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Chang YH, Chiang CY, Fu E, Chiu HC. Staphylococcus aureus enhances gelatinase activities in monocytic U937 cells and in human gingival fibroblasts. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:1321-1328. [PMID: 35784159 PMCID: PMC9236941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been suggested to be an initiative pathogen in peri-implantitis because of the solid affinity to titanium. However, the detail pathogenesis for the peri-implantitis initiation by S. aureus is still lacking. This study aimed to in vitro examine the gelatinases’ activities of monocytic U937 cell and human gingival fibroblast after challenges with S. aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN). Materials and methods Releases of gelatinases, including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and −9, from cells were measured by zymography. The releases were further examined after being given the S. aureus LTA/PGN. Roles of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways on the enzyme releases were examined by administrating inhibitors. Results S. aureus LTA and PGN increased the activities of pro-MMP-9 from U937 cells and pro-MMP-2 and MMP-2 from gingival fibroblasts. By giving the NF-κB inhibitor, the enhanced gelatinase activities in both cells were attenuated. In U937 cells, the enhanced pro-MMP-9 could further be attenuated by MAPK inhibitors, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), P38 MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitors; however, the attenuation by MAPK inhibitors could not be observed for MMP-2 in gingival fibroblasts. Nevertheless, in gingival fibroblasts, the pro-MMP-2 could be attenuated by JNK inhibitor. Conclusion S. aureus could enhance gelatinase activities of gingival fibroblasts and U937 cells, via NF-κB. The MAPK pathway was also involved in MMP-9 activity of U937 cells; however, the involvement of MAPK in MMP-2 activity of gingival fibroblasts was questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yang Chiang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Earl Fu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Xindian, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chung Chiu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, No.325, Sec.2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan. Fax: +886-2-87927145.
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K ATP channel block inhibits the Toll-like receptor 2-mediated stimulation of NF-κB by suppressing the activation of Akt, mTOR, JNK and p38-MAPK. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:190-201. [PMID: 28923349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the KATP channel activity have been shown to regulate inflammation and immune responses. Using human keratinocytes, we investigated the effect of KATP channel inhibition on inflammatory mediator production in relation to the Toll like receptor-2-mediated-Akt, mTOR and NF-κB pathways, as well as JNK and p38-MAPK, which regulate the transcription genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. 5-Hydroxydecanoate (a selective KATP channel blocker), glibenclamide (a cell surface and mitochondrial KATP channel inhibitor), the Akt inhibitor, rapamycin, Bay 11-7085 and N-acetylcysteine reduced the lipoteichoic acid- or peptidoglycan-induced production of cytokines and chemokines, and production of reactive oxygen species and increased the levels and activities of Kir 6.2, NF-κB, phosphorylated-Akt and mTOR, and the activation of JNK and p38-MAPK in keratinocytes. Inhibitors of c-JNK (SP600125) and p38-MAPK (SB203580) attenuated the lipoteichoic acid- or peptidoglycan-induced production of inflammatory mediators, the activation of the JNK and p38-MAPK, and the production of reactive oxygen species in keratinocytes. The results show that KATP channel blockers may reduce the bacterial component-stimulated production of inflammatory mediators in keratinocytes by suppressing the Toll-like receptor-2-mediated activation of the Akt, mTOR and NF-κB pathways, as well as JNK and p38-MAPK. The suppressive effect of KATP channel blockers appears to be achieved by the inhibition of reactive oxygen species production.
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Caporarello N, Olivieri M, Cristaldi M, Scalia M, Toscano MA, Genovese C, Addamo A, Salmeri M, Lupo G, Anfuso CD. Blood-Brain Barrier in a Haemophilus influenzae Type a In Vitro Infection: Role of Adenosine Receptors A 2A and A 2B. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5321-5336. [PMID: 28921456 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is mainly made up of tightly connected microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), surrounded by pericytes (BMPCs) which regulate BBB tightness by providing soluble factors that control endothelial proliferation. Haemophilus influenzae type a (Hia) is able to reach the BBB, crossing it, thus causing meningitis. In this study, by using an in vitro model of BBB, performed with human BMECs and human BMPCs in co-culture, we demonstrated that, after Hia infection, the number of hBMPCs decreased whereas the number of hBMECs increased in comparison with non-infected cells. SEM and TEM images showed that Hia was able to enter hBMECs and reduce TEER and VE-cadherin expression. When the cells were infected in presence of SCH58261 and PSB603 but not DPCPX, an increase in TEER values was observed thus demonstrating that A2A and A2B adenosine receptors play a key role in BBB dysfunction. These results were confirmed by the use of adenosine receptor agonists CGS21680, CCPA, and NECA. In infected co-cultures cAMP and VEGF increased and TEER reduction was counter-balanced by VEGF-R1 or VEGF-R2 antibodies. Moreover, the phosphorylated CREB and Rho-A significantly increased in infected hBMECs and hBMPCs and the presence of SCH58261 and PSB603 significantly abrogated the phosphorylation. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the infection stimulated A2A and A2B adenosine receptors in hBMECs and hBMPCs thus inducing the pericytes to release large amounts of VEGF. The latter could be responsible for both, pericyte detachment and endothelial cell proliferation, thus provoking BBB impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Caporarello
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Olivieri
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Cristaldi
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Scalia
- Section of Biology and Genetic, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M A Toscano
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - C Genovese
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A Addamo
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Salmeri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - G Lupo
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - C D Anfuso
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Tyteca D, Nishino T, Debaix H, Van Der Smissen P, N'Kuli F, Hoffmann D, Cnops Y, Rabolli V, van Loo G, Beyaert R, Huaux F, Devuyst O, Courtoy PJ. Regulation of macrophage motility by the water channel aquaporin-1: crucial role of M0/M2 phenotype switch. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117398. [PMID: 25719758 PMCID: PMC4342038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) promotes migration of many cell types. Although AQP1 is expressed in macrophages, its potential role in macrophage motility, particularly in relation with phenotype polarization, remains unknown. We here addressed these issues in peritoneal macrophages isolated from AQP1-deficient mice, either undifferentiated (M0) or stimulated with LPS to orientate towards pro-inflammatory phenotype (classical macrophage activation; M1). In non-stimulated macrophages, ablation of AQP1 (like inhibition by HgCl2) increased by 2-3 fold spontaneous migration in a Src/PI3K/Rac-dependent manner. This correlated with cell elongation and formation of lamellipodia/ruffles, resulting in membrane lipid and F4/80 recruitment to the leading edge. This indicated that AQP1 normally suppresses migration of resting macrophages, as opposed to other cell types. Resting Aqp1-/- macrophages exhibited CD206 redistribution into ruffles and increased arginase activity like IL4/IL13 (alternative macrophage activation; M2), indicating a M0-M2 shift. In contrast, upon M1 orientation by LPS in vitro or peritoneal inflammation in vivo, migration of Aqp1-/- macrophages was reduced. Taken together, these data indicate that AQP1 oppositely regulates macrophage migration, depending on stimulation or not by LPS, and that macrophage phenotypic and migratory changes may be regulated independently of external cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatienne Tyteca
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute (DDUV), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tomoya Nishino
- Pôle de Néphrologie (NEFR), Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Nephrology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Huguette Debaix
- Pôle de Néphrologie (NEFR), Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Francisca N'Kuli
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute (DDUV), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Delia Hoffmann
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute (DDUV), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvette Cnops
- Pôle de Néphrologie (NEFR), Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Rabolli
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert van Loo
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - François Huaux
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Pôle de Néphrologie (NEFR), Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre J. Courtoy
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute (DDUV), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Spooner R, DeGuzman J, Lee K, Yilmaz Ö. Danger signal adenosine via adenosine 2a receptor stimulates growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis in primary gingival epithelial cells. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 29:67-78. [PMID: 24517244 PMCID: PMC3960722 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signaling during inflammation and chronic diseases involves molecules referred to as 'Danger Signals' (DS), including the small molecule adenosine. We demonstrate that primary gingival epithelial cells (GEC) express a family of G-protein coupled receptors known as adenosine receptors, including the high-affinity receptors A1 and A2a and low-affinity receptors A2b and A3. Treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis-infected GEC with the A2a receptor-specific agonist CGS-21680 resulted in elevated intracellular bacterial replication as determined by fluorescence microscopy and antibiotic protection assay. Additionally, A2a receptor antagonism and knockdown via RNA interference significantly reduced metabolically active intracellular P. gingivalis. Furthermore, analysis of anti-inflammatory mediator cyclic AMP (cAMP) following A2a receptor selective agonist CGS-21680 stimulation induced significantly higher levels of cAMP during P. gingivalis infection, indicating that adenosine signaling may attenuate inflammatory processes associated with bacterial infection. This study reveals that the GEC express functional A2a receptor and P. gingivalis may use the A2a receptor coupled DS adenosine signaling as a means to establish successful persistence in the oral mucosa, possibly via downregulation of the pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralee Spooner
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jefferson DeGuzman
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - KyuLim Lee
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Kim YJ, Jung EB, Lee MS, Seo SJ, Kim MH, Lee MW, Lee CS. Rotundarpene inhibits Toll-like receptor 2 activation-induced production of inflammatory mediators in keratinocytes by suppressing the Akt and NF-κB pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 18:325-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Hsieh HL, Lin CC, Shih RH, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. NADPH oxidase-mediated redox signal contributes to lipoteichoic acid-induced MMP-9 upregulation in brain astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:110. [PMID: 22643046 PMCID: PMC3391180 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a component of gram-positive bacterial cell walls and may be elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from meningitis. Among matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-9 has been observed in patients with brain inflammatory diseases and may contribute to the pathology of brain diseases. Moreover, several studies have suggested that increased oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of brain inflammation and injury. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LTA-induced redox signal and MMP-9 expression in brain astrocytes remain unclear. OBJECTIVE Herein we explored whether LTA-induced MMP-9 expression was mediated through redox signals in rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1 cells). METHODS Upregulation of MMP-9 by LTA was evaluated by zymographic and RT-PCR analyses. Next, the MMP-9 regulatory pathways were investigated by pretreatment with pharmacological inhibitors or transfection with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Western blotting, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR and promoter activity reporter assays. Moreover, we determined the cell functional changes by migration assay. RESULTS These results showed that LTA induced MMP-9 expression via a PKC(α)-dependent pathway. We further demonstrated that PKCα stimulated p47phox/NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2)-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and then activated the ATF2/AP-1 signals. The activated-ATF2 bound to the AP-1-binding site of MMP-9 promoter, and thereby turned on MMP-9 gene transcription. Additionally, the co-activator p300 also contributed to these responses. Functionally, LTA-induced MMP-9 expression enhanced astrocytic migration. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that in RBA-1 cells, activation of ATF2/AP-1 by the PKC(α)-mediated Nox(2)/ROS signals is essential for upregulation of MMP-9 and cell migration enhanced by LTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Kong Y, Feng L. Identification and characterization of an amphioxus matrix metalloproteinase homolog BbMMPL2 responding to bacteria challenge. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:371-380. [PMID: 22440860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases mainly involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. We have cloned and identified BbMMPL2 as homolog of MMPs from adult amphioxus. Recombinant BbMMPL2 proteins underwent self-processing during refolding in vitro. The final ~23 kDa polypeptide displayed proteolytic activity against ECM components like casein, gelatin, collagen IV and fibrinogen, but not laminin, fibronectin or α1-PI. This activity could be inhibited by GM6001 and TIMP-1/2. In addition, real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that BbMMPL2 expressed in all issues/organs in adult amphioxus we tested. Its transcription was significantly up-regulated 12 h post immune challenge by Escherichia coli in epidermis and hepatic diverticulum but only slightly increased by Staphyloccocus aureus in epidermis. Furthermore, recombinant BbMMPL2-EGFP expressed in 293T and NIH/3T3 cells showed aggregation in cytoplasm and induced cell death. Our results provided new evidence that MMP was involved in immune response which could be conserved through evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Park HY, Song JW, Hong SP, In SM, Kim HJ. Lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus induced expression of MMP-9 in human middle ear epithelial cells. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76:475-9. [PMID: 22305687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Change in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and regulation of their tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) could play certain role in the pathogenesis of otitis media. This study was designed to evaluate the modulation of MMPs and TIMPs in middle ear epithelium by lipoteichoic acid (LTA) isolated from Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS Human middle ear epithelial (HMEE) cells were treated with LTA. MMP activities were examined by PCR, ELISA and zymography, and levels of TIMPs were measured by PCR and ELISA. RESULTS LTA isolated from S. aureus increased MMP-9 mRNA expression and secretion in HMEE cells, whereas no effect on the expressions of MMP-1, -2, -3, -7 and TIMP-1, -2 was observed. CONCLUSIONS LTA increased the activity of MMP-9, not TIMPs in middle ear epithelia, suggesting that disturbed balance between MMP-9 and TIMPs could play an active role in LTA-induced otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Yi Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Lee WR, Chung CL, Hsiao CJ, Chou YC, Hsueh PJ, Yang PC, Jan JS, Cheng YW, Hsiao G. Suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression by andrographolide in human monocytic THP-1 cells via inhibition of NF-κB activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:270-277. [PMID: 22244537 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
There is much evidence indicating that human leukemic cells and monocytes/macrophages synthesize, and secrete, several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and participate in the degradation of extracellular matrix components in tissue lesions. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of andrographolide, extracted from the herb Andrographis paniculata, on human monocytic MMPs expression and activation. Andrographolide (1-50 μM) exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of MMP-9 activation, induced by either tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in THP-1cells. In addition, andrographolide did not present an inhibitory effect on MMP-9 enzymatic activity at a concentration of 50 μM. By contrast, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that andrographolide partially affect TIMP-1 levels. Western blot analysis showed that both TNF-α, and LPS stimulators attenuated MMP-9 protein expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we found that andrographolide suppressed expression of MMP-9 messenger RNA. Furthermore, we also found that andrographolide could significantly inhibit the degradation of inhibitor-κB-α (IκB-α) induced by TNF-α. We used electrophoretic mobility shift assay and reporter gene detection to show that andrographolide also markedly inhibited NF-κB signaling, anti-translocation and anti-activation. In conclusion, we demonstrate that andrographolide attenuates MMP-9 expression, and its main mechanism might involve the NF-κB signal pathway. These results provide new opportunities for the development of new anti-inflammatory and leukemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Ruoh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Hospital and Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Wang HH, Hsieh HL, Yang CM. Calmodulin kinase II-dependent transactivation of PDGF receptors mediates astrocytic MMP-9 expression and cell motility induced by lipoteichoic acid. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:84. [PMID: 21092323 PMCID: PMC2997088 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a component of Gram-positive bacterial cell walls, which has been found to be elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from meningitis. Moreover, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-9 especially, have been observed in patients with brain inflammatory diseases and may contribute to brain disease pathology. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LTA-induced MMP-9 expression in brain astrocytes remain unclear. Objective The goal of this study was to examine whether LTA-induced cell migration is mediated by calcium/calmodulin (CaM)/CaM kinase II (CaMKII)-dependent transactivation of the PDGFR pathway in rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1 cells). Methods Expression and activity of MMP-9 induced by LTA was evaluated by zymographic, western blotting, and RT-PCR analyses. MMP-9 regulatory signaling pathways were investigated by treatment with pharmacological inhibitors or using dominant negative mutants or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transfection, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR and promoter activity reporter assays. Finally, we determined the cell functional changes by cell migration assay. Results The data show that c-Jun/AP-1 mediates LTA-induced MMP-9 expression in RBA-1 cells. Next, we demonstrated that LTA induces MMP-9 expression via a calcium/CaM/CaMKII-dependent transactivation of PDGFR pathway. Transactivation of PDGFR led to activation of PI3K/Akt and JNK1/2 and then activated c-Jun/AP-1 signaling. Activated-c-Jun bound to the AP-1-binding site of the MMP-9 promoter, and thereby turned on transcription of MMP-9. Eventually, up-regulation of MMP-9 by LTA enhanced cell migration of astrocytes. Conclusions These results demonstrate that in RBA-1 cells, activation of c-Jun/AP-1 by a CaMKII-dependent PI3K/Akt-JNK activation mediated through transactivation of PDGFR is essential for up-regulation of MMP-9 and cell migration induced by LTA. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying LTA-induced MMP-9 expression and functional changes in astrocytes may provide a new therapeutic strategy for Gram-positive bacterial infections in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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12
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Wang JH, Kwon HJ, Jang YJ. Staphylococcus Aureus Increases Cytokine and Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Nasal Mucosae of Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2010; 24:422-7. [DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2010.24.3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterial pathogen associated with chronic rhinosinusitis with/without nasal polyps (CRSw/sNP). We investigated the effect of S. aureus on the secretion of eotaxin, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-8, IL-13, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP-9, and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP) 1 in nasal mucosae from CRSwNP patients to assess the roles of these materials in NP pathogenesis. Methods We infected organ cultures of NP and inferior turbinate (IT) mucosae taken from patients with CRSwNP with S. aureus ATCC 25923 for 24 hours and incubated the cultures for an additional 48 hours at 37°C. S. aureus infection and staphylococcal enterotoxins were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Eotaxin, IL-5, IL-8, IL-13, MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 protein levels were measured by ELISA. Results S. aureus infection significantly increased the concentrations of eotaxin, IL-5, IL-8, and IL-13 in the IT and NP groups (p < 0.01 for all comparisons). S. aureus infection also significantly increased the concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in both groups (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). After S. aureus infection, the relative increases in eotaxin (6.42 versus 3.56), IL-5 (15.29 versus 8.89), MMP-2 (1.95 versus 1.58), MMP-9 (2.34 versus 1.95), and TIMP-1 (1.45 versus 1.31) were greater in the NP group than in the IT group. Conclusion S. aureus infection enhances the secretion of cytokines, MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 by both NPs and IT mucosae from patients with CRSwNP. S. aureus may play an important role in the pathogenesis of NP via tissue remodeling as well as eosinophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ja Kwon
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Ju Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Esen N, Wagoner G, Philips N. Evaluation of capsular and acapsular strains of S. aureus in an experimental brain abscess model. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 218:83-93. [PMID: 19906446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain abscesses are mainly caused by either direct or indirect inoculation of gram positive bacteria including Stapylococcus aureus (S. aureus) or Streptococcus species into the central nervous system. In the present study, we aimed to compare potential changes in brain abscess pathogenesis induced by two different strains of S. aureus, namely the laboratory strain RN6390 and the clinical isolate Reynolds. Although the Reynolds strain was expected to be more resistant to eradication by the host, due to the existence of a polysaccharide capsule, and subsequently to be more virulent, instead we found parenchymal damage and mortality rates to be more prominent following RN6390 infection. In contrast, the Reynolds strain proliferated faster and induced early expression of the chemokine CXCL2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and complement 3a and C5. Furthermore, there were early and more abundant infiltration of PMNs, T cells and erythrocyte extravasation in brain abscesses induced by the Reynolds strain. However, several immune parameters were not different between the two strains during the later stages of the disease. These results suggest that capsular S. aureus can modulate innate immunity and complement system activation differently than the acapsular strain RN6390, and the early changes induced by Reynolds strain may have an important impact on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Esen
- Department of Neurology, Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Hsieh HL, Wang HH, Wu CY, Tung WH, Yang CM. Lipoteichoic Acid Induces Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression via Transactivation of PDGF Receptors and NF-κB Activation in Rat Brain Astrocytes. Neurotox Res 2009; 17:344-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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