complex. Our results suggest that this hapten-peptide and anti-hapten scFv can be a universal reporter system in a wide range of imaging and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yeong Kim
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Brendon Wahlberg
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - W. Barry Edwards
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
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12
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Gadermaier E, Levin M, Flicker S, Ohlin M. The human IgE repertoire. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 163:77-91. [PMID: 24296690 DOI: 10.1159/000355947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE is a key mediator in allergic diseases. However, in strong contrast to other antibody isotypes, many details of the composition of the human IgE repertoire are poorly defined. The low levels of human IgE in the circulation and the rarity of IgE-producing B cells are important reasons for this lack of knowledge. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on these repertoires both in terms of their complexity and activity, i.e. knowledge which despite the difficulties encountered when studying the molecular details of human IgE has been acquired in recent years. We also take a look at likely future developments, for instance through improvements in sequencing technology and methodology that allow the isolation of additional allergen-specific human antibodies mimicking IgE, as this certainly will support our understanding of human IgE in the context of human disease in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gadermaier
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Levin M, Rydnert F, Källström E, Tan LW, Wormald PJ, Lindstedt M, Greiff L, Ohlin M. Phl p 1–Specific Human Monoclonal IgE and Design of a Hypoallergenic Group 1 Grass Pollen Allergen Fragment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:551-60. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hecker J, Diethers A, Schulz D, Sabri A, Plum M, Michel Y, Mempel M, Ollert M, Jakob T, Blank S, Braren I, Spillner E. An IgE epitope of Bet v 1 and fagales PR10 proteins as defined by a human monoclonal IgE. Allergy 2012; 67:1530-7. [PMID: 23066955 DOI: 10.1111/all.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analyses of the molecular basis underlying allergenicity and allergen cross-reactivity, as well as improvement of allergy diagnostics and therapeutics, are hampered by the lack of human monoclonal IgE antibodies and knowledge about their epitopes. Here, we addressed the consecutive generation and epitope delineation of a human monoclonal IgE against the prototypic allergen Bet v 1. METHODS Phage-display scFv hybrid libraries of allergic donor-derived VH epsilon and synthetic VL were established from 107 mononuclear cells. An obtained scFv was converted into human immunoglobulin formats including IgE. Using variants of Bet v 1, the epitope of the antibody was mapped and extrapolated to other PR10 proteins. RESULTS The obtained antibodies exhibited pronounced reactivity with Bet v 1, but were not reactive with the homologous PR10 protein Mal d 1. The epitope as defined by the IgE paratope and a set of chimeric Bet v 1 fusion proteins and fragments could be assigned to a C-terminal helix-structured motif comprised by amino acid residues 132-154, including the critical residue E149. Grafting this motif re-established the reactivity of the per se nonreactive Mal d 1 framework. Cross-reactivities predicted by primary structure analyses of different isoforms and PR10 proteins were verified by allergen chip-based analyses. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results demonstrate that hybrid IgE repertoires represent a source for human antibodies with genuine paratopes. The IgE-derived information about the IgE epitope nature of Bet v 1 and homologues allows for detailed insights into molecular aspects of allergenicity and cross-reactivity within the PR10 protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Hecker
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - A. Diethers
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - D. Schulz
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - A. Sabri
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - M. Plum
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - Y. Michel
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - M. Mempel
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology; Georg-August-University; Göttingen; Germany
| | - M. Ollert
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Clinical Research Division of Molecular and Clinical Allergotoxicology; Technische Universität München; Munich; Germany
| | - T. Jakob
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg; Germany
| | - S. Blank
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - I. Braren
- Hamburg Center for Experimental Therapy Research; University Medical Center Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - E. Spillner
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
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Levin M, Tan LW, Baker L, Wormald PJ, Greiff L, Ohlin M. Diversity of immunoglobulin E-encoding transcripts in sinus mucosa of subjects diagnosed with non-allergic fungal eosinophilic sinusitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:811-20. [PMID: 21561493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of allergy in the aetiopathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains controversial. For example, in some cases with sinus fungal infections allergy can be demonstrated by standard tests. In other cases, such signs can be absent despite elevated levels of IgE-positive cells in sinus tissue and the presence of IgE and eosinophils in the sinus mucous. OBJECTIVE To define the nature of molecular diversity in antibodies of the IgE isotype at the site of local inflammation in subjects diagnosed with non-allergic fungal eosinophilic sinusitis (NAFES). METHODS The local occurrence and sequence characteristics of IgE-encoding transcripts in NAFES patients were investigated and compared with sequences found in subjects diagnosed with CRS featuring systemic allergy. These sequences have also been compared with other reported IgE-encoding transcriptomes. Results IGHV genes derived from major subgroups 1, 3, 4 and 5 and a diverse set of IGHD and IGHJ genes were shown to create the IgE repertoire in patients diagnosed with NAFES and CRS. The average lengths of the third hypervariable loop in these populations were 15.8 and 14.6 residues. The sequences showed evidence of extensive somatic hypermutation (mutation frequency: NAFES, 6.4 ± 3.2%; CRS, 7.0 ± 4.4%) with substitutions targeted to complementarity-determining regions. These sequence collections thus show extensive similarities to those found in other polyclonal Ig repertoires including those encoding IgE. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE We conclude that sinus IgE-encoding transcripts in subjects diagnosed with NAFES show evidence of conventional IgE responses and we suggest that allergens with characteristics of classical antigens should be investigated for a role in the local response occurring in NAFES. This investigation illustrates that assessment of local immunity might be an important diagnostic tool in conditions like NAFES with no systemic signs of allergy to identify or rule out an allergic component of the patient's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Levin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Robert R, Lefranc MP, Ghochikyan A, Agadjanyan MG, Cribbs DH, Van Nostrand WE, Wark KL, Dolezal O. Restricted V gene usage and VH/VL pairing of mouse humoral response against the N-terminal immunodominant epitope of the amyloid β peptide. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:59-72. [PMID: 20970857 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the potential of antibodies as therapeutic strategies to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been growing, based on successful experimental and clinical trials in transgenic mice. Despite, undesirable side effects in humans using an active immunization approach, immunotherapy still remains one of the most promising treatments for AD. In this study, we analyzed the V genes of twelve independently isolated monoclonal antibodies raised against the N-terminal immunodominant epitope of the amyloid β peptide (Aβ or A beta). Surprisingly, we found a high and unusual level of restriction in the VH/VL pairing of these antibodies. Moreover, these antibodies mostly differ in their heavy chain complementary determining region 3 (HCDR3) and the residues in the antibodies which contact Aβ are already present in the germline V-genes. Based on these observations and or co-crystal structures of antibodies with Aβ, the aim of the current study was to better understand the role of antibody V-domains, HCDR3 regions, key contact residue (H58) and germline encoded residues in Aβ recognition. For that purpose, we designed and produced a range of recombinant Fab constructs. All the Fabs were tested and compared by surface plasmon resonance on Aβ(1-16), Aβ(1-42) high molecular weight and Aβ(1-42) low molecular weight soluble oligomers. Although all the Fabs recognized the Aβ(1-16) peptide and the Aβ(1-42) high molecular weight soluble oligomers, they did not bind the Aβ(1-42) low molecular weight soluble oligomers. Furthermore, we demonstrated that: (1) an aromatic residue at position H58 in the antibody is essential in the recognition of Aβ and (2) Fabs based on germline V-genes bind to Aβ monomers with a low affinity. These findings may have important implications in designing more effective therapeutic antibodies against Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Robert
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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